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LGBTQ rights in Russia

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LGBTQ rights in The Russian Federation Russia
Russia
StatusDecriminalised in 1917; Re-criminalised in 1933; Legal since 1993[1]
Age of consent stands at 16 since 2003
Gender identityLegal gender change since 1997[note 1]
MilitaryNon-official policy "Don't ask, don't tell" since 2003[2]
Discrimination protectionsNone
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex relationships
RestrictionsArticle 12 of Family Code de facto states that marriage is a union of a man and a woman
AdoptionNo legal restrictions to adopt by a single person[note 2]

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) persons in Russia face legal and social challenges, as well as discrimination not experienced by non-LGBT citizens. Although same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults in private was decriminalized in 1993,[1] there are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity and expression, and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. The age of consent has been the same for same-sex relations as for heterosexual relations since 2003, and homosexuality was declassified as a mental illness in 1999. Transsexuals have been able to change their legal gender since 1997.

Russia has recently received criticism from around the world and across the international community for enacting a law that bans the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations" to minors.[3] Since the passage of the anti-gay propaganda law, the media has reported the arrest of a gay rights activist[4] as well as a surging incidence of hate crimes motivated by homophobia,[5][6] including hate crimes perpetrated by neo-Nazi groups against gay minors.[7][8] A law prohibiting gay pride parades in Moscow for one-hundred years has also recently been enacted.[9] International rights groups[who?] have described the current situation as the worst human rights climate in the post-Soviet era, while Russian human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva has called passage of the law against gay propaganda "a step toward the Middle Ages."[10][10] Russia has been described as being socially conservative on issues of LGBT rights,[11] with recent polls indicating that a large majority of Russian citizens oppose the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and support the laws enacted against its LGBT citizens.[12][13] Regardless, larger cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg have been described as being more tolerant in accepting homosexuals and transsexuals and are also known to have a thriving LGBT community.

History

Main article: LGBT history in Russia

Current situation

  • The age of consent currently stands at 16 since 2003, regardless of sexual orientation.
  • Transsexual and transgender people can change their legal gender after corresponding medical procedures since 1997.[note 1]
  • Homosexuality was officially removed from the Russian list of mental illnesses in 1999 (after endorsement of ICD-10).
  • As far as adoptions of children: Single persons living within Russia, regardless of their sexual orientation, can adopt children. Russian children can be adopted by a single homosexual who lives in a foreign country provided that country does not recognize same-sex marriage.[14] A couple can adopt children together, as a couple, only if they are a married heterosexual couple.

Homophobia in Russia: Public opinion in Russia tends to be among the most hostile toward homosexuality in the world—outside predominantly Muslim countries and some parts of Asia—and the level of intolerance has been rising.[15] A 2013 survey found that 74% of Russians said homosexuality should not be accepted by society (up from 60% in 2002), compared to 16% who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society.[16] In a 2007 survey, 68% of Russians said homosexuality is always wrong (54%) or almost always wrong (14%).[17] In a 2005 poll, 44% of Russians were in favor of making homosexual acts between consenting adults a criminal act;[18] at the same time, 43% of Russians supported a legal ban on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[18] In 2013, 16% of Russians surveyed said that gay people should be isolated from society, 22% said they should be forced to undergo treatment, and 5% said homosexuals should be "liquidated".[19]

Same-Sex Marriage: Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions of same-sex couples are allowed in Russia. In July 2013, Patriarch Kirill, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, of which approximately 80% of Russians are members, said that the idea of same-sex marriage was "a very dangerous sign of the Apocalypse".[20] At a 2011 press conference, the head of the Moscow Registry Office, Irina Muravyova, declared: "Attempts by same-sex couples to marry both in Moscow and elsewhere in Russia are doomed to fail. We live in a civil society, we are guided by the federal law, [and] by the Constitution that clearly says: marriage in Russia is between a man and a woman. Such a marriage [same-sex] cannot be contracted in Russia."[21] The vast majority of the Russian public are also against same-sex marriage.[18][22]

Military Service: According to reporting in Pravda, in the past some young Russians would claim they were gay as a pretense to be avoid military service duty.[23] The Major-General of the Medical Service attempted to change that in 2003 when he announced that under a new statute, homosexuality would not be a justification for exclusion from military service: "The issue of a person's homosexuality is not medical. There is no such diagnosis as homosexuality in medicine. There is no such illness in the classification of [the] World Health Organization. The new statute about military and medical expertise follows international law practice. Therefore the reasons for evaluating the ability to serve for homosexuals are the same: physicial and psychic health".[23] However, he added that people of non-standard sexual orientation should not reveal their sexual orientation while serving in the army because "other soldiers are not going to like that, they can be beaten".[23] President Vladimir Putin said in a U.S. television interview in 2010 that openly gay men were not excluded from military service in Russia.[24] In 2013, it was reported that the Defense Ministry had issued a guideline on assessment of new recruits' mental health that recommends recruits be asked about their sexual history and be examined for certain types of tattoos, especially genital or buttocks tattoos, that would allegedly indicate a homosexual orientation.[24][25]

Visibility of LGBT Organizations & Services: There is a visible LGBT community network, mostly in major cities like Moscow and Saint Petersburg, including nightclubs and political organizations.[citation needed]

Employment discrimination

In September 2013, Khabarovsk teacher and gay rights activist Alexandr Yermoshkin was fired from his two jobs as school teacher and university researcher.[26] A week earlier, he was attacked by members of local neo-nazi group "Shtolz Khabarovsk".[27] His dismissal was campaigned by local homophobic activist group called "Movement against the propaganda of sexual perversions".[28]

Hate crimes

  • On May 9, 2013, after Victory Day parades in Volgograd, the body of a 23-year-old man was found tortured and murdered by three males who stated anti-homosexual motivations, even though family and friends state the victim had no behavior inclination.[29]
  • On May 29, 2013, the body of openly gay 38-year-old deputy director of Kamchatka airport Oleg Serdyuk (rus: Олег Сердюк) was found in his burned out car, having been beaten and stabbed the previous day. Three suspects, (who were local residents) were detained.[30]

Transgender issues

In Tsarist Russia, young women would sometimes pose as men or act like tomboys. This was often tolerated among the educated middle classes, with the assumption that such behavior was asexual and would stop when the girl married.[31] However, cross-dressing was widely seen as immoral behavior, punishable by the Church and later the government.[31]

In Soviet Russia, sex change operations were first tried during the 1920s but became prohibited until the 1960s. Later they were performed by Prof. Irina Golubeva, an endocrinologist, authorized by psychiatrist Prof. Aron Belkin, who was the strongest Soviet advocate for transgender people until his death in 2003.[31]

Bans on "homosexual propaganda"

Activists painted the pedestrian pavement in front of the Russian Embassy in Finland with rainbow colors to protest Russian's anti-LGBT sentimentality and legislation. Similar activism has been done in Sweden.

Federal laws passed on 30 July 2013 ban the promotion of homosexuality to minors. According to some commentators the new law makes it illegal to hold any sort of public demonstration in favour of gay rights,[32] speak in defence of gay rights and distribute material related to gay rights,[33] or to state that gay relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships.[34][35]

Local laws

Between 2006 and 2013, ten regions enacted a ban on "propaganda of homosexualism" among minors. The laws of nine of them prescribe punishments of administrative sanctions and/or fines. The laws in some of the regions also forbid so-called "propaganda of bisexualism and transgenderism" to minors. As of May 2013 the regions that had enacted these various laws, and the years in which they had passed the laws, included: Ryazan Oblast (2006), Arkhangelsk Oblast (2011), Saint Petersburg (2012), Kostroma Oblast (2012), Magadan Oblast (2012), Novosibirsk Oblast (2012), Krasnodar Krai (2012), Samara Oblast (2012), Bashkortostan (2012),[note 3] and Kaliningrad Oblast (February 2013).Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

In June 2012, the Moscow City Court upheld a new law banning gay pride parades in the city for the next hundred years.[36][37]

National laws

In June 2013 the national parliament (the State Duma) unanimously adopted, and President Vladimir Putin signed,[38] a nationwide law banning distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations" among minors.[3][39][40][41] The law does not explicitly mention the word "homosexuality", but instead uses the euphemism "non-traditional sexual relations".[3][42] Under the statute it is effectively illegal to hold any gay pride events, speak in defense of gay rights, or say that gay relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships.[35]

The law subjects Russian citizens found guilty to fines of up to 5,000 rubles and public officials to fines of up to 50,000 rubles.[43] Organizations or businesses will be fined up to 1 million rubles and be forced to cease operations for up to 90 days. Foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, as well as fined up to 100,000 rubles. Russian citizens who have used the Internet or media to promote "non-traditional relations" will be fined up to 100,000 rubles.[3]

The statute amended a law that is said to protect children from pornography and other "harmful information".[38] One of the authors of the statute, Yelena Mizulina, who is the chair of the Duma's Committee on Family, Women, and Children and who has been described by some as a moral crusader,[44][45][46] told lawmakers as the bill was being considered, "Traditional sexual relations are relations between a man and a woman.... These relations need special protection".[35] Mizulina argued that a recent poll had shown 88% of the public were in support of the bill.[47]

Commenting on the bill prior to its passage, President Putin said, during a visit to Amsterdam in April 2013, "I want everyone to understand that in Russia there are no infringements on sexual minorities' rights. They're people, just like everyone else, and they enjoy full rights and freedoms".[42] He went on to say that he fully intended to sign the bill because the Russian people demanded it.[35] As he put it, "Can you imagine an organization promoting pedophilia in Russia? I think people in many Russian regions would have started to take up arms.... The same is true for sexual minorities: I can hardly imagine same-sex marriages being allowed in Chechnya. Can you imagine it? It would have resulted in human casualties."[35] Putin also mentioned that he was concerned about Russia's low birth-rate and that same-sex relationships do not produce children.[38]

Critics say that the statute is written so broadly that it is in effect a complete ban on the gay rights movement and any public expression of homosexuality.[20][35][42]

On 21 July 2013, four Dutch tourists were arrested for allegedly discussing gay rights with Russian youths. The four were arrested for allegedly spreading "propaganda of nontraditional relationships among the under-aged" after talking to teens at a camp in the northern city of Murmansk.[48]

Domestic reactions

Nearly 90 percent of Russians support the anti-gay propaganda law, according to a survey conducted in June 2013 by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (also known as VTsIOM).[6][20]

Anton Krasovsky, a television news anchor at government-run KontrTV, was immediately fired from his job in January 2013 when he announced during a live broadcast that he is gay and disgusted by the legislation that had been proposed although had not yet passed.[20]

Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko, responding to questions raised in the international community about the implications of the new law on the upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics Games in Sochi, Russia, said the controversy over Russia's anti-gay propaganda law is an "invented problem" created by the Western media[49] and that the law does not discriminate against anyone.[50] He said that the law is intended to protect the right of children, whose young minds are still developing, from being exposed to propaganda about non-traditional sexual relationships, in the same way that children should be protected from messages promoting alcoholism and drug abuse.[50] "We want them to make their own decisions when they grow up".[50] He also said that the rights of all Olympic athletes, organisers, and visitors in Sochi would be respected. On another occasion, Mutko said, "An athlete of non-traditional sexual orientation isn't banned from coming to Sochi. But if he goes out into the streets and starts to propagandize, then of course he will be held accountable".[51]

The screenplay writer, Yuri Arabov, who is working on a new biopic of Tchaikovsky due to be released in 2015, has claimed that "it is far from a fact that Tchaikovsky was a homosexual".[52] He further added that he would "not sign my name to a film that advertises homosexuality".[52] The film has been given Russian government funding,[53] and Arabov's claim has been reinforced by Russia's culture minister, Vladimir Medinsky, who when questioned on the issue claimed: "Arabov is actually right – there is no evidence that Tchaikovsky was a homosexual."[53] Scholars have pointed out that Tchaikovsky's homosexuality is in fact extensively documented in the composer's personal papers and correspondence.[53][54] There has been speculation in the Western press that the removal of all evidence of Tchaikovsky's homosexuality in the film - promoted by its director Kirill Serebrennikov as "the true story of the tragic love and death of the brilliant Russian composer"[52] - is in response to Russia's anti-gay propaganda law.[53][54][55][note 4]

On 12 October 2013 a demonstration was organised by 15[56] to 20 LGBT rights activists in Russia's second largest city Saint Petersburg against the new law banning "homosexual propaganda" on the day after the National Coming Out Day.[57] The demonstration was blocked by far-right groups, such as radical Orthodox Christians, Cossack paramilitaries and nationalists.[58] After a fight broke out between the groups, the police arrested 67 people from the two opposing groups.[58]

International reactions and boycott

International human rights organisations[59][60] and the governments of developed democracies around the world have strongly condemned this Russian law.[61][62] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has condemned this Russian statute and another similar one in Moldova (which was later repealed)[63] as discriminatory and has made clear that the Russian statute in question is a violation of international human rights law,[64][65] including the right of gay children to receive proper information.[66][67] The European Parliament has condemned Russia for homophobic discrimination and censorship[68] and the Council of Europe has called on Russia to protect LGBT rights properly.[69] The European Court of Human Rights had previously fined Russia for other infringements of LGBT rights.[70] In 2012 the UN Human Rights Committee ruled that a similar statute in the Russia's Ryazan Region was discriminatory, infringed on freedom of expression, and was inadmissible under international law - a Russian court in Ryazan later agreed and struck it down.[71][72] Some members of the gay community commenced a boycott of Russian goods, particularly Russian vodka.[73] Notable individuals have also responded to that ban.

Many Western celebrities and activists are openly opposed to the law and have encouraged a boycott of Russian products—notably Russian vodka[74]— and a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, which are scheduled to be held in Sochi, unless the Games are relocated out of Russia.[75][76][77]

Political figures

United States President Barack Obama said that while he did not favour boycotting the Sochi Olympics over the law, "Nobody’s more offended than me about some of the anti-gay and lesbian legislation that you’ve been seeing in Russia".[78] Obama subsequently, in September 2013, met with Russian gay rights activists during a visit to St. Petersburg to attend a meeting of the G-20 nations' leaders. Obama said that he was proud of the work the activists were doing. His aides had said that Obama's opposition to the anti-gay propaganda law was one reason Obama had canceled a meeting previously planned to have been held with Russian President Putin during the trip.[78]

The law was also condemned by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and German cabinet secretaries,[79] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[80] Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr,[81] as well as Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird.[82]

Celebrities
  • In 2012, pop singer Madonna, during a concert in St. Petersburg, denounced a newly enacted local law banning homosexual "propaganda". She told the audience, "I am here to say that the gay community and gay people here and all around the world have the same rights – to be treated with dignity, with respect, with tolerance, with compassion, with love".[83] In a Facebook posting, she had called the law a "ridiculous atrocity".[84] Conservative groups filed a lawsuit against her seeking the equivalent of nearly $11 million, arguing that her performance would hurt Russia's birthrate and, as a result, the nation's ability to adequately maintain its army.[83] One of the claimants said at the trial that although Madonna had "brutally violated" the city's laws, the precedent of the lawsuit would ensure that in the future "any artist coming to our city will know now what laws exist".[83] The day the case was heard, a member of the Russian parliament said that the singer Lady Gaga, who was due to perform in St. Petersburg the following month, should be banned from performing the song "Born This Way" during her Born This Way concert tour stop in Russia.[85] The case against Madonna was dismissed by the presiding judge.[85]
  • British actress Tilda Swinton tweeted a picture of herself with a rainbow flag with Moscow in background, adding in comment: "In solidarity. From Russia with love".[86]
  • American singer Lady Gaga condemned the Russian government for its increasingly anti-gay policies in August 2013.[88] One of the sponsors of the St. Petersburg municipal law against homosexual propaganda requested that Lady Gaga and Madonna both be investigated to see whether either had violated immigration or tax laws during their 2012 concerts in St. Petersburg.[88]
  • Several prominent entertainers, including Stephen Fry,[90] American television talk-show host and comedian Jay Leno,[20] American actor and playwright Harvey Fierstein,[91] and American author and gay-rights activist Dan Savage,[91] drew parallels between the treatment of LGBT people in Russia and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany in the years leading up to The Holocaust. Fierstein, who is Jewish, wrote in a July 2013 op-ed article in the New York Times:

"In 1936 the world attended the Olympics in Germany. Few participants said a word about Hitler’s campaign against the Jews. Supporters of that decision point proudly to the triumph of Jesse Owens, while I point with dread to the Holocaust and world war. There is a price for tolerating intolerance".[92]

  • American actor Wentworth Miller announced he would boycott the St. Petersburg International Film Festival.[93]
Athletes
  • New Zealand Olympic speedskater Blake Skjellerup announced his intention of wearing a rainbow-coloured gay-pride pin from the 2012 Olympic Games when he competes at the 2014 Games in Sochi.[98] Skjellerup said that he does not support a boycott of the Sochi Olympics because he and other athletes have worked so hard to compete at the Games. However, he said strongly opposes the anti-gay propaganda law: "I don't think anybody should be persecuted".[98]
Others
  • On 21 August 2013 Dagbladet said that the painting over of pedestrian crossing markings near Russia's embassy in Oslo—in the rainbow colors—was a "mild" protest.[99] Furthermore, the same form of protest appeared in Stockholm earlier in the same month.[100]
  • In September 2013, same-sex "kiss-in's" were held in 50 cities worldwide in protest against Russia's anti-gay laws.[101]

Summary table

Homosexuality legal Yes (since 27 May 1993)
Equal age of consent Yes (since 27 May 1993)[note 5]
Anti-discrimination laws in any area No (authorities refuse to recognize any need for special legislation)
Same-sex marriage(s) No
Recognition of same-sex couples as de facto couples or civil partnerships No (no recognition)
Joint and/or step adoption by same-sex couples (regardless of whether they live in Russia or abroad) No (only opposite-sex married couples allowed to adopt)[note 2]
Adoption by single homosexual people who live in Russia or (in case of Russian children) in foreign countries that do not recognize same-sex marriage Yes (no legal restrictions based on sexual orientation for single people to adopt)[note 2]
Adoption of Russian children by same-sex couples who live in foreign countries that do recognize same-sex marriage No (Illegal since 3 July 2013)[14]
Gays allowed to serve openly in the military No (gay people can theoretically serve in the military, but they are strongly advised to hide their homosexuality for the sake of their personal safety)[2]
Right to change legal gender Yes (since 15 November 1997)[note 1]
MSMs allowed to donate blood Yes (since 16 April 2008)[102]
Right to propagate homosexuality No (ban on homosexual propaganda to minors at federal level; some regions have their own legislation banning propaganda of homosexuality, bisexuality and/or transgenderism)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The Federal Law On Acts of Civil Status (1997) provides for the possibility to rectify acts of civil status based on the document confirming sex transformation issued by a health institution (art.70). Also, transgender people can change their passport on the grounds of sex transformation. See the Administrative Legislation section of the Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report.
  2. ^ a b c Adoption is being regulated by the Civil Procedure Code of Russia (Chapter 29); Family Code of Russia (Chapter 19); Federal Law On Acts of Civil Status (Chapter V). None of these documents contain any direct restriction or ban for homosexual people to adopt, though unmarried couples are not allowed to adopt children (Article 127.2 of the Family Code of Russia), and since same-sex marriage is not officially recognized, gay couples cannot adopt children together; nevertheless, single individuals can adopt (see also the Parent Relations section of the Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report). The Court makes the decision to allow or deny adoption considering many documents and testimonies, so it is unclear whether LGBT affiliation of the candidate adopter can be in fact an issue for a judge to make a negative decision.
  3. ^ Bashkortostan is the only region where the law does not include any kind of administrative sanctions or fines.
  4. ^ The Guardian reported that late in 2012 the director Kirill Serebrennikov had admitted to the cinema website KinoPoisk that he was having trouble finding funding due to officials' concerns about the composer's homosexuality.
  5. ^ The age of consent for homosexual acts was never specifically mentioned in the old Criminal Code of RSFSR, which was replaced with the new Criminal Code of Russia in 1996, and this new Code mentions the age of consent regardless of sexual orientation in Article 134.

References

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Sources with multiple references

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in Russia.
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