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St. Jude storm

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St Jude storm
St Jude storm over Europe, 12:10 UTC, 28 October 2013
TypeEuropean windstorm, extratropical cyclone
Formed25 October 2013
DissipatedCurrently active
Highest winds
  • Estimated 80 to 90 miles per hour (130 to 140 km/h)) gusts
Highest gust120.8 miles per hour (194.4 km/h), Als, Denmark
Lowest pressure960 mb (28 inHg)
Fatalities15 dead, 2 missing
Areas affectedIreland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Estonia, Finland

The St Jude storm, also known as Carmen or Cyclone Christian[1], was a severe European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe on 27 and 28 October 2013 causing at least five deaths.[2] Winds of up to 80–90 mph (130–145 km/h) were forecast for southern England,[3][4] but the highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of 120.8 mph (194.4 km/h) was recorded in the south of the country on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history.[5]

Name

Although it was reported that the storm was named by a clerk at the UK's Met Office,[6] the Met Office themselves have stated that they do not know who[7] named the storm.[8] The storm was named by the Weather Channel UK meteorologist Leon Brown, after the feast of Saint Jude the Apostle, which takes place on 28 October, the day when the storm was expected to be at its height.[9][10] The name is reported to have been popularised on Twitter before being adopted by the media in the United Kingdom.[10]

The storm was named "Christian" on 26 October 2013 by the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute.[11] According to The Guardian the European Union institutions are officially referring to the storm as Christian.[10]

The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute named the storm Simone, based on the Swedish name day list.[7] The European Windstorm Centre [12], a UK-based forecaster, gave the storm the name Carmen.[10]

Meteorological history

A depression formed off the east coast of the United States and headed east, assisted by the jet stream.[13] The St Jude storm formed in the western Atlantic as a secondary low on the southern flanks of an area of low pressure to the east of southern Greenland, this Icelandic Low was named Burkhard by the Free University of Berlin. The St Jude storm formed from a wave front on 26 October in the northwest Atlantic off the Eastern seaboard of North America. The developing low formed a baroclinic leaf before passing under the jet stream which was already absorbing the remnants of ex-tropical storm Lorenzo situated in the mid atlantic,[14] whose tropical air provided an input of energy, strengthening the jetstreak, helping to intensify the deepening of the low in an area closer to Europe than usual, along with a strong jet stream aloft leading to a rapid deepening of the St Jude low before it hit western Europe as a strengthening storm.[15] Across southern England two zones of strong winds were noted, the first ahead of the storm which battered the South Coast of England, and a second zone which struck East Anglia and the South East as the storm passed over into the North Sea. This second zone of winds has been identified by meteorologists as potentially being a sting jet, an area where windspeeds are enhanced by cooled air rapidly descending from high in the storm.[16]

Forecast

The storm has first been forceasted in the week before it occurred, and was extensively reported in the media from 26 October. Initial predictions, broadcast on 24 October, were that the south coast would be affected. A later forecast was that the storm would pass over the United Kingdom on a more northerly track, affecting all areas south of the Midlands.[17] Predictions were for 20–40 mm (0.6–1.2 in) of rain, with wind speeds of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) falling in a period of six to nine hours.[13] These were later uprated, with winds of Force 11 predicted.[18]

The storm was predicted well before it hit the UK, with Met Office "Amber – be prepared" warnings being issued on 24 October for the storm along the south coast of England, with a "Yellow – be aware" warning extending up to the Midlands.[19] Warnings up to the Midlands were upgraded to amber on 25 October.[20]

The forthcoming storm was widely reported in the British press on 25 October, with comparisons being made to the Great Storm of 1987 and the Burns' Day Storm of 1990.[21][22] A Met Office spokeswoman said the 1990 storm, when damaging winds affected a larger area of the UK, was a better comparison than the 1987 storm, when much of the strongest windfield affected the English Channel.[23] Later projections predicted the storm to have a severity more like storms in October 2000, January 2007, and March 2008.[3] Forecasters in the UK latterly thought the storm would affect England in a similar manner to the storm of 27–28 October 2002.[15] Michael Fish, who made an infamous error in forecasting the Great Storm of 1987, wrote that he felt that people should delay their journey to work because of the storm.[24] During the storm, Fish had a birch tree in his garden blown over, stating it "serves him right".[25] The Met Office received praise for the accuracy of its forecast.[26] [27]

On 26 October, Météo-France issued orange warnings for Brittany, Normandy, coastal Picardy and Nord-Pas de Calais. Twelve departments in Northern France were placed on alert, all in the regions of Brittany, Haute Normandie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, as well as the departments of Calvados, Loire-Atlantique, Manche and Somme. Gusts on the French coast were predicted to reach 120 to 130 kilometres per hour (75 to 81 mph).[28]

The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute issued a warning of severe gusts of 75 to 100 km/h on Monday with gusts up to between 90 and 120 km/h expected in the afternoon on 28 October. In the Netherlands, four provinces were placed on alert – Utrecht, North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland. On the north-west coast of the Netherlands, winds of Force 11 were predicted.[29]

The Danish Meteorological Institute warned of the possibility of a storm and high coastal waters for Monday afternoon, with storm-strength gusts expected.[30] The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute warned authorities in the country that the storm could continue to the west coast of Sweden.[31]

Preparation

Ahead of the storm, London's Metropolitan Police Service advised people to only use the 999 emergency telephone number in an emergency, and to use the 101 Single Non-Emergency Number service for reporting non-emergency situations, anticipating the emergency services being stretched by the storm's passage.[32][3]

Impact

The storm made landfall in the early hours of 28 October. A gust of 99 miles per hour (159 km/h) was recorded at the The Needles Battery, Isle of Wight. [33] On the Île d'Ouessant, Finistère, France, a gust of 133 kilometres per hour (83 mph) was recorded.[28] On the Dutch coast and in the IJsselmeer, gusts of 90 to 130 kilometres per hour (56 to 81 mph) were recorded.[34] The storm was the strongest in the Netherlands since 1990's Burns Day storm, with windgusts measuring speeds between 140 to 150 kilometres per hour (87 to 93 mph) at Wadden Sea.[35]

A gust of 120.8 miles per hour (194.4 km/h) was recorded in southern Denmark, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history.[5]

Damage

Denmark

A shopping centre in Zealand, in the capital region of Copenhagen, was badly damaged by the storm. The Lyngby Train Station was also damaged. All trains south of Aarhus were cancelled. All flights from Copenhagen Airport were cancelled. Trees were blown down in almost every part of the country and car accidents were also caused by the storm. A roof in Haderslev in southern region of Denmark landed on an elderly woman. A man from Gilleleje was killed after being hit by a tile. [citation needed] In Faaborg, the Åstrup Mølle windmill had two sails blown off.[36]

Germany

Rescue services at work in Uetersen, Schleswig-Holstein.

The Oost Mühle windmill, in Greetsiel, Lower Saxony had its cap and sails blown off.[37][38]

Netherlands

The record for the highest gust in the country (for the month of October) was broken twice, with a 148.2 kilometres per hour (92.1 mph) gust measured in Texel, North Holland and a 152 kilometres per hour (94 mph) gust on Vlieland, Friesland. Vlieland sustained winds of Force 11 for one hour, and Force 12 winds for at least 20 minutes. Two people were killed, a woman in Amsterdam and a man in Veenendaal, while at least 25 others were injured.[39]

Widespread damage was reported throughout the country, with thousands of trees falling down and damaging cars, gas lines, buildings, and causing disruption to transport. In Amsterdam, hundreds of trees were uprooted, destroying cars and sinking at least one houseboat on the city's canals. Roofs were blown off buildings and debris caused much of the city's tram services to come to a halt, while buses experienced heavy delays and the subway system was reportedly overcrowded. Amsterdam Centraal railway station was closed due to storm damage, and there was virtually no rail traffic in and around the city for most of the day, leaving thousands of travellers stranded. KLM cancelled 47 flights out of Schiphol airport, while many others experienced heavy delays. Municipal authorities closed most of the city's parks in addition to the Artis zoo, and several remained closed a day after the storm's passage, including the Vondelpark and Amstelpark. A photograph circulating on Twitter shows a ferris wheel in central Amsterdam that appears to be damaged but it turned out to be a planned demolition by the owners.[40]

The Port of Rotterdam was closed for all shipping on 28 October, while the DFDS-owned MS King Seaways ferry with 1,080 people on board coming from Newcastle was forced to abandon docking at Ijmuiden and return to sea to wait the storm out.[41][42]

On 29 October Forest Service authorities warned people not to venture into forested areas for the next few days, as many trees were weakened and together with falling branches represented a danger to people's lives.[43] Initial damage estimates exceeded 95 million Euros and were expected to rise even further, as they only included individuals reports and not damage done to the agricultural or public sector.[44] More than 10,000 emergency calls were made throughout the Netherlands during the day, with Amsterdam having the highest total of 366.[45]

United Kingdom

In Essex, the helter-skelter on Clacton Pier was blown down and the orangutan enclosure at Colchester Zoo suffered from roof damage.[46][47] In London, a crane collapsed on top of the Cabinet Office, closing Whitehall between Horse Guards Avenue and Parliament Square.[48] In Hounslow, London, two people were killed when a gas explosion destroyed three houses and damaged two after the storm blew a tree down.[49]

Disruption

Electricity supplies

  • At least 625,500 homes lost power in the UK.[33]
  • At Luton, Devon, on 27 October, an 89 feet (27 m)* tall wind turbine was blown down.[18]
  • Both nuclear power reactors at Dungeness were shut down due to weather-related circumstances, with operator EDF Energy expecting generation on the site to be off for seven days after power to the site was cut, and the reactors shut down safely in response.[15]
  • In France, 65,000 houses lost power in Brittany, Normandy and Picardy.[50]
  • In Denmark, around 100,000 houses lost power in Vejen, Kolding and southern Funen.[51]

[52]

  • Swedish Energy companies reported that 66,000 customers were without electricity in total at 3:00 a.m. on 29 October.[53]
  • In Finland thousands of customers were without electricity in the south and southwest, however the storm was less severe than expected with the strongest winds passing to the south of the country through Estonia.[54]
  • Estonian media reported that 60,000 customers were without power on 29 October, with Pärnu county and Saaremaa worst hit.[55]

Transport

Air

Rail

  • Network Rail dealt with a landslip and more than a hundred fallen trees.[58] An empty passenger train hit a fallen tree near Ivybridge, Devon.[48]
  • East Coast Trains warned travellers that a revised timetable would be in force. Trains south of York would run at a reduced speed.[59]
  • East Midlands Trains cancelled all services in to and out of St. Pancras until 10:00 on 28 October. The Nottingham to Norwich services were also cancelled until 10:00.[59]
  • Eurostar cancelled all trains due to depart before 07:00,[59] and warned of delays as those trains running would do so at a reduced speed.[3]
  • First Capital Connect announced that they did not expect to run any services before 09:00 on 28 October.[59]
  • Greater Anglia announced that they did not expect to run any services before 09:00 on 28 October.[59]
  • HTM Personenvervoer cancelled all tram services in Den Haag, South Holland, Netherlands due to fallen trees and damage to the catenary.[60]
  • London Overground cancelled all trains due to depart before 09:00.[59]
  • RandstadRail operated a reduced sercvice to Zoetermeer, South Holland.[60]
  • Southern announced that it was highly unlikely to run any service before 09:00 on 28 October.
  • SJ AB cancelled traffic on a few small lines in Sweden that are prone to be heavily disturbed by strong winds, this announcement was made one day in advance.[61] On the 28:th also the large lines in South-West Sweden was closed to avoid having passenger stranded out on the lines, this was made as a preemptive action before any trains got stuck.
  • SNCF cancelled all services to and from Gare de Lille-Flandres.[50]
  • Southwest Trains cancelled all trains due to depart before 08:00 of 28 October, and warned of delays as those trains running would be restricted to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h).[3] It also warned people not to travel on 28 October and stated that a significantly reduced timetable would be operating.[59]
  • TfL reported that services on six Tube lines were affected on account of debris on the tracks.[48]
  • The Dutch Railways had suspended all traintraffic from 11:00 around Amsterdam, as later also the whole northern part of the Netherlands. During the end of the morning, as also most of the afternoon, these areas had no railway services. Two trains hit fallen trees on the railway and were heavily damaged. At many railways trees had collapsed and major delays occurred till the late hours. [62].
  • Public transport in Amsterdam, provided by GVB Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf, suspended its trams and ferries. Also many buses had major delays due to damage by the storm. Services resumed later the same evening.[62]
  • All trains in Denmark, south of Aarhus, were cancelled until 4am Tuesday. Trees on the tracks was the major reason.

Road

Sea

Casualties

Country Fatalities Missing
 Germany 6 0
 United Kingdom 5 1
 Denmark 2 0
 Netherlands 2 0
 France 0 1
Total 15 2

Denmark

A 21-year-old man who was taking pictures in Gilleleje near Copenhagen was killed by flying tiles.[68] A man was found dead in his car in Holbæk after his car had crashed into a fallen tree.[69]

France

A woman in her fifties was swept into the sea from Belle Île, an island off the coast of Brittany.[70][71]

Germany

In Cologne, a sailor died on 27 October when his boat capsized.[72] A fisherman died in a separate incident. On 28 October, two people were killed in Gelsenkirchen when an uprooted tree fell on their car.[73] Media in Denmark also reported the death of a German male in Flensburg, caused by the storm. He was hit by a fallen tree [74]

Netherlands

In Amsterdam, a woman died after a tree fell on her at the Herengracht. A tree that fell on a taxi severely injured the male passenger inside.[75] A 22-year-old man was severely injured in Veenendaal when he was struck by a tree branch, and he died later in the hospital.[76]

United Kingdom

At Newhaven, East Sussex, a 14-year-old boy was swept out to sea on 27 October.[77] The search for him, involving the Newhaven Lifeboat David and Elizabeth Acland and a Coastguard helicopter, was called off at 21:45 on 27 October.[78] A man died in Watford, Hertfordshire when a tree fell on his car.[79] In Hever, Kent, a 17-year-old girl died after the storm blew a tree onto the static caravan in which she was living.[33] In Hounslow, London, two people were killed when a gas explosion destroyed three houses and damaged two after the storm blew a tree down.[49]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Jude storm.

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