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Colo-Colo
Full nameClub Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo
Nickname(s)El Eterno Campeón (The Eternal Champion)
Los Albos (The White Ones)
El Cacique (The Cacique)
El Popular (The Popular One)
Founded19 April 1925; 99 years ago (1925-04-19)
GroundEstadio Monumental David Arellano
Macul, Santiago, Chile
Capacity47,000
PresidentRaúl Labán (Corporación)
Arturo Salah (Blanco y Negro S.A.)
ManagerHector Tapia
LeagueChilean Primera División
2013 Transición10th place
Websitehttp://www.colocolo.cl
Current season

Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo (Spanish pronunciation: [kolo ˈkolo]) is a Chilean football club based in Macul, Santiago. Founded in 1925, they play in the Primera División (top–tier), from which they have never been relegated. The team plays its home games at the 47,000[1] seat Estadio Monumental since 1989.[2] The club is regarded as the most successful in Primera División history, having won a Chilean football record of 29 league titles and a record ten Copa Chile honours. Colo-Colo have also won one Copa Libertadores title,[3] one Recopa Sudamericana honour and a Copa Interamericana.

In June 1991, Colo-Colo became the first Chilean football team to win an international tournament after they beat Paraguayan side Olimpia.[3] The club's player with the most honours is Lizardo Garrido, with fifteen titles,[4] highest goalscorer is Francisco Valdés with 215 goals,[5] and 1960's keeper Misael Escuti is the player with the most appearances for Colo-Colo.

Colo-Colo is the most supported team in Chile,[6] and holds a long–standing rivalry with Universidad de Chile. The club also holds a traditional rivalry in matches against Cobreloa and Universidad Católica. Between other dates, IFFHS placed the team into the top–30 ranking of club in 2007,[7] and years later, in 2009, the same institution named the team as the 20th century's top club of its country, and then into South America's top twenty ranking.[8]

History

David Arellano, the founder of the club.

The team was founded in early 1925, due to Magallanes' footballer David Arellano, who led a group of youngest players, with the objective of left his former club after serious institutional problems of his former team.[9][10] Finally, on 19 April, Arellano officially established the club after meetings and negotiations, where the player Luis Contreras[disambiguation needed] chose the name of «Colo-Colo» for the new club,[11] that represents a Mapuche chief.

The team initially played friendly games, but in 1926, the black and whites contested the Metropolitan League of Honour, where proclaimed champion and earned the nickname of «invincible».[12] The following year, Colo-Colo became the first Chilean football team in participate on tour across Europe. On 2 May of that year, during an exhibition match against Real Unión Deportiva at Valladolid, team founder and captain David Arellano was critically injured, after suffering a collision with an opposing player that caused him Peritonitis.[13] The inflammation would lead to his death the next day.[14] Despite of the great impact that cause the death of Arellano, the club won the tournament of the Central League of football — then renamed Asociación de Football de Santiago — in the 1928,[15] 1929[16] and 1930[17] seasons.

In the 1931–32 season, Colo-Colo suffered their first institutional crisis, principally occurred for strong financial problems, that led to a serious salary reduction of first team footballers, with the consequent resistance of those and also board members.[18] However, in sporting terms, the team played another tournament final, that season against Audax Italiano. However, due to a collapse of a platform of the Estadio Italiano with a subsequent roughhouse by the fans, the game was suspended when the «Albos» was winning 2–1, so that the match was canceled and the champion for that year remained vacant.[19] That day's tragedy resulted in 130 injuries and three deaths.[19] However, other authors, declared that Audax Italiano was more benefited than Colo-Colo.[20][21]

One year later, six Santiago based clubs along with Colo-Colo decided to create the first professional league within the country, which was established during 1933.[22] On 23 July, the team won the Campeonato de Apertura (precursor of the Copa Chile), after defeat 2–1 Unión Española.[22] However, in the first Primera División official tournament, Colo-Colo finished in the first position of the table alongside Magallanes, who forced the «Cacique» play an tie-breaker match that Colo-Colo lost 2–1.[23] In 1937, the team of unbeaten form,[24] obtained their first league title[25] and two seasons later (1939) won for second time the league, under the orders of the Hungrian coach Francisco Platko,[26] which received the scorer support of Alfonso Domínguez, who scored 20 goals in 24 matches.[27] After another title in 1941 with Platko as coach,[28] seven years later (after two another honours in 1944[29] and 1947[30]) organized the South American Club Championship — precursor of the Copa Libertadores — in Santiago,[31] having as basis the title obtained the last season. However, the season 1945, the club made their worst campaign in its history, finishing penultimate in the eleventh place over the weak Badminton.[32]

In early 1950s, club's president Antonio Labán hired Newcastle United striker George Robledo for £25.000,[33] who with his goals led the team to the tournaments of 1953[34] and 1956.[35] During that decade also, the club acquired a terrain at Macul, where was started the construction of the Estadio Monumental, (hereafter inaugurated in 1975).[36] Despite of that acquisition, the directive invested in a headquarter located at Santiago Centro — address Cienfuegos 41 – in 1953. The 1960s decade, started with the 1960[37] and 1963 honours,[38] where in the last of these, were broken two records. The first of those, had to do with Luis Hernán Álvarez, who scored 37 goals in a single season,[39] being the highest number of goals scored by a footballer of Colo-Colo during a single season,[39] while the second was the highest number of goals scored by a club – with 130 scores —, also during a football season.[40] Until late 1960s, the club made regular campaigns, where their rivals Universidad Católica and Universidad de Chile dominated those seasons.[41] However, the team won its tenth honour in 1970.[42]

File:Colocoloindarg1973.JPG
Colo-Colo against Independiente during the 1973 Copa Libertadores final.

In 1972, under the orders of the coach Luis Álamos,[43] and with shapes like Carlos Caszely and Francisco Valdés,[44] won another championship,[45] and also obtained the country's attendance record of 45.929 people assistance per match.[46] That team was the basis of the called «Colo-Colo 73», that had the speciality of be the first Chilean team to reach a Copa Libertadores final, which lost against Independiente of Argentina.[47] After of Colo-Colo's brilliant campaign, the club entered into a strong crisis of a playing and institutional character, at least on the field, not getting the league title again until 1979,[48] where highlited another players, like the talented Brazilian midfielder Severino Vasconcelos.[49]

In 1980s, the club obtained the league titles of 1983[50] with the coach Pedro García, and the 1986[51] and 1989[52] honours under Arturo Salah. The 1987 Alianza Lima air disaster claimed the lives of sixteen players, where Colo-Colo ceded footballers to the Peruvian team.[53] Despite four Copa Chile titles in that decade. However, the great deception in that period were the continental tournaments, where the team only exceeded the first stage of the 1988 Copa Libertadores. On 30 September 1989, the Estadio Monumental, played an opening match against Peñarol, that Colo-Colo won 2–1,[2] with goals of Marcelo Barticciotto and the striker Hugo Rubio for the «Cacique».

File:Copa Libertadores 1991.jpg
The Copa Libertadores replica, achieved for the club in 1991.

The 1990s decade, was the most successful in the club's history, for the national and international honours achieved. In mid-1990, arrived the Croatian Mirko Jozić as coach, with whom the team won its first «Bicampeonato», after won the title of that year.[54] On 5 June of that year, after beat 3–0 to Olimpia at Monumental, with a twice of Luis Pérez and a goal of Leonel Herrera, Colo-Colo began the first Chilean team in won a Copa Libertadores.[3] The same season, the «Albos» lost the Intercontinental Cup final against Yugoslavian club Red Star Belgrade, after be defeated 3–0 at Tokyo.[55] While in the national plane, the club won its third–consecutive title, achieving its first «Tricampeonato», winning the league title of 1991.[56] The following season, the club won the Recopa Sudamericana, after beat in the penalties to Brazil's Cruzeiro, and also obtained the Copa Interamericana, after won 3–1 to Puebla in Mexico. The last title obtained by Jozić in Colo-Colo was the 1993 league title, thus closing a successful spell in South America.[57]

After Jozić's departure of the club, in 1994, the club had three coaches in the season: Vicente Cantatore, Eddio Inostroza and Andrés Prieto, finishing fourth in the league, where lost 4–0 the «Superclásico» against Universidad de Chile. Despite of the regular season in the national plane, the team was champion of the Copa Chile and achieved the Copa Libertadores quarterfinals. However, the following season, arrived the Paraguayan Gustavo Benítez as coach, who obtained the 1996,[58] 1997–C[59] and 1998[60] honours, achieving also the semifinals of the Supercopa Libertadores in 1996, and of the Copa Libertadores in 1997, where was eliminated both times by Cruzeiro. In 1999, Colo-Colo lived a similar situation to 1994, finishing fourth, and also had three coaches in a single season, that were the Brazilian Nelsinho Baptista, the caretaker manager Carlos Durán and then Fernando Morena of Uruguay, who remained until 2001.

In 1999, after Benítez's departure, the club entered in a serious financial crisis – after years of economic mismanagements under the leader Peter Dragicevic as president[61] — it bottomed on 23 January 2002, when the justice declared Colo-Colo in bankruptcy, letting Juan Carlos Saffie as responsible for the institution doesn't lose its legal status.[61] Despite of the bankruptcy, under Jaime Pizarro as coach – key player in the obtaining of the 1991 Copa Libertadores — «Los Albos» won the Torneo de Clausura, with an almost completely juvenile squad.[62] Three years later, in 2005, the joint-stock company Blanco y Negro[63] took the administration, concessioning all assets of the club for thirty years, in exchange for paying all debts through an opening process at Santiago Stock Exchange.[61] However in the first half of 2006, the judiciary court sentenced the end of the debt.[61]

Colo-Colo squad celebrating the 2006 Torneo de Clausura obtaining.

With the Argentine Claudio Borghi as coach since 2006, and also with players like Matías Fernández and Humberto Suazo, Colo-Colo obtained a «Bicampeonato» winning the Apertura[64] and Clausura tournaments,[65] despite of reach another international final, the Copa Sudamericana, where was defeated 2–1 by Mexico's side Pachuca. Also, that season, «El Cacique» was recognized by the IFFHS as the world's club of the month.[66] The following season, Colo-Colo won two consecutive tournaments more, of that form, winning a «Tetracampeonato», and being the first Chilean team achieve that.[67]

After Borghi's departure, the club obtained its 28th title after defeating Palestino in the 2008 Torneo de Clausura finals under the coaching of Marcelo Barticciotto, and with Lucas Barrios as principal scorer, who equaled Luis Hernán Álvarez record of highest number of goals scored by a Colo-Colo footballer during a single season with 37 goals.[68] The following season, the club became the first professional team in play at Easter Island,[69] while after a poor Torneo de Apertura — where was eliminated of the play-offs for first time — «Los Albos» started the Clausura very close of the promotion play-offs place, but however, the team reached the tournament's finals against Universidad Católica, which won 4–2 in Santa Laura, with players like Esteban Paredes, Macnelly Torres and Ezequiel Miralles in that moment, coached by Hugo Tocalli.[70] However in the Copa Libertadores, the club only surpassed the group stage in the 2007 edition. [71]

Badge, colours and kit

Template:Details3

Colo-Colo's uniform at 1991 Copa Libertadores Finals.

The club's badge represents Mapuche chieftain Colocolo (recognized in the Estadio Monumental hall), who led Arauco War against Spanish empire during 1560s.[72] On 19 April 1925, when the club was established, Luis Contreras — one of the players that founded the club alongside Arellano – defined the team's badge, according Colocolo's legend, which says that he was Palín[disambiguation needed] champion, sport practiced by the Mapuches on both sides competing for win a thick ball of cloth.[72] However, the existence of the Araucan figure has been questioned, such as said Diego Barros Arana in its monumental text called Historia General de Chile. Not obstant, the Spanish writer Jerónimo de Vivar in several of its works, confirms their existence.[72]

For much of the history of the club its home colours have been all black and white,[73] uniform that was defined by Juan Quiñones, according propositions of team's founder David Arellano. In 1927, after the friendly game played with Valladolid based club Real Unión Deportiva, match where Arellano tragically died, the club's shirt wears a black horizontal band, that means the eternal mourning of the institution,[74] being nicknamed The Mournersduring 1930s.[75] Colo-Colo's alternative kit was green during 1930s, red after 1973 Copa Libertadores campaign under orders of manager Luis Álamos,[76] and then was officially black after 1991 Copa Libertadores title under Mirko Jozić as head coach, being that the third kit in late 1980s.[77]

In August 2008, during an exhibition match against rivals Universidad de Chile, the team played with a red shirt in honour to 1973 Copa Libertadores runner-up squad on hands of Avellaneda based-club Independiente. On 25 March 2010, occurred a similar situation, when during a match played at José Amalfitani Stadium with Vélez Sarsfield for Copa Libertadores, the team wore the uniform when Colo-Colo defeated Botafogo at Maracanã (black shirt, white shorts & red socks),[78] again making reference to that mitical squad of players like Carlos Caszely or Adolfo Nef.

Stadium

Main article: Estadio Monumental David Arellano
Estadio Monumental
Pedreros
A semi-panoramic view of the stadium. The seats are white and black, and shows a the club badge in the seats. The roof of the stand is supported by a cantilever structure, in a "buried" construction.
LocationVicuña Mackenna Ave,
Macul,
Santiago,
Chile
OwnerColo-Colo
OperatorColo-Colo
Capacity47,000 seated[1]
Construction
Broke ground1975
Opened30 September 1989
Construction costUS$1.5 million (1989)
ArchitectMario Recordón (1975)
Tenants
Colo-Colo (1989–present)

Colo-Colo initially played on a fields like Estadio El Llano (1925–1927) and Campos de Sports de Ñuñoa (1928–1938),[79] close to the current Estadio Nacional, where the club played as local between 1939 and late 1980s, because the construction of its home ground. The club's first own stadium was Estadio de Carabineros, which was acquired by the «Albos» in a CLP 5 million fee on 10 May 1946. However, "Fortín Mapocho" — commonly known of that form in 1940s – was sold to the workers' compensation in $33 million pesos, transaction that partly funded the purchase of terrain, where was later built Estadio Monumental.[80]

In 1956, Antonio Labán, club's president, acquired a 28 Ha terrain at Macul, starting of this form the construction of the team's home ground, close to the intersection between Vicuña Mackenna and Departamental. Originally, was raised a construction of a stadium of 120.000 espectators, not obstant, the high cost of the work prevented complete the project without a state subsidy.[36] However, with the asignation of Chile for held the 1962 FIFA World Cup, but the 9.5 magnitude 1960 earthquake, added to a congressional veto provision delivering public money to nongovernmental entities that discarded the initiative.[81]

Then, with the budget reached between 1972 and 1975, the club achieved the stadium's construction, which was inaugurated during a Campeonato Nacional game against Deportes Aviación. Not obstant, the lack of basic services caused the closure of the ground.[82] However, Pedreros' ground was finally opened in 1989, is believed that the dictator Augusto Pinochet helped end the constructions, but in fact, this had no effect, it was only a broken promise, because in that moment was holding the plebiscite of 1989, which would decide whether the dictator would follow as president. If construction was feasible thanks to the amount of US$1 million fee received for the transfer of the striker Hugo Rubio to Serie A club Bologna.[83] The ground was inaugurated in a friendly match with Uruguayan side Peñarol, that Colo-Colo won 2–1, where the Argentine Marcelo Barticciotto scored the first goal in the stadium's history.[2]

The original capacity was of 62,500 spectators, however several remodelings, decreased the capacity to 47,000. According that, the ground has registered high attendances on occasions like 1991 Copa Libertadores Final against Olimpia (66,517),[84] Superclásico match against Universidad de Chile in 1992 (69,305),[85] and also in 2–0 friendly match victory against Real Madrid during August 1993, that registered a 67,543 attendance.[84] The field's principal name is David Arellano, in honour of the team's founder.

Colo-Colo also facilitated its stadium to Chilean national team, which debuted with a 6–0 victory over Venezuela road to 1998 World Cup.[86] However, eleven years passed, and Chile played at the Monumental Stadium again in a qualifying match against la vinotinto, that finished in a 2–2 draw.[87] One of important matches at Monumental was a 1–0 win over Ecuador, where the already qualified team to 2010 FIFA World Cup, sealed its qualification with a goal of Humberto Suazo,that way closing a successful campaign under the coaching of Marcelo Bielsa.[88]

Players

Main article: List of Colo-Colo players

Current squad

Current squad of Colo-Colo as of 8 August 2024 (edit)
Sources: Official Web Site

No. Position Player
2  CHI DF Jonathan Villagra
3  CHI DF Daniel Gutiérrez
4  URU DF Alan Saldivia
8  CHI MF Esteban Pavez
9  ARG FW Javier Correa
11  CHI FW Marcos Bolados
12  CHI GK Eduardo Villanueva
13  CHI DF Bruno Gutiérrez
14  CHI DF Cristián Zavala
16  CHI DF Óscar Opazo
17  CHI DF Cristian Riquelme
20  CHI FW Alexander Oroz
21  CHI DF Erick Wiemberg
22  CHI DF Mauricio Isla
No. Position Player
23  CHI MF Arturo Vidal
24  CHI FW Leandro Hernández
26  ARG FW Matías Moya
27  CHI MF Diego Plaza
28  CHI MF Lucas Soto
30  CHI GK Fernando de Paul
32  CHI FW Lucas Cepeda
34  CHI MF Vicente Pizarro
37  URU DF Maximiliano Falcón
38  CHI MF Dylan Portilla
39  CHI MF Matías Pinto
44  CHI MF Francisco Rivera
--  CHI GK Martin Ballesteros

Manager: Jorge Almirón

Managers

Main article: List of Colo-Colo managers

Current Coaching staff

Position Name
Manager Paraguay Hector Tapia
Assistant Manager Chile Miguel Riffo
Academy team Manager Chile Hugo González
Fitness coach Chile Marcelo Giarrusso
Goalkeeping coach Chile Marcelo Ramírez
Director of Football Chile Juan Gutiérrez

Supporters and Rivalries

Main article: Garra Blanca

Colo-Colo are the best-supported football club in Chile, with over 12 million fans or hinchada, which represent approximately 42% of total Chilean football fans according to a research published in August 2012 by Spanish newspaper agency Marca,[89] which showed a 6% growth in relation to 2006, where «Los Albos» according accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Fundación Futuro ranked the club in the first place with the 38% of the preferences, leaving its rival Universidad de Chile in the second place.[90]

Since early 1960s, the club has organized fan groups, which evolved until mid–90s, when appeared the «Garra Blanca», which were often in Colo-Colo's games and generally rioted, especially in derbies, making Estadio Monumental surroundings into battlefields against the military police. However, in 2000, that group was declared as Barra brava.

Honours

Domestic

  • Primera División: 21
    • 1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998

Cups

Continental

See also

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Estadio Monumental". Todoalbo.cl. 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b c "¡Feliz Cumpleaños, Estadio Monumental!". Sitio Oficial de Colo-Colo. 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b c "Colo-Colo, Rey de América 1991". Emol. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  4. ^ "Jugadores con mas Ganadores (Títulos)". Dalealbo.cl. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  5. ^ "Muere Francisco Valdés, goleador histórico del fútbol chileno". La Tercera. 18 August 2009.
  6. ^ "Colo-Colo es el equipo más popular". La Nación. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  7. ^ IFFHS "IFFHS' 2007 Ranking". IFFHS.com. Retrieved 6 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ "South America's Club of the Century". IFFHS.de. IFFHS. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  9. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 37.
  10. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 52.
  11. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 44.
  12. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 53.
  13. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 70.
  14. ^ "Los domingos footballísticos" (PDF). Zig-Zag. Los Sports. 1925–1927. Retrieved 17 March 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  15. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 184.
  16. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 215.
  17. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 245.
  18. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 309.
  19. ^ a b Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 299–300.
  20. ^ Larraín, Fernando (1940), pág. 38.
  21. ^ La Nación (1985), pág. 12 y 32.
  22. ^ a b Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 327.
  23. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1933". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ Marín, Edgardo (1988), pág. 33.
  25. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1937". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  26. ^ Marín, Edgardo (1988), pág. 43.
  27. ^ Marín, Edgardo (1988), pág. 42.
  28. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1941". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  29. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1944". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  30. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1947". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ Bekerman, Esteban (2008). "Hace 60 años, River perdía la gran chance de ser el primer club campeón de América". Perfil.com. Retrieved 10 de mayo de 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  32. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1945". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  33. ^ Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 105.
  34. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1953". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  35. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1956". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ a b Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 119.
  37. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1960". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  38. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1963". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  39. ^ a b Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 130.
  40. ^ Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 131.
  41. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 270.
  42. ^ Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 160.
  43. ^ Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 188.
  44. ^ Marín, Edgardo (1988), pág. 250.
  45. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1972". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  46. ^ "Especial Colo Colo 1972". Minuto 90. 2005. Retrieved 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  47. ^ Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975), pág. 193.
  48. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1979". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  49. ^ Marín, Edgardo (1988), pág. 298.
  50. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1981". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  51. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1986". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  52. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1989". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  53. ^ "En Perú conmemoran 25 años de la tragedia área que enlutó a Alianza Lima". La Tercera. 8 December 2012.
  54. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1990". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  55. ^ "Copa Intercontinental 1991: Estrella Roja 3–0 Colo Colo". Dalealbo.cl. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  56. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1991". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  57. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1993". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  58. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1996". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  59. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1997". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  60. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 1998". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  61. ^ a b c d Vivanco del Río, Pedro Pablo. "Historia de Colo-Colo en Internet". Todoalbo.cl. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  62. ^ Espina, Eduardo (2005). "Chile 2002". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  63. ^ Sitio Oficial de Colo-Colo (2013). "Información Corporativa Club Social y Deportivo Colo Colo 2013". Retrieved 25 de abril de 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  64. ^ "Bravo por el eterno campeón". Papel Digital. 21 February 2008.
  65. ^ "Festejo entre copas". Papel Digital. 20 February 2008.
  66. ^ "The world's club of the month". IFFHS. 20 October 2006.
  67. ^ "Blanca Navidad". La Tercera. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  68. ^ "¡Colo Colo campeón! Logró su estrella 28 con histórico goleador". La Tercera. 20 December 2008.
  69. ^ "Juego del siglo en Rapa Nui". FIFA.com. 6 August 2009.
  70. ^ "No hay caso con Colo-Colo de amenazado con el descenso a campeón". Emol.com. 9 December 2009.
  71. ^ Sitio Oficial de Colo-Colo (2013). "Información Corporativa Club Social y Deportivo Colo Colo 2013". Retrieved 22 de abril de 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  72. ^ a b c "Historia del mapuche Colocolo". El Maule. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  73. ^ Salinas, Sebastián (2005), pág. 43.
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  80. ^ Matamala, Daniel (2001), pág. 167.
  81. ^ Matamala, Daniel (2001), pág. 179.
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  84. ^ a b "2-0: Derrota del Real Madrid ante Colo-Colo". Diario ABC. EFE. 1993. Retrieved 7 de julio de 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  85. ^ "Historia de la Ley Nº 19.327. Fija normas para prevención y sanción de hechos de violencia en recintos deportivos con ocasión de espectáculos de futbol profesional" (PDF). Diario Oficial. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. 1994. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
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  90. ^ "Mundial" (PDF). Fundación Futuro. 31 October 2007.

Further reading

  • Larraín, Fernando (1940). Club Deportivo Magallanes. Memorias Históricas. Santiago: Tall. de Molina Lackington y Cia.
  • Jaime, Drapkin S., (1952). Historia de Colo-Colo Club de Deportes 1925–1952. Without editorial indication.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Jaime, Marín, Edgardo y Salviat, Julio (1975). De David a "Chamaco": medio siglo de goles. Santiago: Editorial Nacional Gabriela Mistral.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Historia del fútbol chileno. Tomo 2. La Nación. 1985.
  • Salinas, Sebastián (2004). Por Empuje Y Coraje. Los Albos en la época amateur 1925–1933. Santiago: Central de Estadísticas Deportivas (Cedep). ISBN 956–299–125–3. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

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