Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by U.S.-based Freedom House that attempts to measure the degree of democracy and political freedom in every nation and significant disputed territories around the world.
Origin and use
Freedom in the World was launched in 1973 by Raymond Gastil. It produces annual scores representing the levels of political rights and civil liberties in each state and territory, on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). Depending on the ratings, the nations are then classified as "Free", "Partly Free", or "Not Free".[2] The report is often used by researchers in order to measure democracy and correlates highly with several other measures of democracy such as the Polity data series.[3]
The Freedom House rankings are widely reported in the media and used as sources by political researchers. Their construction and use has been evaluated by critics and supporters.[4]
Country rankings
The rankings below are from the Freedom in the World 2010,[5] 2011,[6] 2012[7] and 2013[1] surveys and reflect events in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 respectively. Each pair of political rights and civil liberties ratings is averaged to determine an overall status of "Free" (1.0-2.5), "Partly Free" (2.51-5.5), or "Not Free" (5.51-7.0).[8]
An asterisk (*) indicates countries which are "electoral democracies". To qualify as an "electoral democracy", a state must have satisfied the following criteria:
- A competitive, multiparty political system;
- Universal adult suffrage for all citizens (with exceptions for restrictions that states may legitimately place on citizens as sanctions for criminal offenses);
- Regularly contested elections conducted in conditions of ballot secrecy, reasonable ballot security, and the absence of massive voter fraud that yields results that are unrepresentative of the public will; and
- Significant public access of major political parties to the electorate through the media and through generally open political campaigning.
Freedom House's term "electoral democracy" differs from "liberal democracy" in that the latter also implies the presence of a substantial array of civil liberties. In the survey, all Free countries qualify as both electoral and liberal democracies. By contrast, some Partly Free countries qualify as electoral, but not liberal, democracies.[8]
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Angola
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Benin*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Botswana*
|
3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free |
 Burkina Faso
|
5 | 3 | Partly Free | 5 | 3 | Partly Free | 5 | 3 | Partly Free | 5 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Burundi
|
4 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Cameroon
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Cape Verde*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Central African Republic
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Chad
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Comoros*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Congo, Republic of
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Congo, Democratic Republic of
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Ivory Coast
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Djibouti
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Equatorial Guinea
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Eritrea
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Ethiopia
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Gabon
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Gambia
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Ghana*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Guinea
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Guinea-Bissau
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Kenya
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Lesotho*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Liberia*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Madagascar
|
6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Malawi*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Mali
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free |
 Mauritania
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Mauritius*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Mozambique
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Namibia*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Niger*
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Nigeria
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Rwanda
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 São Tomé and Príncipe*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Senegal*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Seychelles*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Sierra Leone*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Somalia
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 South Africa*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 South Sudan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | ||||||
 Sudan
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Eswatini
|
7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free |
 Tanzania*
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Togo
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Uganda
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Zambia*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Zimbabwe
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
Americas
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Antigua and Barbuda*
|
3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Argentina*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Bahamas*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Barbados*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Belize*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Bolivia*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Brazil*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Canada*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Chile*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Colombia*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Costa Rica*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Cuba
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Dominica*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Dominican Republic*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Ecuador*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 El Salvador*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Grenada*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Guatemala*
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Guyana*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Haiti
|
4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Honduras
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Jamaica*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Mexico*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Nicaragua
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Panama*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Paraguay*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Peru*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Saint Lucia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines*
|
2 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Suriname*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Trinidad and Tobago*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 United States*
|
1 | 1 | Partly Free | 1 | 1 | Partly Free | 1 | 1 | Partly Free | 1 | 1 | Partly Free |
 Uruguay*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Venezuela
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
Asia-Pacific
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Australia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Bangladesh*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Bhutan
|
4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Brunei
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Burma (Myanmar)
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Cambodia
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 China (PRC)
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Timor-Leste*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Fiji
|
6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free |
 India*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Indonesia*
|
2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free | 2 | 3 | Free |
 Japan*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Kiribati*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 North Korea
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 South Korea*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Laos
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Malaysia
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Maldives
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Marshall Islands*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Micronesia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Mongolia*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Nauru*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Nepal
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 New Zealand*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Pakistan
|
4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Palau*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Papua New Guinea*
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Philippines*
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Samoa*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Singapore
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Solomon Islands
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Sri Lanka
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Taiwan*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Thailand*
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Tonga*
|
5 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 2 | Free |
 Tuvalu*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Vanuatu*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Vietnam
|
7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free |
Central and Eastern Europe/Eurasia
Freedom House's categorization dates from the Cold War era, when this publication was first issued, consequently this group corresponds to the part of Europe that was politically located east of the Iron Curtain, (i.e. the successor states to the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia and the former Warsaw Pact countries). Similarly, "Western Europe" corresponds to the countries west of the former Iron Curtain (including Greece and Turkey).
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Armenia
|
6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 6 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Azerbaijan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Belarus
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina*
|
4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Bulgaria*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Croatia*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Czech Republic*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Estonia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Georgia*
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Hungary*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Kazakhstan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Kosovo
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Latvia*
|
2 | 1 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Lithuania*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Macedonia*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Moldova*
|
3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Montenegro*
|
3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 2 | Free |
 Poland*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Romania*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Russia
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Serbia*
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Slovakia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Slovenia*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Tajikistan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Turkmenistan
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Ukraine*
|
3 | 2 | Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free | 4 | 3 | Partly Free |
 Uzbekistan
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
Western Europe
Freedom House's categorization dates from the Cold War era, when this publication was first issued, consequently "Western Europe" corresponds to the part of Europe that was politically West of the Iron Curtain, i.e. the European members of NATO (including Turkey and Greece) plus Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and Finland. Countries formerly located east of the Iron Curtain are grouped by Freedom House as "Eastern Europe".
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Andorra*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Austria*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Belgium*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Cyprus*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Denmark*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Finland*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 France*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Germany*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Greece*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Iceland*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Ireland*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Italy*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 2 | 1 | Free |
 Liechtenstein*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Luxembourg*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Malta*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Monaco*
|
2 | 1 | Free | 2 | 1 | Free | 2 | 1 | Free | 2 | 1 | Free |
 Netherlands*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Norway*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Portugal*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 San Marino*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Spain*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Sweden*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Switzerland*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
 Turkey*
|
3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 3 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 United Kingdom*
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free |
Middle East and North Africa
- Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above)
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Algeria
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Bahrain
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Egypt
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Iran
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Iraq
|
5 | 6 | Not Free | 5 | 6 | Not Free | 5 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Israel*
|
1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Jordan
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Kuwait
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Lebanon
|
5 | 3 | Partly Free | 5 | 3 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Libya*
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Morocco
|
5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free | 5 | 4 | Partly Free |
 Oman
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Qatar
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Saudi Arabia
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Syria
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Tunisia*
|
7 | 5 | Not Free | 7 | 5 | Not Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free | 3 | 4 | Partly Free |
 United Arab Emirates
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Yemen
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
Related and disputed territories
- Key: † - Related territory, ‡ - Disputed territory
Country |
Political Rights 2010 |
Civil Liberties 2010 |
Status 2010 |
Political Rights 2011 |
Civil Liberties 2011 |
Status 2011 |
Political Rights 2012 |
Civil Liberties 2012 |
Status 2012 |
Political Rights 2013 |
Civil Liberties 2013 |
Status 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Abkhazia‡ (Georgia)
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Gaza Strip‡ (PNA)
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
 Hong Kong† (China)
|
5 | 2 | Partly Free | 5 | 2 | Partly Free | 5 | 2 | Partly Free | 5 | 2 | Partly Free |
| Kashmir‡ (India)
|
4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free | 4 | 4 | Partly Free |
| Kashmir‡ (Pakistan)
|
6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Nagorno-Karabakh‡ (Armenia/Azerbaijan)
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 5 | 5 | Partly Free |
 Northern Cyprus‡ (Cyprus)
|
2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free | 2 | 2 | Free |
 Puerto Rico† (USA)
|
1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 1 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free | 1 | 2 | Free |
 Somaliland‡ (Somalia)
|
5 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free | 4 | 5 | Partly Free |
 South Ossetia‡ (Georgia)
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free |
 Tibet ‡ (China)
|
7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
 Transnistria‡ (Moldova)
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 6 | Not Free |
| West Bank‡ (PNA)
|
6 | 6 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free | 6 | 5 | Not Free |
 Western Sahara‡ (Morocco)
|
7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 6 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free | 7 | 7 | Not Free |
Trends
Percentage of countries in each category, from the 1973 through 2013 reports:
Free (90) Partly Free (58) Not Free (47)
| Year |
Free |
Partly Free |
Not Free |
Electoral Democracies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 41 (27%) | 48 (32%) | 63 (41%) | -- |
| 1980 | 51 (32%) | 54 (33%) | 56 (35%) | -- |
| 1985 | 53 (32%) | 59 (35%) | 55 (33%) | -- |
| 1990 | 61 (37%) | 44 (26%) | 62 (37%) | 69 (41%) |
| 1995 | 76 (40%) | 61 (32%) | 54 (28%) | 113 (59%) |
| 2000 | 85 (44%) | 60 (31%) | 47 (25%) | 120 (63%) |
| 2005 | 89 (46%) | 54 (28%) | 49 (26%) | 119 (62%) |
| 2010 | 89 (46%) | 58 (30%) | 47 (24%) | 116 (60%) |
| 2011 | 87 (45%) | 60 (31%) | 47 (24%) | 115 (59%) |
| 2012 | 87 (45%) | 60 (31%) | 48 (24%) | 117 (60%) |
| 2013 | 90 (46%) | 58 (30%) | 47 (24%) | 117 (60%) |
Sources: "Historical Status Breakdown, 1972-2011" and "Electoral Democracies, 1989-2011", Freedom in the World 2012,[7] Map of Freedom 2013 [9]
Notes:
- The years shown in the map and table above are the year the survey was released, the data shown covers the prior calendar year.
- The map and table above do not include data for related/disputed territories.
Evaluation
There is some debate over the neutrality of Freedom House and the methodology used for the Freedom in the World report, which has been written by Raymond D. Gastil and his colleagues.[2] The neutrality and biases of human-rights indices have been discussed in several publications by Kenneth A. Bollen.[10] Bollen wrote that, "no criticisms ... have demonstrated a systematic bias in all the ratings. Most of the evidence consists of anecdotal evidence of relatively few cases. Whether there is a systematic or sporadic slant in Gastil's ratings is an open question" (Bollen, 1986, p. 586).[2] The freedom index of Freedom in the World has a very strong and positive (at least an 80%) correlation with three other democracy-indices studied in (Mainwaring et alia, 2001, p. 53).[11]
Ideological bias or neutrality
In his 1986 study, Bollen discussed reviews of measurements of human rights, including the index reported in Freedom in the World (Bollen, 1986, p. 585). Criticisms of Freedom in the World during the 1980s were discussed by Gastil (1990), who stated that "generally such criticism is based on opinions about Freedom House rather than detailed examination of survey ratings", a conclusion disputed by Giannone.[12] The definition of Freedom in Gastil (1982) and Freedom House (1990) emphasized liberties rather than the exercise of freedom, according to Adam Przeworski, who gave the following example: In the United States, citizens are free to form political parties and to vote, yet even in presidential elections only half of U.S. "citizens" vote; in the U.S., "the same two parties speak in a commercially sponsored unison", wrote Przeworski (2003, p. 277).[4]
More recent charges of ideological bias prompted Freedom House to issue this 2010 statement:
Freedom House does not maintain a culture-bound view of freedom. The methodology of the survey is grounded in basic standards of political rights and civil liberties, derived in large measure from relevant portions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These standards apply to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.[8]
Mainwaring et al. (2001, p. 52) wrote that Freedom House's index had "two systematic biases: scores for leftist were tainted by political considerations, and changes in scores are sometimes driven by changes in their criteria rather than changes in real conditions." Nonetheless, when evaluated on Latin American countries yearly, Freedom House's index were very strongly and positively correlated with the index of Adam Przeworski and with the index of the authors themselves: They evaluated Pearson's coefficient of linear correlation between their index and Freedom House's index, which was 0.82; among these indices and the two others studied, the correlations were all between 0.80 and 0.86 (Mainwaring et alia, 2001, p. 53).[11]
As previously quoted, Bollen criticized previous studies of Freedom in the World as anecdotal and inconclusive; they raised issues needing further study by scientific methods rather than anecdotes.[2] Bollen studied the question of ideological bias using multivariate statistics. Using their factor-analytic model for human-rights measurements, Bollen and Paxton estimate that Gastil's method produces a bias of 0.38 standard deviations (s.d.) against Marxist–Leninist countries and a larger bias, 0.5 s.d., favoring Christian countries; similar results held for the methodology of Sussman (Bollen and Paxton, 2000, p. 585).[13] In contrast, another method by a critic of Freedom in the World produced a bias for Leftist countries during the 1980s of at least 0.8 s.d., a bias that is "consistent with the general finding that political scientists are more favorable to leftist politics than is the general population" (Bollen and Paxton, p. 585).[13]
Use and conceptual analysis
 | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (August 2011) |
Criticisms of the reception and uses of the Freedom in the World report have been noted by Diego Giannone:[14]
- "Conceptual stretching", Giovanni Sartori's critical term for a methodological shortcoming common in social studies.[15] Giannone reports as an example that, according to Landman and Hausermann (2003), "the index by FH has been used as a tool for measuring democracy, good governance, and human rights, thus producing a conceptual stretching which is a major cause of 'losses in connotative precision': in short, an instrument used to measure everything, in the end, is not able to discriminate against anything."[16]
- Issues with aggregation. Giannone quotes Scoble and Wiseberg's conclusion (1981) that "the sum of a civil liberty score of 4 and a political liberty score of 2 is the same as the sum of a civil liberty score of 2 and a political liberty score of 4 even though the substantive interpretation of these different combinations is different."[17]
- "Lack of specificity and rigorousness in construction" and "inadequate level of transparency and replicability of the scales", the first referencing to Scoble et al. (1981) and the latter to Hadenius and Teorell (2005).[18] In support of the latter, he also quotes the conclusion of Munck and Verkuilen (2002) that "the aggregate data offered by Freedom House has to be accepted largely on faith",[19] due to the factors that "no set of coding rules is provided, and the sources of information are not identified with enough precision, and because disaggregated data have not been made available to independent scholars".[18]
Time series
In "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case" (2010) which reviewed changes to the methodology since 1990, Diego Giannone concluded that "because of the changes in methodology over time and the strict interconnection between methodological and political aspects, the FH data do not offer an unbroken and politically neutral time series, such that they should not be used for cross-time analyses even for the development of first hypotheses. The internal consistency of the data series is open to question."[20]
On this topic, the Freedom House website replies that they have "made a number of modest methodological changes to adapt to evolving ideas about political rights and civil liberties. At the same time, the time series data are not revised retroactively, and any changes to the methodology are introduced incrementally in order to ensure the comparability of the ratings from year to year."[8]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Freedom in the World 2013 Cite error: The named reference "FITW-TG-2013" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d Bollen, K.A., "Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984", Human Rights Quarterly, vol.8, no.4 (November 1986), pp.567-591. Also in: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. (Eds.), Human Rights and Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, pp.188-215, ISBN 0-8122-3108-2.
- ^ “Correlation Versus Interchangeability: the Limited Robustness of Empirical Finding on Democracy Using Highly Correlated Data Sets", Gretchen Casper and Claudiu Tufis, Political Analysis, 11:2 (2003), pp.196-203, Society for Political Methodology
- ^ a b
Przeworski, Adam (2003). "Freedom to choose and democracy". Economics and Philosophy. 19. Cambridge University Press: 265–279. doi:10.1017/S0266267103001159.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Freedom in the World 2010: Tables and Graphs, Freedom House, 8 January 2010, 12 pp.
- ^ "Tables, Graphs, and Other Supporting Documents", Freedom in the World 2011, Freedom House, 13 January 2011
- ^ a b Freedom in the World 2012
- ^ a b c d "Freedom in the World 2010: Methodology", Freedom in the World 2010, Freedom house
- ^ www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Map%20of%20Freedom%202013%2C%20final.pdf
- ^ Bollen has held chairs as a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Howard W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Also serving as an Adjunct Professor of Statistics at UNC-CH, Bollen wrote the leading graduate textbook in structural equation models (SEM), often called LISREL models; SEM modeling allows the summary of a large number of measurements using a small number of meaningful factors. SEM was used by Bollen in the studies reported hereafter.
- ^ a b Mainwaring, Scott, Daniel Brink and Anibal Perez-Linan (2001), "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999", Studies in Comparative International Development, vol.36, no.1, pp.37-65.
- ^ Giannone (2010), pp. 69-70. Quoting Gastil, Raymond D. (1990), "The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions", Studies in International Comparative Development, vol.25, no.1, pp.25-50.
- ^ a b Bollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela, "Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy", Comparative Political Studies, vol.33, no.1 (February 2000), pp.58-86
- ^ Giannone, Diego, "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case", Democratization, vol.17, no.1 (February 2010), pp.68-97.[unreliable source?]
- ^ "Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics." The American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1033-1053.
- ^ Giannone (2010), p. 69. Quoting Landman, Tod, and Julia Hausermann, Map-Making and Analysis of the Main International Initiatives on Developing Indicators on Democracy and Good Governance, Final Report, University of Essex - Human Rights Centre, July 2003, 98 pp.
- ^ Scoble, Harry and Laurie Wiseberg, Ved Nanda, Ved, James Scarritt, and George Shepherd (eds) (1981), "Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights", Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies, pp.147-171, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, ISBN 978-0-89158-858-0. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
- ^ a b Giannone (2010), p. 69, citing Scoble, et al. (1981) and Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell. "Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy", Political Concepts, Committee on Concepts and Methods, Working Paper Series, August 2005, 47 pp.
- ^ Munck, Gerardo L. and Verkuilen, Jay, "Conceptualising and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices", Comparative Political Studies, vol.35, no.1 (February 2002), pp.5-34. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
- ^ Giannone (2010), p. 68.
References
- Bollen, Kenneth A. (1991), Inkeles, Alex (ed.), "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Standford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers, pp. 3–20, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
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- Bollen, Kenneth; Paxton, Pamela; Morishima, Rumi (2005). "Assessing international evaluations: An example from USAID's Democracy and Governance Programs" (pdf). American Journal of Evaluation. 26 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1177/1098214005275640. Evaluation performed on behalf of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), at the request of and with funding from the Strategic and Operational Research Agenda (SORA) of USAID (Office of Democracy and Governance in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance), according to the National Research Council (2008, p. 28).
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- Gastil, Raymond Duncan (1991), Inkeles, Alex (ed.), "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Standford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers, pp. 21–46, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
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- Inkeles, Alex, ed. (1991), "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Standford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers, pp. 1–121, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
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- National Research Council, Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs (2008). Goldstone, Jack A (ed.). Improving democracy assistance: Building knowledge through evaluations and research. pp. xvi+336. ISBN 0-309-11736-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) Individuals can download the complete report (pdf format) for private use.
External links
- Freedom in the World 2013 - online at Freedom House