Nissan Skyline

S50/S54/S57
S50/S54/S57
Overview
Also called	Prince Skyline ; Prince A150 ; PMC A150 ; Nissan A150 ; Prince A200GT ; Nissan A200GT
Production	1963–1968; 114,238 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan; 5-door station wagon
Layout	FR layout
Related	Prince Skyway; Prince Miler
Powertrain
Engine	1,482 cc G-1 OHV I4 (S50); 1,487 cc G-15 OHC I4 (S57); 1,988 cc G-7 OHC I6 (S54)
Transmission	3/4/5-speed manual; 2-speed automatic ("Space Flow")
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,590 mm (102.0 in) (S50/S57); 2,590 mm (102.0 in) (S54)
Length	4,100 mm (161.4 in) (S50/S57); 4,255 mm (167.5 in) (S54)
Width	1,495 mm (58.9 in)
Height	1,435 mm (56.5 in) (S50/S57); 1,410 mm (55.5 in) (S54)
Curb weight	960–1,070 kg (2,120–2,360 lb)

Prince Skyline ALSID-1/ALSID-2/BLRA-3
Prince Skyline ALSID-1/ALSID-2/BLRA-3
Overview
Production	1957–1963; 33,759 units sold
Assembly	Mitaka, Japan
Designer	Takuya Himura; Giovanni Michelotti (Skyline Sport BLRA-3)
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan; 5-door delivery van; 2-door coupe ; 2-door convertible
Layout	FR layout
Related	Prince Skyway; Prince Gloria; Prince Miler
Powertrain
Engine	1,482 cc GA-30 I4 ; 1,484 cc GA-4 OHV I4; 1,862 cc GB-30 I4
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,535 mm (99.8 in)
Length	4,280 mm (168.5 in)
Width	1,675 mm (65.9 in)
Height	1,535 mm (60.4 in)
Curb weight	~1,300 kg (~2900 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Prince Sedan (1952-1957)

Nissan Skyline
Nissan Skyline
Overview
Manufacturer	Prince; Nissan
Production	1957–present
Body and chassis
Class	Compact (1957–1989); Sport compact/Midsize (1989–2002); Compact executive car (2003–present) ; Mini SUV (2009–present, Crossover)
Chronology
Predecessor	Prince Sedan (1952-1957)

The Nissan Skyline (スカイライン in Japanese) is a line of compact cars, sports cars and compact executive cars originally produced by the Prince Motor Company starting in 1955, and then by Nissan after the two companies merged in 1966. After the merger, the Skyline and its larger counterpart, the Nissan Gloria, were sold in Japan at dealership sales channels called Nissan Prince Shop.

The Skyline was largely designed and engineered by Shinichiro Sakurai from inception, and he remained a chief influence of the car until his death in 2011.

Iterations R30 to R34 of the Skyline are still popular tuner cars for Japanese car enthusiasts from the 1980s to today, especially with available features such as straight-six engines, turbochargers, and the high-performance GT-R trim.^[1] It is currently available in either coupé, or sedan body styles, and are most commonly known by their trademark round brake and tail lights (as of 1972); the station wagon bodystyle was dropped in 1989 with the introduction of the R32 platform. While not distributed in the United States until its importation as the Infiniti G, the Skyline's prominence in video games, movies and magazines resulted in many such cars being imported there from 1999 to late 2005, after Motorex petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to allow 1990–1999 GT-Rs and GTSs to be imported, at the condition that they were modified to meet United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.^[2]^[2]^[3]^[4]

The 11th-generation Skyline (V35) was another major turning point for the nameplate, as it dropped some of the Skyline's trademark characteristics such as the straight-6 engine and turbocharging, eventually separated the GT-R into its own line, and moved to V6-engined era, this decision which extended to all later Skylines. Nissan decided to retain the Skyline for the luxury-sport market, while its platform-mate, the 350Z, revived the Z line of pure sports cars.^[5] The V35 was the first Skyline made for export to North America, being sold under Nissan's luxury marque Infiniti as the G35. The Skyline (V36/J50) is sold in Europe, North America, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Middle East as the Infiniti G37.

The Guinness World Record for the largest parade of Nissan cars was set on April 11, 2010 at Silverstone Circuit, United Kingdom, when 225 Nissan Skylines were driven around the racetrack at the International Styling and Tuning Show event.^[6]

Prince Skyline ALSID-1/ALSID-2/BLRA-3

ALSID-1

The first Skyline was introduced in April 1957,^[8] by the Prince Motor Company, and was marketed as a luxury car. It featured a 1.5 L (1,482 cc) GA-30 engine producing 44 kW (60 hp) at 4,400 rpm.^[9] It used a de Dion tube rear suspension and was capable of 140 km/h (87 mph). The car weighed around 1,300 kg. Prince Skylines were produced as four-door sedans and five-door station wagons. Its appearance seems to be influenced by a popular luxury car during the same time period, called the Oldsmobile 88.

The Skyline also spawned a pickup truck and a delivery van marketed as the Prince Skyway.

ALSID-2

The Skyline was updated with quad headlights for 1958. It was again facelifted in February 1960.^[10]

This model was powered by a slightly altered 1.5 litre OHV engine known as the GA-4 (1,484 cc) producing about 70 PS (51 kW) at 4,800 rpm and was produced through 1961. A 1,862 cc engine was also available in the Skyline 1900 (BLSID-3/BLSIS-3), delivering 91 PS (67 kW) at 4,800 rpm. This version was introduced in May 1961 and continued in production until the introduction of the second generation Skyline in 1963.^[10]

In 1962, this model was restyled as the S21D/S series.

BLRA-3 (R21A/B)

The Skyline Sport featured hand-built Michelotti bodies in stylish coupe (R21A) and convertible (R21B) versions. These cars used the 1.9 L (1,862 cc/113 cu in) GB-30 engine, producing 96 hp (72 kW) and 113.5 ft·lbf (154 Nm). While only a few hundred were built, Prince Motors had a very aggressive product placement group and they can be seen (along the company's mainstream models) in many Toho films of the early 1960s.

S50/S54/S57

S50

In 1961 Fuji Precision Industries changed its name to Prince after the 1954 merger. Two years later, in September 1963, the S50 series was launched.^[13] Like its predecessor, it came in sedan and wagon bodystyles. This was the second generation car, and became one of the more desirable cars in Japan. It was powered by the G-1 engine,^[9] a 70 PS (51 kW) version of the old GA-4. The S50 series were available with a three-speed column shift transmission or a four-speed floor shift transmission, either as a four-door sedan (S50) or a five-door wagon (W50). Three models of the S50 were built: the S50E (1963–1965), S50E-2 (1965–1966), and S50E-3 (1967). These three all used the same engine, with the later S57 receiving a more modern unit.

Externally, this generation was installed with round brake lights and integrated tail lights, with a centrally installed turn signal, similar in appearance to the Ford Galaxie of 1960. The significant appearance change from the previous generation seems to reflect a similar approach done by German company BMW in 1962, in deciding to build a small, affordable, performance coupe and sedan.

The S50 was sold in some markets with an A150 designation. The S50 was also sold as the A190D, which was equipped with a diesel engine.

In 1966, Nissan and Prince merged and the S50 also appeared with Nissan Prince Skyline badging. This model lasted in production through 1967. In 1967, the S50E-3 was introduced. It was sold as Prince Skyline, Prince A150, PMC A150, or Nissan A150, depending on the market.

S54

Prince created a racing GT Skyline in May 1964. It was based on the S54 and used the larger six-cylinder G-7 engine from the Gloria S41, though the car needed a 200 mm (8 in) extension to the wheelbase (all forward of the cowl/firewall) to provide space in the engine bay for the lankier in-line six. When it entered the second Japanese Grand prix they hoped to win the GT-II class. Competitive against the Porsche 904, the Skyline managed second through to sixth places.

Largely due to the success of the race vehicle, the Prince Skyline 2000GT (also called GT-A, GT-B, S54A and S54B) was released to the Japanese market. There were two versions produced:^[9]

S54A – 1,988 cc G-7 single-carb I6, 105 PS (77 kW)
S54B – 1,988 cc G-7 triple-carb I6, 125 PS (92 kW) at 5,600 rpm^[13]

The B model featured three Weber 40DCOE-18 carburetors, a limited slip differential, five-speed close ratio manual transmission, and power brakes. Both the B and A used front disc brakes with dual pistons and alloy finned drums in the rear.

S57

The S50 Skyline was updated to become the S57 in late 1966, for the 1967 model year.^[13] It used a new engine of Prince's (designed before the merger with Nissan), the OHC 1.5 L (1,487 cc) G15. At 88 hp (66 kW), it was the most-powerful engine in the Japanese 1,500 cc class.

C10

C10

Overview
Also called	Hakosuka Boxy Skyline
Production	1968–1972 310,447 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 5-door station wagon 2-door coupe
Layout	FR layout
Related	Nissan Laurel
Powertrain
Engine	1.5 L G15 OHC I4 1.8 L G18 OHC I4 2.0 L L20 OHC I6 (2000GT) 2.0 L S20 DOHC I6 (GT-R)
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,640 mm (103.9 in) (sedan)
Length	4,430 mm (174.4 in) (sedan)
Width	1,595 mm (62.8 in)
Height	1,405 mm (55.3 in) (sedan)

The C10 series of 1968, which began its development under Prince at the company's Ogikubo R&D centre in the suburbs of Tokyo, was marketed with a Nissan badge. By the time the C10 went on sale, the Prince nameplate had been completely phased out on cars and trucks. The dealer network selling the cars became the Prince channel of Nissan, and the marketing group stayed at the Prince headquarters in Mita instead of moving to Nissan's headquarters in Ginza. The C10 Skyline was launched with Prince's 1.5 L OHC G15 I4 like the S57. A 1.8 L G18 version was also available. A station wagon variant, known previously as the Prince Skyway, was offered with this generation. A hardtop coupé was introduced in October 1970.

The brake lights and tail lights were modified to square units, but now included dual units for both the left and right side of the vehicle.

2000GT-X

In 1971, the KGC10 2000 GT-X received a 2.0 L (1,998 cc) L20 straight-six engine instead of the Prince G-7 engine. The chassis was already designed to fit a straight six, to avoid the S54 extension problem. 120 PS (88 kW) was available from this new engine. In March 1972 expanded the lineup to include a four-door GT-X sedan.

2000GT

The following year, the GC10 2000GT received a 2.0 L (1998 cc) L20 I6 engine like the Nissan Cedric instead of a Prince G-7 engine. The chassis was already designed to receive a straight six, to avoid the S54 extension problem. 105 hp (78 kW) was available from this new engine, in 1970 Nissan production Skyline 2000GT Automatic, in October 1970 Nissan introduced 2 Door Coupe.

GT-R

The first GT-R Skyline appeared in February 1969.^[14] Called the PGC-10 (KPGC-10 for later coupé version) internally and Hakosuka (ハコスカ) by fans. Hako (ハコ) means Box in Japanese, and suka（スカ） is short for Skyline (スカイライン; Sukairain). It used the 2.0 L (1998 cc) S20 I6. This new DOHC engine (which was designed by the former Prince engineers) produced 160 hp (118 kW, 180 N m), and was similar to the GR8 engine used in the Prince R380 racing car.

The GT-R began as a sedan, but a 2-door coupé version was debuted in October 1970 and introduced in March 1971. The cars were stripped of unnecessary equipment to be as light as possible for racing, and performed well at the track. The sedan racked up 33 victories in less than two years, and the coupé stretched this to 50 through 1972.^[14]

The C10 raced against many cars including the Toyota 1600 GT (RT55), Isuzu Bellett GTR, Mazda Familia (R100) & Capella (RX-2) – even Porsche. In late 1971 the new Mazda RX-3 became the GT-R's main rival. The GT-R managed a few more victories before the RX-3 ended the GT-R's winning streak.

Models:

1500 – 1.5 L G15 I4, 88 hp (71 kW, 128 N m)
1500 – 1.5 L G15 I4, 95 hp (71 kW, 128 N m)
1800 – 1.8 L G18 I4, 105 hp (78 kW, 150 N m)
2000GT – 2.0 L L20 I6, 120 hp (90 kW, 167 N m)
2000GT-R – 2.0 L S20 I6, 160 hp (118 kW, 180 N m)

Body styles

C-10 4-door sedan or 5-door wagon 1968
GC-10 4-door 2000GT 1969
PGC-10 4-door GT-R Skyline 1969
KPGC-10 2 Door GT-R Skyline 1970
KGC-10 2000GT-X 2-door 1971
KGC-10 2000GT-X 4-door 1972
HGLC10 2000/2400GT 4-door Left Hand Drive

C110

C110

Overview
Also called	Datsun 160K Datsun 180K Datsun 240K
Production	1972–1977 670,562 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe 5-door station wagon
Layout	FR layout
Related	Nissan Laurel
Powertrain
Engine	1.6 L G16 OHC I4 1.8 L G18 OHC I4 2.0 L L20B OHC I4 2.0 L L20A OHC I6 2.0 L S20 DOHC I6 (GT-R) 2.4 L L24 OHC I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,610 mm (102.8 in)
Length	4,460 mm (175.6 in)
Width	1,625 mm (64.0 in)
Height	1,395 mm (54.9 in)

The C110 generation was produced from 1972 through 1977.

For export in the 1970s, the C110 and GC110 Skyline was sold as the Datsun K-series, with models such as the Datsun 160K, 180K and Datsun 240K.

The body styles were, once again, four-door sedan, two-door hardtop coupé, and five-door station wagon. The C110 was more fussy in its styling than its predecessor, particularly so in wagon form, where unusually for a wagon design, no windows were fitted between the C and D pillars. Its appearance seems to be influenced by the 1970–1975 Citroën SM. The C110 was the first version to return to the round rear tail and brake lights introduced in 1963 albeit with dual units from the previous generation, and the appearance has become a traditional Skyline feature. The styling also influenced a smaller, more affordable two-door coupe, called the Silvia, introduced in 1975. Nissan introduced its emission control technology, primarily consisting of fuel injection on trim packages ending with an "E", using the moniker Nissan NAPS also in 1975.

The C110 Skyline was better known as the "Ken & Mary" or "Kenmeri" (ケンメリ) Skyline, stemming from the advertisement campaign in Japan at the time which featured a young couple (Ken and Mary) who relaxed and enjoyed the countryside in Ken and Mary's Skyline (ケンとメリーのスカイライン). The ads were highly successful and perhaps as a result the C110 was sold in very large numbers in Japan. It sold just as well in Australia (in a 2.4L 6-cylinder form, badged as "Datsun 240K"), though few survive today. There, the 240K was about the same price as a Ford Falcon GT or BMW 5 series, around $5000.

GT-R

The Nissan Skyline GT-R hardtop arrived in September 1972 but only lasted until March 1973, when Nissan ceased its production. The oil crisis saw many people preferring economy cars and high-performance sports cars were looked down upon. Nissan pulled out of Motor Racing, so there was no purpose to the GT-R. It was not officially exported anywhere, although Nissan contemplated exporting to Australia. Only 197 KPGC110 GT-Rs were ever sold in Japan,^[15] through specialist Nissan Performance shops (before it was called NISMO). This was the last GT-R for 16 years until the BNR32 in 1989.

Models:

1600 – 1.6 L G16 I4
1800 – 1.8 L G18 I4
2000GT-X – 2.0 L L20A I6, 130 hp (96 kW, 172 N m)
2000GT-R – 2.0 L S20 I6, 160 hp (118 kW, 180 N m)

C210

C210

Overview
Also called	Skyline Japan Datsun 180K/240K/280K Datsun Skyline
Production	1977–1981 539,727 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupé 5-door station wagon
Layout	FR layout
Related	Nissan Laurel
Powertrain
Engine	1,595 cc L16T I4 1,595 cc Z16S I4 1,770 cc L18T/L18E I4 1,770 cc Z18/Z18E I4 1,952 cc Z20E I4 1,998 cc L20E I6 1,998 cc L20ET turbo I6 2,393 cc L24/L24E I6 1,952 cc LD20 diesel I4 2,792 cc LD28 diesel I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,515 mm (99.0 in) (C210/211) 2,615 mm (103.0 in) (GC210/211)
Length	4,315 mm (169.9 in) (Wagon) 4,400 mm (173.2 in) (C210/211) 4,600 mm (181.1 in) (GC210/211)
Width	1,625 mm (64.0 in)
Height	1,385–1,425 mm (54.5–56.1 in)

The succeeding C210/211 and GC210/211 of 1977 continued to split the Skyline range into basic and six-cylinder models, the latter with a longer wheelbase and front end. This line continued through 1981. A rare variant would be the wagon version, which had a unique styling treatment behind the rear doors, of a much smaller window than usual between the C and D pillars. The Skyline received an internal and external facelift in late 1978,^[16] which led to a change of the model code from 210 to 211. This was also when the Skyline first appeared in several European export markets, such as Germany.^[17]

The GT-EX replaced the discontinued GT-R with a turbocharged engine, the L20ET. As installed in the recently renewed Nissan Cedric/Gloria, this had been the first turbo engine to power a Japanese production vehicle.^[18] One notable aspect of the turbo versions was that they were not intercooled and there was no form of blowoff valve, only an emergency pressure release valve. As usual with Japanese cars of this period, there were four- or five-speed manuals and a three-speed automatic, with a column-shifted three-speed manual available on lower end cars and vans.^[16]

The "T" designation on the L16T and L18T does not signify a turbocharger was included; it denotes that those engines came with twin carburetors. The L-series engines were all switched to the cross-flow Z-series in late 1978. The larger 2.4 litre inline-six was never offered in the domestic Japanese market; having been reserved for export. Export engines were rated in DIN horsepower, so while a Japanese-spec L24 promised 130 ponies, European market cars with the same engine only claimed 113 PS (83 kW). On the other hand, European buyers could also get the fuel injected L24E with 127 or 130 PS (93 or 96 kW) DIN, about on par with what the turbocharged GT-EX offered.^[19]^[20] Originally marketed as the Datsun 240K-GT in Europe, the fuel injected version was sold as the Datsun Skyline in most markets where it was available. It has a claimed top speed of 186 km/h (116 mph).^[17]

In June 1980 the two-liter, fuel injected inline-four Z20E engine was added to the lineup, as was the 2.8 liter straight-six GT-Diesel with 91 PS (67 kW).

Models:

1600TI – 1.6 L Z16 I4, 95 PS (70 kW), 13.5 kg⋅m (132 N⋅m)
1800TI – 1.8 L Z18 I4, 105 PS (77 kW), 15.0 kg⋅m (147 N⋅m) - the similar L18 received a claimed 77 PS (57 kW) DIN in European export markets.^[19]
1800TI-EL – 1.8 L Z18E I4, 115 PS (85 kW), 15.5 kg⋅m (152 N⋅m)
2000GT-EL – 2.0 L L20E I6, 130 PS (96 kW), 17.0 kg⋅m (167 N⋅m)
2000GT-EX – 2.0 L L20ET turbo I6, 145 PS (107 kW), 21.0 kg⋅m (206 N⋅m)
Datsun 240K-GT – 2.4 L L24 I6, 113 PS (83 kW) DIN, 18.0 kg⋅m (177 N⋅m), 180 km/h (110 mph), 0–100 km/h in 13.5 s.^[21]

R30

R30

Overview
Also called	Newman Skyline
Production	1981–1985 406,432 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe 5-door hatchback 5-door station wagon
Layout	FR layout
Related	Nissan Laurel
Powertrain
Engine	1,770 cc Z18S I4 1,809 cc CA18E I4 1,952 cc Z20E I4 1,990 cc FJ20E DOHC I4 1,990 cc FJ20ET DOHC turbo I4 1,998 cc L20E I6 1,998 cc L20ET turbo I6 2,393 cc L24E I6 2,753 cc L28E I6 2,792 cc LD28 diesel I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,615 mm (103.0 in)
Length	4,620 mm (181.9 in)
Width	1,675 mm (65.9 in)
Height	1,385 mm (54.5 in)

The names were brought into line with the home Japanese and worldwide markets with the launch of the R30 series in August 1981, which was built on a C31 Laurel platform. Unlike preceding generations, four- and six-cylinder versions now shared a front end of the same length. The R30 was available as a two-door hardtop coupe, a four-door sedan, a five-door hatchback (available only in the R30 generation), or a four-door station wagon. In all, there were 26 variations of the R30 Skyline available.

All versions with the exception of the wagon were usually fitted with the four round tail lights that had become a regular feature to the Skyline's design. The wagon had different tail lights, headlights, and no turbo or six-cylinder versions available. It more closely resembled a Nissan Sunny than a Skyline. The two-door coupé had a hardtop, pillarless design, and featured roll-down quarter windows for the rear seat passengers (a styling feature of the previous C10, C110, and C211 coupes), while four-door versions had a traditional sedan body style with framed windows.

Notably, configurations of the R30 sold in Australia and New Zealand were missing the traditional hotplate tail lights, instead opting for more conventional styling. Export markets also received some larger (albeit less powerful) engines, in the form of 2.4 and a 2.8 liter inline-sixes of 120 PS (88 kW) or 139 PS (102 kW). The 2.8 was added in September 1982.^[22]

Various engine configurations were available, initially ranging from the top of the line 103 kW SOHC 6-cylinder turbo L20ET to the 4-cylinder Z18S and 6-cylinder LD28 diesel versions at the other end of the scale. The all-new 16-valve DOHC FJ20 engine debuted in late 1981, and was the first four-cylinder engine from any Japanese manufacturer to employ more than two valves per cylinder (see below). Some of the top spec models featured adjustable suspension dampers that could be adjusted while driving, this was another first for mass-produced JDM vehicles. Nissan Glorias and Laurels also used the L series engines, as well as some diesel (Laurel only) variants.

The R30 range was facelifted in August 1983 with various changes across the board; for example four-wheel disc brakes were now standard issue, instead of being optional for lower-spec models. Trim specifications were revised and the 4-cylinder Z18S engine was replaced with the newer CA18E. Features included upgraded interior trim, new front and rear bumpers, door-mounted wing mirrors (replacing the old 'hockey stick' fender mirrors), and smoked tail lights.

Paul Newman Version

During 1983 the Paul Newman Version R30 was released to commemorate the association between Nissan and the actor Paul Newman, who used to appear in promotional material, as well as race for the company during the late-1970s and early-1980s. The Newman Skyline was simply a top spec GT-ES turbo with signature embroidery and decals.

RS

Although making about the same power as the L20ET-powered GT-ES models, the version of the Skyline initially known as the 2000RS was released on October 2, 1981 as more of a stripped-down lightweight racer, without as many luxury extras included (quoted curb weight was only 1,130 kg (2,490 lb)). These were equipped with the naturally aspirated 4-valve-per-cylinder DOHC FJ20E engine generating 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) of power at 6,000 rpm and 181 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,800 rpm. The official Nissan chassis designation for all FJ20-powered models was DR30.

In February 1983 the DR30 range received a significant boost in performance with the introduction of the turbocharged FJ20ET engine in the 2000RS-Turbo. Front brakes were also significantly upgraded to cope with the power increase. Now with 140 kW (190 PS; 188 hp) of power at 6,400 rpm and 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,800 rpm on tap, the FJ20ET enjoyed new-found prestige as the most powerful Japanese production engine of its era.

Nissan sought to elevate the status of the DR30 Skyline as their new flagship model in light of this success, and it received a generous amount of changes to distinguish it from lesser Skyline models in August 1983. Interior equipment was significantly upgraded to now include electric windows, air conditioning and power steering as standard in the new RS-X model (for Extra) with an increased curb weight of around 1,235 kg (2,723 lb); gone were the days of the spartan, stripped-out race interior, although this could still be specified at time of purchase. But by far the most striking change to the RS was the new unique front end treatment, nicknamed Tekkamen (鉄仮面) or Iron Mask by fans for its distinctive look. The headlights were considerably slimmer, and instead of a conventional grille the bonnet now sloped down to two narrow slits above a facelifted front bumper and airdam.^[23]

Further changes were made in 1984, most notably the addition of an intercooler, revised compression ratios and turbocharger exhaust housing to the FJ20ET powered model, now known as the RS-Turbo C and increasing output to 205 PS (151 kW) of power at 6,400 rpm and 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4400 rpm. An automatic transmission option was also added at this time, and changes to the "PLASMA Spark" ignition system followed in early 1985 towards the end of R30 production.

To this day the FJ20-powered R30 Skyline remains a cult car both at home and overseas (there are still dedicated "one make" drag racing events for this model in Japan), and is credited with rejuvenating the Skyline brand in the early 1980s. It also paved the way for the eventual re-introduction of the legendary GT-R badge, markedly absent since the end of C110 Skyline production in 1973.

The RS achieved moderate success in Australian Touring car racing in the mid-1980s with Nissan winning the 1986 Australian Manufacturers' Championship^[24] and sharing victory in the 1987 Australian Manufacturers' Championship with BMW.^[25]

Models: (Japan)

1800TI – 1.8 L Z18S SOHC I4, 105 PS (77 kW), later models 1.8 L CA18E SOHC I4, 115 PS (85 kW)
2000TI – 2.0 L CA20E SOHC I4
2000TI – 2.0 L Z20E SOHC I4
2000GT and Passage – 2.0 L L20E SOHC I6
2000GT Turbo, Passage and Paul Newman Version – 2.0 L L20ET turbo I6, 140 PS (103 kW, 206 N m)
RS – 2.0 L FJ20E DOHC I4, 150 PS (110 kW, 181 N m)
RS-X and RS-X Turbo C – 2.0 L FJ20ET DOHC turbo I4, 190 to 205 PS (140 to 151 kW, 225 to 245 N m)
280D GT – 2.8 L LD28 SOHC I6 Diesel

R31

R31
R31 Nissan Skyline Coupe 2000 GTS-R
Overview
Also called	7th SKYLINE(1985–1987) Nissan Pintara (Australian 4-cylinder models).
Production	1985–1989 309,716 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan Australia ^[26]
Designer	Shinichiro Sakurai Naganori Ito
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 4-door hardtop 2-door coupe 5-door station wagon
Layout	FR layout
Related	Nissan Laurel Nissan Leopard F31 Nissan Pintara
Powertrain
Engine	1.8 L CA18I I4 2.0 L CA20E I4 2.0 L RB20E I6 2.0 L RB20ET I6 2.0 L RB20DE I6 2.0 L RB20DET I6 2.0 L RB20DET-R I6 3.0 L RB30E I6 2.8 L Diesel RD28 I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,615 mm (103.0 in)
Length	4,650 mm (183.1 in)
Width	1,690 mm (66.5 in)
Height	1,385 mm (54.5 in)

The R31 Skyline of 1986 was a natural evolution on the R30 shape, and also this one was loosely based on the Laurel platform (C32). The design was slightly larger and squarer than previous Skylines. It was available as a Sedan, Hardtop sedan, Coupe and station wagon. Affectionately known as the "Seventhsu" or simply "7th Sukairain" by owners, due to it being the 7th-generation Skyline.

The R31 Skyline introduced many new technologies and features. The HR31 was the first Skyline to be equipped with the new RB-series of engines. The R31 RB engines are often referred to as "Red Top" engines because of the red cam covers. There were three variants. The earliest series of DOHC RB engines used the NICS (Nissan Induction Control System) injection system with 12 very small intake runners, and a butterfly system to divide the intake ports in half for better low RPM performance. Later versions used ECCS (Electronically Concentrated Control System) engine management, discarded the twelve tiny runners for six much larger ones (though they retained twelve ports on the head, so there was a splitter plate), and received a slightly larger turbocharger. Nissan's RD28, a 2.8 straight-6 engine, featured for a diesel option. Another technological first for the R31 was the introduction of Nissan's proprietary 4-wheel steering system, dubbed HICAS (High Capacity Active Steering). The R31 series were also the only models in the Skyline family to feature a 4-door hardtop variation. These models were generally badged as the Passage GT.

The R31 Skyline was also produced in Australia, with a 3.0 L motor (RB30E) available in sedan or wagon form, as well as a four-cylinder version called the Nissan Pintara. The wagon had the same front style as the coupe and sedan—the only difference being that it lacked the four round brake lights that had been a consistent element of Skyline design (except for the R31 series one/two which had rectangular taillights with a solid bar through the centre which was also shared by the Pintara). These cars were manufactured in Australia due to the heavy import laws which made it expensive to bring cars into Australia.

29,305 R31 Skylines were also manufactured and sold in South Africa in 4-door sedan form between 1987 and 1992. These were the last Skylines seen in South Africa. Power came from either the RB30E 3.0 straight-6 motor, RB20E 2.0 straight-6 motor or the CA20S 4-cylinder powerplant.

GTS-R

The ultimate version of the R31 was the RB20DET-R powered HR31 GTS-R Coupe of which 800 units were built to allow homologation for Group A Touring Car racing. It had a reworked version of the normal RB20DET with a much larger turbocharger on a tubular steel exhaust manifold, as well as a much larger front-mounted intercooler boosting power to a factory claimed 210 ps (154 kW), with racing versions making over 430 hp (321 kW) in Group A trim.

Models

'Japan'

1800 C, 1800 Excel and 1800 Passage – 1.8 L CA18S SOHC I4, 90 hp (66 kW)
GT Excel D, GT Passage D – 2.8 L Diesel RD28 SOHC I6, 92 hp (68 kW, 173 N m)
GT Excel, GT Passage – 2.0 L RB20E SOHC I6, 128 hp (96 kW)
GT Excel Twin Cam 24V, GT Passage Twin Cam 24V – 2.0 L RB20DE DOHC I6, 155 hp (114 kW)
GT Passage Turbo – 2.0 L RB20ET SOHC turbo I6, 167 hp (125 kW, 206 N m)
GT Passage Twin Cam 24V Turbo – 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC turbo I6, 180 hp (133 kW, 225 N m)
GTS – 2.0 L RB20DE DOHC I6, 155 hp (114 kW)
GTS Turbo – 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC I6, 180 hp (133 kW, 225 N m)
GTS-X – 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC turbo I6, 190 hp (141 kW, 240 N m)
GTS-R – 2.0 L RB20DET-R DOHC turbo I6, 210 hp (154 kW, 245 N m)
GTS Autech – 2.0 L RB20DET-R DOHC turbo I6, 210 hp (154 kW, 245 N m)

'Australia'

Pintara – 2.0 L CA20E I4, 102 hp (78 kW, 160 N m)
GX, Executive, GXE, Silhouette, Ti – 3.0 L RB30E SOHC I6, 157 hp (117 kW, 252 N m)
Silhouette GTS1 – 3.0 L RB30E SOHC I6, 176 hp (130 kW, 255 N m)
Silhouette GTS2 – 3.0 L RB30E SOHC I6, 190 hp (140 kW, 270 N m)

"South Africa"

2.0GL, 2.0GLE – 2.0 L CA20S I4, 106 hp (78 kW, 163 N m)
2.0SGLi – 2.0 L RB20E SOHC I6, 115 hp (85 kW, 174 N m)
3.0SGLi – 3.0 L RB30E SOHC I6, 171 hp (126 kW, 260 N m)

R32

R32

Overview
Also called	SKYLINE, BNR32 (1989–1991)
Production	1989–1994 296,087 units sold GT-R's Standard-40390 Nismo-560 V-Spec-1453 V-SpecII-1303 N1-228
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Naganori Ito (1987)
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe
Layout	Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Related	Nissan Laurel Nissan Cefiro
Powertrain
Engine	1.8 L CA18i I4 (GXi) 2.0 L RB20E I6 (GTE) 2.0 L RB20DE I6 (GTS) 2.5 L RB25DE I6 (GTS-25) 2.6 L RB26DE I6 (Autech GTS-4) 2.0 L RB20DET I6 (GTS-t, Type M, GTS-4) 2.6 L RB26DETT I6 (GT-R)
Transmission	4-speed automatic 5-speed automatic 5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,615 mm (103.0 in)
Length	4,580 mm (180.3 in) (sedan)
Width	1,695 mm (66.7 in)
Height	1,340 mm (52.8 in) (sedan)
Curb weight	1,280 kg (2,821.9 lb) (Type-M) 1,430 kg (3,152.6 lb) (GT-R)

The R32 Skyline debuted in May 1989. It was available as either a 2-door coupe or 4-door hardtop sedan, all other bodystyles were dropped. The R32 featured several versions of the RB-series straight-6 engines, which had improved heads (the twelve port inlet was gone) and used the ECCS (Electronically Concentrated Control System) injection system. Also available was an 1,800 cc 4-cylinder GXi model. Most models had HICAS four-wheel steering, with the rear wheels being hydraulically linked to the front steering. The 2.5-litre GTS-25 became one of the first Japanese production cars to feature a 5-speed automatic transmission. The GTS-t came in standard and Type M configurations, with the Type M having larger five-stud 16-inch wheels, four piston front callipers and twin piston rears plus other minor differences. ABS was optional (except for the GT-R and GTS-4), mechanical LSD was standard on the GTR and viscous LSD was standard on all turbo models and optional on all but the GXi. Nissan also produced 100 Australian models of the R32. In addition, there was a 4WD version of the GTS-t Type M, called the GTS-4.

The station wagon bodystyle was spun off as the Nissan Avenir.

Models:

GXi Type-X – 1.8 L CA18i I4, 91 hp (67 kW)
GTE Type-X – 2.0 L RB20E I6, 125 hp (93 kW, 152 N m)
GTS Type-X, S, J – 2.0 L RB20DE I6 155 hp (115 kW, 154 N m)
GTS-25 Type-X, S, XG – 2.5 L RB25DE I6, 180 hp (134 kW, 231 N m)
GTS-t, Type-M – 2.0 L RB20DET turbo I6, 212 hp (158 kW, 265 N m)
GTS-4 – 2.0 L RB20DET turbo I6, 212 hp (158 kW, 265 N m) 4WD
Autech GTS-4 – 2.6 L RB26DE I6, 217 hp (162 kW, Autech Version – auto only) 4WD - only 188 made ^[27]
GT-R – 2.6 L RB26DETT twin-turbo I6, 276 hp (280ps) (206 kW, 368 N m) 4WD; also NISMO, N1, V-Spec, and V-Spec II variants.
NISMO S-Tune

GT-R

The RB26DETT engine actually produced ~320 PS,^{[citation needed]} but it was unstated due to the Japanese car makers' "gentlemen's agreement" not to exceed 280 PS (276 hp). The engine was designed for ~500 hp in racing trim,^[28] and then muzzled by the exhaust, boost restriction, and ECU. The electronic boost control had a small physical restriction in the control lines. It was marked in yellow so the new owner could remove it and enjoy a safe factory boost increase.^[29] After this increase the car would put out ~310 hp (~230 kW) and could do 0–100 km/h in 4.7seconds and quarter mile in 12.8 seconds.^{[citation needed]}

The GT-R had a significantly larger intercooler, larger brakes, and aluminium front guards and bonnet. Other distinguishing features include flared front and rear wheel arches. More supportive seats were fitted, and the turbo boost gauge and digital clock were removed from inside the instrument cluster. The clock was replaced with a torque meter that indicated how much torque was being delivered to the front wheels (0%–50%). Oil temp, voltage, and turbo boost gauges were fitted just above the climate control.

The Porsche 959 was Nissan's target when designing the GT-R. The chief engineer, Naganori Ito, intended to use the car for Group A racing, so the design specification was drawn up in conjunction with a copy of the Group A rules. The Nordschleife production car record at the time of development was 8'45" – set by a Porsche 944. Nissan test driver Hiroyoshi Katoh reset the record with a time of 8'20".^[30] Best Motoring managed 8'22"38.^[31]

The R32 GT-R dominated Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), winning 29 races from 29 starts, taking the series title every year from 1989 to 1993.^[32] It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991 to 1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 Super Taikyu.

The R32 GT-R was introduced into the Australian Touring Car Championship in 1990 and promptly ended the reign of the previously all-conquering Ford Sierra Cosworth, winning Bathurst 1000 classic in 1991 and 1992. This success led to the Australian motoring press nicknaming the car Godzilla due to it being a "monster from Japan". As Australia was the first export market for the car the name quickly spread. Such was GT-R's dominance that it was a significant factor in the demise of Group A Touring Car racing, the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly blighted by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.

When originally designed, the homologation rulebook mandated 16-inch wheels, so that's what the GT-R got. This limited the size of the brakes, and the Nissan four pots weren't really up to competition use. A later change in rules allowed 17-inch wheels, so in February 1993 the GT-R V-spec (for Victory) emerged wearing 17" BBS mesh wheels(225/50/17) covering larger Brembo brakes. The clutch actuation changed from a push to a pull system, the car had the standard rear differential, the electronic rear differential did not show up until the R33 Vspec. A year later the V-Spec II appeared with a new sticker and wider tires (245/45 17).^[33]

The Nismo Skyline GT-R is a limited (500 street, 60 racing) version of Nissan Skyline with Nissan RB engine with twin ceramic turbochargers rated 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) at 6,800 rpm and 353 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm, all-wheel steering, electronically controlled four-wheel drive.^[34]

It was reported the vehicle was imported to the United States by Sean Morris under the 'Show or Display' rule, where NHTSA allow importing of nonconforming vehicles for purposes of show or display, if the vehicle is of such historical or technological significance that it is in the public interest to show or display the vehicle in the United States even though it would be difficult or impossible to bring the vehicle into compliance with the Federal motor vehicle safety standards.^[35]^[36]

R33

R33

Overview
Production	1993–1998 217,133 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Kozo Watanabe (1991)
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe
Layout	Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Related	Nissan Laurel Nissan Stagea
Powertrain
Engine	2.0 L RB20E I6 (GTS) 2.5 L RB25DE I6 (GTS-25, GTS-4) 2.5 L RB25DET I6 (GTS-25t) 2.6 L RB26DETT I6 (GT-R) 2.8 L RBX-GT2 I6 (400R)
Transmission	4-speed automatic 5-speed manual 5-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,720 mm (107.1 in)
Length	4,720 mm (185.8 in) (sedan)
Width	1,720 mm (67.7 in)
Height	1,360 mm (53.5 in) (sedan)
Curb weight	1,390 kg (3,064.4 lb) (GTS-25t) 1,530 kg (3,373.1 lb) (GT-R)

The R33 Skyline was introduced in August 1993. Slightly heavier than the R32, it is available in coupe and sedan bodystyles. All models now used a 6-cylinder engine. Nissan took the unusual step of down-grading the GTS model to have only the RB20E, while the twin-cam of the R32 GTS was discontinued along with the 2.0 L turbo RB20DET.

Some models came equipped with a new version of the HICAS 4-wheel steering system called Super HICAS. This computer controlled system was first used on the R32 GT-R. Super HICAS used electric actuators to steer the rear, as opposed to the hydraulic HICAS. This generation was no longer considered a "compact" under Japanese legislation that determined the amount of tax liability based on exterior dimensions.

As an option, an active limited slip differential was available instead of the standard viscous LSD. This new unit locked the rear differential if it detected that traction was lost by one of the wheels. A light on the dash also lit up if the LSD engaged. Active LSD came standard on all V-Spec R33 GT-R Skylines and was also available on some ECR33 GTS-25t models; these can be identified by the A-LSD and SLIP lights on the tachometer.

The RB25DE and RB25DET engines also became equipped with NVCS (variable inlet cam phasing). NVCS equipped RB's have a bulge on the front of the cam cover. To celebrate their 40th anniversary, Nissan introduced a very rare 4-door GT-R. Two versions of the 4-door GT-R were available from Nissan's subsidiaries: the first was produced by Autech, and the second was a joint Autech/Nismo project.

A Nissan Laurel C34 based wagon was released in September 1996, called the Stagea. It is widely regarded as a compatriot of the Skyline, rather than the Laurel it was based on, owing to drivetrain configurations-- Commonly AWD using ATTESA ET-S. A common modification on the Stagea is to fit it with an R34 skyline front, in effect making an R34-lookalike wagon. A manual transmission was only available on the RS-Four and RS-Four V models. There was also an Autech tuned Stagea, the 260RS; released with full GT-R running gear, including an RB26DETT engine and manual transmission, a unique body kit, 17" BBS style alloys, and GT-R instrumentation.^[37]

Models:

HR33 GTS – 2.0 L RB20E SOHC I6, 130 PS (96 kW, 172 N m)
ER33 GTS-25 – 2.5 L RB25DE DOHC I6, 190 PS (140 kW, 231 N m)
ENR33 GTS-4 – 2.5 L RB25DE DOHC I6, 190 PS (140 kW, 231 N m) 4WD
ECR33 GTS-25t – 2.5 L RB25DET DOHC turbo I6, 250 PS (184 kW, 294 N m)
ECR33 P.Ride 280 Type MR - 2.8L RB28DET DOHC turbo I6, 300 PS

1996

R33 GTST series 2 with a R33 GT-R Bumper and East Bear carbon fibre bonnet

The R33 Skyline (Series 2) continued the concepts introduced in the R32. Driver and Passenger airbags became standard in 1996. As a result, pre-1996 models are barred from being imported into various countries for consumer road use as they do not meet the frontal impact standards^{[citation needed]}. For the RB25DET engine the ignition system was also changed, with the ignition module no longer located on the cam covers and was instead replaced by smart ignition coils (Ignitor built into coil) and ECU. The RB25DET turbo was also given a Ceramic compressor wheel. Throughout the time the R33 was produced there were quite a number of different styled lights and bodykits fitted, the actual body/chassis underwent no changes. Among the cosmetic changes in the series 2 were, the headlights which tapered down more towards the grill and were fitted with improved reflectors, the grill (which was longer on the Series 1), the bonnet which had a re-shaped leading edge to fit the new lights and front bumper changing shape in the smallest amount to match the lower edge of the new headlights. Later models of the Series 2 also had the option of having an Active-LSD fitted. The R33 ceased production in February 1998 with the 40th Anniversary R33 Series 3.

GT-R

The BCNR33 GT-R version also had the same RB26DETT engine that the BNR32 was equipped with, although torque had been improved, due to changes in the turbo compressor aerodynamics, turbo dump pipe, and intercooler. The turbo core changed from a sleeve bearing to a ball bearing, but the turbine itself remained ceramic, except on N1 turbos (steel turbine, sleeve bearing). From the R33 onward, all GT-Rs received Brembo brakes.^[38] In 1995 the GT-R received an improved version of the RB26DETT, the ATTESA-ETS four-wheel-drive system, and Super HICAS 4-wheel steering.

A limited edition model was created in 1996, called the NISMO 400R, that produced 400 hp (298 kW) from a road-tuned version of Nissan's Le Mans engine.^[39] A stronger six-speed Getrag gearbox was used.

An R33 GT-R driven by Dirk Schoysman lapped the Nordschleife in less than 8 minutes. Though it was often said to be the first production car to break 8 minutes, the limited run Jaguar XJ220 had already achieved a 7'46" lap.^[40] Other manufacturers had caught up since the R32 was released, and the R33 never dominated motorsport to the extent of the R32.

Models:

GT-R – 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW, 375 N m) (advertised as 280 PS) 4WD
GT-R LM – 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW) FR
NISMO 400R – 2.8 L RBX-GT2 DOHC twin-turbo I6, 400 PS (294 kW, 478 N m) 4WD
4Dr.GT-R Autech Version – 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW, 375 N m) (advertised as 280 PS) 4WD

R34

R34

Overview
Production	1999–2002 64,623 units sold
Assembly	Musashimurayama, Japan
Designer	Kozo Watanabe (1996)
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe
Layout	Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Related	Nissan Laurel Nissan Stagea Nissan Skyline GT-R
Powertrain
Engine	2.0 L RB20DE I6 (GT) 2.5 L RB25DE I6 (25 GT, GT-X, GT-V, GT-4) 2.5 L RB25DET I6 (GT-T) 2.6 L RB26DETT I6 (GT-R)
Transmission	4-speed automatic 5-speed manual 6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,665 mm (104.9 in)
Length	4,705 mm (185.2 in) (sedan)
Width	1,725 mm (67.9 in) (sedan)
Height	1,375 mm (54.1 in) (sedan)
Curb weight	1,536 kg (3,386.3 lb) (GT-R) 1,410 kg (3,108.5 lb) (GT-T)

In May 1998, the EN34, HR34, ER34 and BNR34 marked the introduction of the more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly RB25DET NEO engine. The RB20E engine was discontinued in the R34 base model (GT), and the RB20DE, after last being used in the R32 Skyline, was reintroduced in updated NEO guise. The R34 GT powered by the RB20DE NEO, coupled with a 5-speed gearbox, became the most fuel-efficient straight-6 Skyline to date (of any shape). " The 4-speed automatic transmission available on some models in the previous two shapes were discontinued. In its place, Nissan produced a 4-speed Tiptronic transmission for all of the automatic versions (Except the base 2.0L, which has a standard 5-speed gearbox). Only the GT-T coupe variant was sold in New Zealand and Hong Kong from 1997 to 2000 respectively. They were the only two countries besides Japan that sold the R34 GT-T model Skylines new. The Nissan Skyline rivals are the Toyota Supra and the Mazda RX-7.

Models:

GT – 2.0/2.5 L RB20DE NEO I6, 155 ps (114 kW)
25 GT, GT-X(4 door model), 2.5 L RB25DE NEO I6, 200 ps (147 kW)
GT-V 2.5 L RB25DE NEO I6, (147 kW)
GT-FOUR – 2.5 L RB25DE NEO I6, 200 ps (147 kW) 4WD
GT-T – 2.5 L RB25DET NEO turbo I6, 280 hp (206 kW, 343 N m)

GT-T

1998-2001 Turbo Model also available in non turbo model (GT) Standard features include 2.5lt NEO 6 Engine, Limited slip differential, Xenon headlights, Rear window wiper, Driver airbag, Front passenger airbag, 17" alloy wheels, Anti-lock braking system, Traction control, Front seat belt pre-tensioners, Front seat belt force limiters, Rear seat lap sash belt, Child seat attachment, Side impact protection bars, Power windows, Central door locking, Steering wheel height adjust, Leather steering wheel, Alloy wheels and Ultraviolet reducing glass. Optional features include Front fog lamps, Rear fog lamps, Front spoiler, Rear spoiler, Side airbags, Navigation system, Tinted windows, Sunroof. It came in a 2 door coupe or a 4 door 'x' variant.

GT-R

The GT-R reappeared in 1999, with a revised chassis and other updates. The R34 turbos received a ball bearing core. The R34 N1 turbos had a metal exhaust wheel, and ball bearing center section. The turbo outlet pipes were changed from cast to formed metal outlets. The intercooler outlet side and rear turbo dump pipe had temperature probes fitted in the V-spec models. The biggest feature and most significant feature to the R34 Gtr that wasn't seen on any other model skyline was the display unit at the top of the dashboard. This display unit was very significant for the car at its time. This display showed many of the cars engine stats including boost pressure, oil temp, water temp and more. As a 1999 car this kind of technology was very rare and advanced at the time. The display was capable of showing the G-force that the car was under when driving and there was also a lap timer that could be started by a button the was located near the gear stick. There was a computer jack lead hidden underneath the left passenger side skirt the could be used to transfer driving data from the car to a laptop. This could only be done with a Japanese version of windows and Japanese software, which today is very hard to come by. Other features such as the battery being located under the back seat of the car made more room available in the engine bay.

Models: (all 4WD)

GT-R – 2.6 L RB26DETT twin-turbo I6, 332 PS (244 kW, 392 Nm) (advertised as 276)^[41]
GT-R V-Spec – Additional aero parts, brake ventilation ducts, diffuser, LSD.
GT-R V-Spec II – As above + carbon fibre hood with NACA duct.
GT-R N1 – Blueprinted N1 motor, no A/C, no stereo, no rear wiper, basic interior trim. (only 45 made)
GT-R M-Spec – Leather interior, softer suspension with "Ripple Control" dampers, heated seats.
GT-R V-Spec II Nür – As above V-Spec II + N1 motor, 300 km/h speedo. (only 750 made)
GT-R M-Spec Nür – As above M-Spec + N1 motor, 300 km/h speedo. (only 253 made)
GT-R NISMO S-tune- The s-tune was an M-spec but with further modifications to components in the engine block.
GT-R NISMO R-tune- Same as the s-tune, the r-tune was a different style m-spec
GT-R NISMO Z-tune – 2.8 L (bored and stroked) RB26DETT Z2 twin-turbo I6, 500 PS (368 kW, 540 Nm) Z1 and Z2 (Only 19 made)

Skyline GT-R M・spec (2001-)

The M・spec is a version of Nissan Skyline GT-R with ripple control shock absorbers, M・spec-specific leather seat (front/rear seat, with front seat heater), 3-spoke leather wrapped steering wheel, and choice of four body colours (including Silica Breath (RPM/multi flex colour)).

The vehicle went on sale on May 8, 2001.^[42]

Skyline GT-R M・spec Nur, V・spec II Nur (2002)

The M・spec Nur and V・spec II Nur are limited (1000 units) versions of Nissan Skyline GT-R with Super Taikyu N1 spec engine, for Japanese market. It included 300 km/h speedometer, 3d grade name emblem, and addition body colour option (millennium jade (metallic)).

The vehicles went on sale on February 26, 2002.^[42]

Production

The production of Skyline GT-R type R34 ended in August 2002.

Since the beginning of Skyline GT-R M・spec Nur and V・spec II Nur sales, 25% of vehicles sold were M・spec Nur, 75 of vehicles sold were V・spec II Nur. Millennium Jade, White Pearl, and White body colors have been used on 28%, 22%, 16% of M・spec Nur and V・spec II Nur vehicles respectively.^[43]

Marketing

As part of the Type R34 GT-R final campaign, all Skyline GT-R customers received a GT-R official photo album (「歴代GT-Rオフィシャル写真集＜限定版＞」) before January 24, 2002.^[42]

V35/CPV35

V35, CV35

Overview
Also called	New Generation Skyline Infiniti G35
Production	sedan: 2001–2006 coupe: 2002–2007
Assembly	Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
Designer	Kazutoshi Mizuno (1998, 2000)
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupe
Layout	Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform	Nissan FM platform
Powertrain
Engine	2.5 L VQ25DD V6 3.0 L VQ30DD V6 3.5 L VQ35DE V6
Transmission	5-speed automatic 6-speed manual CVT Continuously Variable Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2850 mm (112.2 in)
Length	4630 mm (182.2 in)(coupe) 4735 mm (186.5 in) (sedan)
Width	1815 mm (71.5 in) (coupe) 1750 mm (69 in) (sedan)
Height	1390 mm (54.8 in) (coupe) 1465 mm (57.7 in) (sedan)
Curb weight	3,373 lb (1,530 kg) (coupe 6MT)^[44] 3,395 lb (1,540 kg) (coupe 5AT)^[44] 3,395 lb (1,540 kg) (sedan 6MT) 3,351 lb (1,520 kg) (sedan 5AT)^[45] 3,483 lb (1,580 kg) (sedan CVT-8)^[45]^[45]

XVL concept (1999)

It is a concept car demonstrating the FR L-class platform. It includes a 3.0L V6 direct-injection gasoline engine, CVT transmission, sedan body.

The vehicle was unveiled in 1999 Tokyo Auto Show.^[46]

Initial release

The 11th-generation (V35) Nissan Skyline, introduced in June 2001, was based on Nissan's FM platform, shared with the Nissan 350Z. The Nissan Skyline used a front-midship engine (VQ35DE and others as below), rear-wheel-drive layout^[47] (four-wheel drive was available for the sedan) to achieve a 52%/48% weight distribution. The V35 was the first Skyline made for export to the United States. There it was sold under the company's luxury brand, Infiniti as the Infiniti G35.

The V35 broke with Skyline tradition. There was no straight-6, no turbo, and no GT-R, a decision which extended to all later Skylines. The intention had been for the model to use a different name, a decision reversed by Renault/Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn.^[48] who choose to gear the V35 towards the luxury-sport market. Billing the 350Z as a pure sports car, Nissan put a slightly more powerful VQ35DE in the 350Z, and while the Skyline and the 350Z shared the same platform, the 350Z had additional bracing, under-body aero parts, and weighed 100 kg less.^[5] Some fans refer to V35 as the "New Generation Skyline" due to drastic changes between the V35 series and its R34 predecessor.

Japanese tuners mostly ignored the V35 Skyline, the 2006 Tsukuba Super Lap Battle had not a single V35 entrant.^[1] Tuners such as Mines, Amuse, Hosaka, Garage Defend, M Speed, Nagisa, MCR, HKS, & Top Secret continued developing R32-R34 GT-Rs as time attack cars. Top Secret did tune a V35, but replaced the VQ35DE with a VK45DE V8 Twin Turbo.^[49] Signal USA entered a V35 in Formula D, replacing the VQ35DE with an SR20DET.^[50]

Models:

250GT – 2.5 L VQ25DD V6, 215 PS (158 kW, 270 N m)
250GT Four – 2.5 L VQ25DD V6, 215 PS (158 kW, 270 Nm) 4WD
300GT – 3.0 L VQ30DD V6, 260 PS (191 kW, 324 N m)
350GT-8 – 3.5 L VQ35DE V6, 272 PS (200 kW, 353 N m)
350GT Coupe – 3.5 L VQ35DE V6, 280 PS (206 kW, 363 N m)

Skyline sedan (2001–)

The vehicle went on sale on June 18, 2001-06-18. Early models include 250GT, 250GTe, 300GT. Early Skyline Driving Helper model includes 250GT.

Beginning in 2002, the Skyline sedan was sold in North America, known as the Infiniti G35.^[51]^[52]

Skyline 250GT FOUR sedan (2001–)

The Skyline 250GT FOUR sedan includes ATTESSA E-TS all wheel drive with 50:50 synchro mode, VQ25DD (NEO Di) engine, 5-speed automatic transmission.

The vehicle went on sale on September 26, 2001.^[51]

Skyline 250GTm, 350GT-8 sedan (2002–)

The Skyline 250GTm sedan went on sale on January 13, 2002, while the Skyline 350GT-8 sedan went on sale on February 19, 2002.^[51]

2003 update

Changes to Skyline Sedan include:

Repositioning of the rear car badge and Skyline emblem
Refinement of the design of the radiator grille, headlamp inner panels and sills
Addition of Sparkling Silver Metallic and Rose Red Pearl as new body colors for total of six body colours
Refinement of the control switch design
Adoption of sun visor extensions
Addition of a light to the front-seat vanity mirrors
Adoption of a double-pivot rear-view mirror
Expanded application of rear-seat air-conditioner vents to the 250GT and 250GT FOUR models
Refinement of the suspension and braking system

The Skyline Coupe was introduced as a version of Infiniti G35 Sport Coupe for Japanese market.

Early Skyline Sedan models include the 250GTm, 250GT (Premium), 300GT (Premium), 350GT-8, 250GTm FOUR, and 250GT FOUR (Premium).

The Skyline Sedan went on sale on January 27, 2003. The Skyline Coupe went on sale on January 16, 2003 (automatic) and February 6, 2003-02-06 (manual). Early Skyline Coupe models include the 350GT and 350GT Premium. Early Skyline Sedan and Coupe Driving Helper models include the 250GT and 350GT respectively.^[53]^[54]

Skyline 350GT sedan (2003–)

The 350GT is a version of the Infiniti G35 sport sedan with a six-speed manual transmission for the Japanese market. The Skyline 350GT and Skyline 350GT Premium sedan went on sale on 2003-06-03.^[55]

2004 update

Coupe and sedan changes include:

soft touch material on panels
centre stack, automatic transmission shift knob, door arm rest grip uses aluminium
tilt and tilt telescope steering wheel
car wings-supported TV/navigation system (optional)
5-speed automatic transmission includes synchro rev control (350GT Premium)
reduced vibration on 6-speed manual transmission

Sedan changes include:

front grill/bumper, foot panel, head lamp, rear bumper, rear combination lamp, 17-inch aluminium load wheel are changed
18-inch aluminium load wheel option for 350GT-8 and 350GT Premium with manual transmission
new body colours include ink shore blue (metallic), warm silver (titanium metallic)
silky ecru (C), black (G) interior colour
front seat active head rest, rear middle seat with 3-point seat belt as standard
intelligent key setting (engine immobilizer set option in some models)
door mirror with heater, air conditioner with left/right independent temperature settings as standard
multi-plate clutch inside ATTESSA E-TS with snow mode is changed to electromagnetic control

Coupe changes include:

19-inch aluminium load wheel option
new body colour (lake shore blue (metallic)) for total of five body colours
sport tuned suspension for 19-inch tire models

Early coupe models include the 350GT (premium). Early sedan models include the 250GT (premium), 350GT premium, 350GT-8, and 250GT FOUR (premium).^[56]

2005

The Skyline's 2005 update included changes to the head amd rear lamps, front bumper, and side sill protectors. Also, 19-inch aluminium alloy wheel became standard for automatic transmission cars. A new body colour (brilliant silver metallic) was added, while seats upholstered in pearl suede and leather became standard. Aluminium trim rings were added to the speakers, and also a "plasma cluster ion" full air conditioner with left/right independent temperature settings, heated door mirrors, head lamp auto levelizer (compliant with new legislation) were made standard equipment.

Early coupe models include the 350GT (premium). Early sedan models include the 250GT (premium), 350GT premium, 350GT-8, and 250GT FOUR (premium).^[57]