Spanish language
Spanish is an Iberian Romance language, and the third or fourth most spoken language in the world. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million people, or by 417 million including non-native speakers (according to 1999 estimates). The majority of Spanish speakers live in Latin America.
| Spanish (español or castellano) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Mexico, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, USA and 40 other countries. |
| Total speakers: | 417 Million |
| Genetic classification: |
Indo-European |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | Mexico, Spain, Colombia, Argentina and 17 other countries |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1: | es |
| ISO 639-2: | spa |
| SIL: | SPN |
“Spanish” or “Castilian”
Main article: Names given to the Spanish language
As well as español (English: 'Spanish'), the language is also commonly referred to as castellano (English: 'Castilian').
Classification
Spanish is a member of the Romance branch of Indo-European.
History
Main article: History of the Spanish language
The Spanish language was developed from vulgar Latin, with influence from Basque and Arabic, in the north of Iberian Peninsula (see Iberian Romance languages). Typical features of Spanish diachronical phonology include lenition (Latin vita, Spanish vida), palatalization (Latin annum, Spanish año) and diphthongation of breve E/O from vulgar Latin (Latin terra, Spanish tierra; Latin novus, Spanish nuevo); similar phenomena can be found in most Romance languages as well.
During the Reconquista, this northern dialect was carried south.
The language was brought to the Americas, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau and the Philippines, by the Spanish colonization since 16th century.
In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced in Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara.
Geographic distribution
Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union and the African Union.
With close to 100 million first-language speakers, Mexico boasts the largest population of Spanish-speakers in the world. The four next largest populations reside in Colombia (42 million), Spain (c. 41 million), Argentina (39 million) and the United States of America (c. 30 million).
Spanish is the official and most important language in 20 countries: Argentina, Bolivia (co-official Aymará), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea (co-official French), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official Guaraní), Peru (co-official Quechua and Aymará), Puerto Rico, Spain (co-official Catalan, Galician, Basque and Aranese), Uruguay and Venezuela .
It is the most important and widely-spoken language, but without official recognition, in Andorra and Belize.
It is spoken by most of the population of Gibraltar (which is claimed by Spain), but English remains the most spoken and only official language of the colony.
In the United States - which has no officially recognized national language - Spanish is spoken by some three-quarters of its over 40 million Hispanic population. It is also being learnt and spoken by a miniscule, though slowly growing, proportion of its non-Hispanic population for its increasing use in business, commerce and politics. On a federal level it shares a privileged position along with the more dominant English. On a state level, however, Spanish does hold co-official status in various states. [See Spanish in the United States for further information.]
Spanish is also spoken in Canada, Israel (both Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish), northern Morocco, Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey (as Judaeo-Spanish) and Western Sahara.
In the Philippines, where its use has been in decline, Spanish ceased to be an official language in 1973. It is now spoken by less than 0.01% of the population; 2,658 speakers (1990 Census). Interestingly, despite the native and English numerals being the only counting systems used in all matters and circumstances, the Spanish decimals are still utilised by many when counting money. Furthermore, the sole existing Spanish-Asiatic creole language, Chabacano, is spoken by some in the south. Most other native Filipino languages contain generous quantities of Spanish loan words.
Variations
Main article: Variations of the Spanish language
There are important variations in dialect among the various regions of Spain and Spanish-speaking America. In Spain the North Castilian dialect pronunciation is commonly taken as the national standard (although the characteristic weak pronouns usage or laísmo of this dialect is deprecated).
Spanish has three second person singular pronouns tú, usted and in Latin America vos. Tú is informal (for example, used with friends) and usted is formal (for example, used with older people).
Vos is used in various regions of Latin America, and its use, depending on region, can be considered the accepted standard or reproached as sub-standard and considered as speech of the uneducated. The interpersonal situations where the employment of vos is acceptable also differ between regions.
The RAE (Real Academia Española), in association with twenty-one other national language academies, exercises a conservative influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar guides and style guides.
Grammar
Main article: Grammar of the Spanish language
Phonology
Main article: Phonology of the Spanish language
The consonantal system of Castilian Spanish, by the 16th century, underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from some neighbouring Romance languages, such as Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan):
- The initial /f/, that had evolved into a vacillating /h/, was lost in most words (although this etymological h- has been preserved in spelling).
- The voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (that was written 'u' or 'v') merged with the bilabial oclusive /b/ (written 'b'). Orthographically, 'b' and 'v' do not correspond to different phonemes in contemporary Spanish.
- The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ (that was written 's' between vowels) merged with the voiceless /s/ (that was written 's', or 'ss' between vowels), and these are now written 's' everywhere.
- The voiced alveolar affricate /dz/ (that was written 'z') merged with the voiceless /ts/ (that was written 'ç,ce,ci'), and then /ts/ evolved into the interdental /ɸ/, now written 'z,ce,ci'. But in Andalucia, the Canary Islands and the Americas these sounds merged with /s/ as well. Notice that the 'ç' or 'c with cedilla' was in its origin a Spanish letter.
- The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (that was written 'j,ge,gi') merged with the voiceless /ʃ/ (that was written 'x', as in 'Quixote'), and then /ʃ/ evolved by the 17th century into the modern velar sound /x/, now written 'j,ge,gi'.
The consonantal system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in Judaeo-Spanish, the language spoken by the descendants of the Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century.
Lexical stress
Spanish has a phonemic stress system — the place where stress will fall cannot be predicted by other features of the word, and two words can differ by just a change in stress. For example, the word camino (with penultimate stress) means "I walk" or "road" whereas caminó (with final stress) means "he/she/it walked". Also, since Spanish pronounces all syllables at a more or less constant tempo, it is said to be a syllable-timed language.
Writing system
Spanish is written using the Latin alphabet, with a few special letters: the vowels can be marked with an acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú) to mark stress when it doesn't follow the normal pattern or to differentiate otherwise equally spelt words (see below), diaeresis u (ü) after g to indicate a [gw] or [gu] pronunciation, and n with tilde (ñ) to indicate the palatal nasal [J]. Traditionally, the digraph rr was considered a separate letter, but this is no longer the case; the digraphs ch and ll are considered separate letters since 1803 (you can check the DRAE for the entries on ch and ll). However they are alphabetized as two letters by UNESCO request.
Written Spanish precedes exclamatory and interrogative clauses with inverted question and exclamation marks, examples: ¿Qué dices? (What do you mean?) ¡No es verdad! (That's not true!). It is one of the few languages whose written form does so.
Written Spanish also marks unequivocally stress through a series of orthographic rules. The default stress is on the final syllable when the word ends in any consonant other than "n" or "s" and on the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable on words that end in a vowel, "n" or "s". Words that don't follow the default stress have an acute accent over the stressed vowel.
A word with final stress is called aguda; a word with penultimate stress is called llana or grave; a word with antepenultimate stress (stress on the third last syllable) is called esdrújula; and a word with preantepenultimate stress (on the fourth last syllable) or earlier is called sobresdrújula in which case there is a secondary stress towards the end of the word. All esdrújula and sobresdrújula words have written accent marks.
Also, in a number of cases, homonyms are distinguished with written accents on the stressed (or only) syllable: for example, te (object case of "you") and té ("tea"); se (third person reflexive) and sé ("I know" or imperative "Be"); como ("like" or "I eat") and cómo ("how?").
An adjective describing a person or thing ordinarily comes after the noun in Spanish, not before the noun as in English.
These rules are similar but not the same as those of Portuguese and Catalan languages.
The Spanish orthography is such that every speaker can guess the pronunciation (adapted for accent) from the written form. While the same pronunciation could be misspelt in several ways — there are homophones, because of the language's silent h, vacilations between b and v, and between c and z (and between c, z, and s in Latin America and some parts of the Peninsula) — the orthography is more coherent than, say, English orthography.
In spite of that, there have been several initiatives to reform the spelling: Andrés Bello succeded in making his proposal official in several South American countries, but they later returned to the RAE standard. Another initiative, the O.RR.L.I., remained a curiosity. Juan Ramón Jiménez proposed changing -ge- and -gi to -je- and ji, but this is only applied in editions of his works or his wife's. Gabriel García Márquez raised the issue of reform during a congress at Zacatecas, but, with all his prestige, he got attention but nothing going. The Academies however from time to time change several tidbits.
Spanish is nicknamed la lengua de Cervantes (the language of Cervantes, the author of the Quixote).
Examples of Spanish
Note, the third column uses the International Phonetic Alphabet, the standard for linguists, to transcribe the sounds. If you are not familiar with the IPA, or your browser is too old to display special characters correctly, there is an approximate pronunciation based on English in the fourth column. There are several examples of travellers' vocabulary and one literary reference.
| English | Spanish | IPA transcription | Figured pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish | español | [espa'ɲol] | (es-pahn-YOL) |
| Spanish (Castilian) | castellano | [kaste'ʎano] | (kah-steh-YAH-no) |
| hello, hi | hola | ['ola] | (OH-la) |
| goodbye | adiós | [a'ðjos] | (ah-THYOSE) |
| please | por favor | [porfa'βor] | ([pore faah-VORE) |
| thank you | gracias | ['graθjas] | (GRAH-thyahs) |
| sorry | perdón | [per'ðon] | (pare-THON) |
| that (thing) | eso | ['eso] | (esso) |
| how much? | cuánto | ['kwanto] | (KWAHN-to) |
| English | inglés | [iŋ'gles] | (ing-GLESS) |
| yes | sí | ['si] | (see) |
| no | no | ['no] | (no) |
| I don't understand | no entiendo | [noen'tjendo] | (no en-tYEN-do) |
| where's the bathroom? | ¿dónde está el baño? | ['dondes'tael'βaɲo] | (DON-day es-TAH el BA-nyo) |
| cheers! (toast) | ¡salud! | [sa'luð] | (sah-LOOTHE) |
| do you speak English? | ¿habla usted inglés? | ['aβlaws'teðiɲ'gles] | (AH-blah oos-TED ing-GLESS) |
| English: | In some village in La Mancha, whose name I do not care to recall, there dwelt not so long ago a gentleman of the type wont to keep an unused lance, an old shield, a greyhound for racing, and a skinny old horse. |
| Spanish: | En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no ha mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgo de los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor. |
| IPA transcription: | [enunlu'ɣarðela'mantʃa de'kuɟo'nombreno'kjeroakor'ðarme noa'mutʃo'tjempokeβi'βiauni'ðalɣo
ðelozðe'lanθaenasti'ʎero a'ðarɣaan'tiɣwa rro'θin'flako i'ɣalɣokorre'ðor] |
El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (opening sentence).
Reference
See also
- Spanish Royal Academy of Language
- Spanish in the United States
- Spanish in the Philippines
- Spanish proverbs
- Spanish language poets
- Spanish Creole
- Common phrases in different languages
- Papiamento, Chavacano language, Spanglish, Yanito
- Rock en español
- Spanish verbs
- Latin Union
External links
- Official page of the RAE (in Spanish)
- DRAE, Dictionary of the RAE (in Spanish)
- Ethnologue report for Spanish
- Resources for Learning Spanish through Music
- Online Lessons & Audio Learning
- Spanish Blogs & Weblog Directory
- Learn and study Spanish directory
- Learn Spanish
- Spanish Language & Linguistics Website
- Spanish grammar Wikibook
- Spanish dictionary
- Reasons to Learn Spanish
- Usage of Tenses
- PDF: A history of the Spanish language
- Basic Spanish Words + Translator
- Spanish - English Dictionary: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
- Learning Spanish