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2013–14 United Kingdom winter floods

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The 2013–2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe were a major series of storms which hit western and northern Europe over the winter of 2013 – 2014,[1] which resulted in the highest January rainfall since records began in 1910 recorded in parts of England,[2] the flooding of the Somerset Levels and the washing away of the main railway line to Cornwall and West Devon. [1] The Thames later flooded in Berkshire and Surrey.

Prelude

End of October brought the St Jude storm, ranked within the top 10 most severe storms in the autumn across southern England in the last 40 years.[3]

Nordic storms

November 2013 saw an area of high pressure build to the south of Europe, which directed the jet stream and areas of low pressure to the north of Europe, impacting the Nordic nations. Lows moving to the north of the United Kingdom meant that November was fairly dry for the the country.[3]

  • Hilde (Otto/Eino) – November 13–19, 2013. 971 hPa.[4] The Norwegian meteorological institute issued an extreme weather warning over Hilde, expecting gusts up to 45 m/s to hit central Norway on 16 November.
  • Oskari (Vincenc) – November 29–December 4, 2013. 976 hPa.[5] Named by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.

December 5 North Sea tidal surge

Main article: Cyclone Xaver

A winter storm that affected northern Europe brought Force 12 winds and heavy snowfall along the storm's path. Warnings of a significant risk of storm surge leading to coastal flooding along the coasts of the North and Irish Seas were given. The storm brought blizzard conditions in Sweden and Poland. Heavy flooding occurred in and around Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire and coastal parts of Hull on 5 Dec 2013 [6][7]

  • Ivar (Seija)[8] – December 10–17, 2013. 977 hPa.[9] With a route and intensity similar to Hilde, Ivar once again brought hurricane force winds to central Norway. In Sweden the storm left 55,000 across Norrland without power.[10] Near record level winds were reported from Finland, where 200,000 were left without power.[11] Estonia saw winds up to 115 km/h and 45,000 homes without electricity.[12]
  • Zaki – December 12–16, 2013 and Adam December 14–19, 2013. 952 hPa.[13] Faroese authorities measured at Oyndarfjörður on the island of Eysturoy extreme gusts measured at 73.9 metres per second (266 km/h) which, according to official measurements may be a new record, higher than 66.9 metres per second (241 km/h) recorded at Mykines in March 1997.[14] Though local orographic effects may prevent this wind speed reaching the record books.[14]

Christmas storms

Bernd

Named Bernd by the Free University Berlin, given the name Emily.[15] Met Eireann issued red warnings for wind 9:00am 18 December to Donegal, Galway, Leitrim, Mayo and Sligo.

  • Bernd (Emily)[16] – December 17–21, 2013. 947 hPa.[17] An area of low pressure from the Atlantic brought wind gusts to the west of Ireland of 133 kilometres per hour (83 mph) causing power outages to 22,000 homes, and widespread disruption. Eight people were injured with one fatality reported in the country. The low also brought strong winds across Scotland and areas of England where one person was reported missing after falling from a cargo ship into the river Trent. Flood warnings were also raised across Scotland and Southwest England.[18]

Dirk

Main article: Cyclone Dirk
  • Dirk – December 21–28, 2013. 931 hPa.[19] The UK Met Office issued national severe weather warnings for wind and rain across southwest and northern areas of the UK for the 23 and 24 December.[20]

Erich

  • Erich – December 25, 2013–January 1, 2014. 944 hPa.[21][22]
  • Weather fronts associated with the lows Felix and Gerhard passed over the UK (December 30–31 and January 2), which brought further rainfall and some stormy conditions.

December records

Stormiest in a record series which goes back to 1969, and windiest since 1993.[23] Wettest December and wettest month overall in Scotland with records going back to 1910.[23]

New Year storms

Anne

  • Anne – January 1–6, 2014. 945 hPa.[24] Anne was a winter storm that affected western Europe bringing storm surges along the coasts of France and the United Kingdom on high spring tides a month after Cyclone Xaver brought surges during the previous peak tides to northern Europe.

Christina

  • Christina – January 3–10, 2014. 940 hPa.[25] An area of low pressure responsible for a winter storm in the USA and Canada moved over the Atlantic and was named Christina by the Free University Berlin on January 3.

16-17 January squall line

Welsh flood warnings stay in place in four areas, with roads closed after heavy bursts of rain affecting Conwy and Gwynedd. By 15.55 GMT, there were four flood warnings and six flood alerts 16 Jan 2011. [26]

25 January squall line

On 24 January Sedgemoor District Council in Somerset declared a "major incident" in flooded areas as forecasters warned of more rain.[27] 25 January saw a front moving south-east over the UK, heavy showers formed a squall line.[28] Moved on across to Belgium.[citation needed] Trees were uprooted and structural damaged was caused to buildings by lightning in the Midlands region.[29]

January records

It was declared to be the worst rainfall on record for over 100 years on January 30th [2] Figures released by the Met Office indicate Southern England and parts of the Midlands have experienced their highest January rainfall since records began in 1910.[30]

February

Nadja

  • Nadja (Brigid) – January 29–February 5, 2014. 945 hPa.[31] Coastal flooding and damaging seas from Scotland to Spain, reports of a missing teenager in northern Spain[32] and woman washed away on the south coast of the UK.

Petra

Petra – February 3–8, 2014. 950 hPa.[33] Another coastal event with high seas washing away the railway line at Dawlish, Devon closing the Exeter to Plymouth line. Coastal flooding and high waves from Ireland to Spain, with Cork flooded again. The Cargo ship Luno is washed ashore and breaks in two near Bayonne, France raising fears of a pollution incident. A wave measuring more than 70 feet was recorded off the coast of Penzance.[34] A buoy close to Penzance triggered a reading of 74.8 feet at 3am, which was reported in some media,[35][34] this wave height was later removed from the data set as being an anomalous reading, and unlikely to be accurate.[36][37] 15,000 customers lost power during the storm in southwest England and Wales,[38] 25,000 in Brittany, France[39] and 15,000 lost power across Ireland mainly in the southwest.[40]

Qumaira

Ruth

  • Ruth (Charlie) – February 6–10 2014. 945 hPa.[41]

A landslip on the West of England Main Line at Crewkerne, Somerset cut off the final link to Exeter on 8 February,[42] expected to take a week to repair, though reports that the track was safe for slow moving trains, however signal problems led to line closure again on 9 February, but was re-opened again that afternoon. The alternative route along the Bristol to Exeter Line was under water on the Somerset Levels,with trains unable to travel between Taunton and Bridgewater.[43] Line at Dawlish out of action, likely to be out of action for sometime and protected by shipping containers.[44]

Stephanie

Stephanie formed on the 9 February before explosively deepening according to the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Meteorología,[45] being the sixth storm to do so in 10 days, however the storms may not strictly fit the category of explosive cyclogenesis as the Spanish Agency calculate a 12 hectoPascals (or mbar) drop in pressure over 12 hours,[46] rather than the strict definition of a drop of 24 hPa in 24 hours.[47]

Taking a more southerly track than most recent areas of low pressure, impacting the Iberian Peninsula and southern France before heading across the Mediterranean towards Italy. The Portuguese weather institute put the entire coast of Portugal on red alert on account of expected high seas and gale force winds.[48] The storm brought persistent rain, high winds and snow to Spain.[49] This was the fifth severe storm to hit the north of Spain in just a week and the extreme weather has caused estimated damages at around 30 million euros.[50]

Aftermath

Coastal flooding

A proposed tidal barrier for Cork to prevent flooding in the city is ruled out, as a cost-benefit analysis showed that it would be too expensive.[51]

The Riviera Line

A 50 m (165 ft) section of the Riviera Line had its supporting sea wall washed away at Dawlish in Devon on February 4th. This cut the main Exeter to Plymouth Line between the Exeter and Newton Abbot cutting Devon and Cornwall off from the rest of the rail network.[34] Network Rail said it had pulled all repair staff away from working on washed away track on the 4th.[52]

A section of the town's sea wall was later reported to have washed away along with the track. Network spokesman, Julian Burnell, estimated "hundreds of tonnes" of ballast had been dislodged from under tracks after they had "taken a real pounding from the sea".[52]

The damage to sea defences were not the only problem as the weather has also forced the closure of the main Exeter-to-Newton Abbot railway line in Devon elsewhere. On the 4th[1] In a press release First Great Western had initially said the Exeter-Newton Abbot line would only be closed until Wednesday as a result of the "poor weather conditions", but this was extended the until Friday on the 4th.[1]

Workmen arived on the morning of the 5th to assess the huge hole exposing ground services and exposed railway track after the sea wall collapsed in Dawlish.[53]

A Department for Transport source said the “most pressing issue” was to get the line up and running as soon as possible, “but equally it is clear it is important we look at the long term as well.” on the February 6, 2014.[34]

David Cameron chaired his first Cobra meeting this year and announced an extra £100m for flood works over the next year, as he insisted everything possible was being done to get "stricken" communities moving again by midday.[53][54]

Meanwhile, powerful waves continued to thrash the exposed coastline rail track at Dawlish which carries the main line between Penzance and Exeter and slightly damaged Dawlish station itself on February 6, 2014[34]

The Lib Dem MP for Torbay Adrian Sanders said the loss of the main line was “a disaster” and called on the Transport Secretary to intervene. February 6, 2014[34]

John Clatworthy, Devon county councillor for Dawlish, calling for fast action sad on the 10th "The railway was built in the 1850s and there has been two breaches before now, around 150 years ago. The storm last night was unbelievable. It is not just Dawlish that is affected, this railway line is to Plymouth, the naval bases, Cornwall - it is a lifeline," Mr Clatworthy said.[53]

Network Rail said in a press release on the 10th February that it is now actively researching any long term solution and could take a new line further inland, such as via Tavistock and Okehampton following the route of the partially closed Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR. Other options include the Dawlish Avoiding Line investigated by the Great Western Railway or the Teign Valley route, via Christow and Heathfield.[55][56]

Inland flooding

Complex flooding resulting from the storms, flash flooding, river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding. total of homes flooded less than 2007 United Kingdom floods, though conditions more similar to Autumn 2000 western Europe floods

Powys

Welsh flood warnings stay in place in four areas, with roads closed after heavy bursts of rain affecting Conwy and Gwynedd. By 15.55 GMT, there were four flood warnings and six flood alerts 16 Jan 2011. [26]

Sussex and Kent

After Cyclone Dirk saturated ground led to localised flooding in southern England, as the storm brought up to 60mm of rain to the UK. A major incident was declared in the region of Leatherhead and Dorking with Fire Brigade unions calling off a planned strike in Surrey and Kent. An Environment Agency spokesman said flooding in Kent and Sussex were the worst to hit the area since Autumn 2000. Flooding was also severe in Yalding, Kent. Gatwick Airport saw chaotic scenes before Christmas as flooding from the River Mole affected electrical substations and the North Terminal.[57]

Borough of Spelthorne, Surrey

The rest of Surrey

Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire

Some criticism of Jubilee River designed to protect Maidenhead, though blamed for increasing flooding downstream.

Trains from London to South West England also remain disrupted dew to continued trouble at Dawish and flooding at Maidenhead on the 6th of February. [58]

Train delays and reduced services due to flooding at Maidenhead could were said to last until at least February 12th according to a FGW spokesman on the 10th. The cause was that signal and safety equipment in the Maidenhead area has been affected by flooding. Network Rail staff began inspecting the damaged signalling later this evening.[59]

Slough Borough Berkshire

A Environment Agency flood warning was issued from the village of Colnbroke on February 31st.[60]

Slough Borough Council (SBC) has joined forces with up with the Environment Agency (EA) to tackle the for-seen local flooding problem. [60] Slough Borough Council officers were in liaising with the Environment Agency (EA) and Thames Water on the 4th as more vad weather was predicted.[61]

Elsewhere, officers began cleaning flood screens in the Manor Park, Chalvey and Salt Hill, but some roads in the Manor Park area saw minor flooding over the weekend, although the water had drained away by the 4th.[60]

That night, SBC officals delivered letters to the affected roads and those most at risk of flooding, including Albany Park, Tall Trees, Coleridge Crescent, Aintree Close, Cottisbrooke Close and Laurel Close.[62]

SBC officals visited the village again this morning, where water levels have subsided slightly by the 5th. However, the weather was expected to deteriorate again on the 6th by the EA, with an amber weather warning issued for rain from the afternoon of the 6th until the night of the 8th. [63]

The EA is warned that water levels may not yet have reached their peak. Emergency operations co-ordinations office at SBC, Alison Hibbert, said: "It's pretty miserable for everyone affected by the flooding in Colnbrook. "We'd like to reassure those residents that we’re here for them 24 hours a day, and if their home becomes uninhabitable and they have nowhere else to go we will be on hand to help".[64]

Due to the chaos caused by the rain refuse and recycling collections have been suspended until it is safe for waste trucks to access the affected roads. Albany Park is also closed to vehicles.[65]

The council’s adult social care team is in touch with GPs about the medical needs of residents in hard to reach areas and have consulted the community mental health teams and community matrons incase of an epademic or old and vurable people having axidents.[66]

The emergency services handed out a second warning letter to affected homes in Slough and Colnebroke on the 7th.[67]

Rest of Berkshire

Oxfordshire

Flooding and groundwater has also disrupted services between Oxford and Radley on February 6th. [58]

Worcestershire and Herefordshire

Worcester's main bridge was closed for 24 hours over the 9th and 10th of February as the River Severn rose to its highest level in seven years and the River Teme in Worcestershire has burst its banks.[68] As a result of this roadworks on Bath Road, Newtown Road and Droitwich Road in Worcester were suspended on safety grounds.[68]

When the Rose and Crown pub at Severn Stoke is flooded and could be closed for months Landlord Peter Fryar said: "The defences were holding yesterday [Sunday] and I really thought we'd be here today... but this has just totally surprised us."[68]

The Environment Agency expected water levels on the Severn in Worcester to peak at a higher level on the 11th. The Environment Agency spokesman, Dave Throup, said: "Unfortunately, we're expecting another peak tomorrow with the rain that's just in the system coming down from Wales.[68]

BBC Hereford and Worcester reporter Lucy King, speaking from the side of the Severn in Upton, said: "The river is looking extremely full." "The flood defences, though, are working. The water level is up to the top of the wall."[68]

The river levels at Leintwardine, Herefordshire, which are usually flow at between 0.3m and 1.4m, were 1.7m earlier on Monday.[68] The Village of Worcester Oaks was later flooded according to BBC News 24.

BBC Hereford and Worcester reporter Trevor Owens said that flooding problems have been reported in Pembridge, Kingsland and Yarpole on the 10th.[68]

Devon and Cornwall

The towns of Perranporth, Looe, Mevagissey, Porthleven, Newquay had allsuffered badly after the rmains of America's Storm Hercules hit it earlyer in January.[69]

The Environment Agency, issued maximum strength flood warmings Cornish coast said Penzance, Mullion and Kingsand on the South coast and Newquay and St Ives.On January 31 1st.[69]

The fact that the gales will coincide with high spring tides means storm surges could inundate Cornish coastal communities.[69]

A spokesman for the Environment Agency commented that the wind speed and direction was forecast to be a South Westerly force 8 on Saturday morning veering West South Westerly force 10 in the afternoon. He also said that "Waves are forecast to be over 6m, with a tidal surge around 500mm. "Over-topping of coastal defenses is expected. Exposed coastal locations are most at risk.".[69] Residents in Bude and Portreath whose properties are at risk of flooding have were advised by Cornwall Council to find temporary accommodation during the nest day's high tide on January 31, 2014.[70]

Cornwall Council has set up a control unit at County Hall, Truro, called Silver Command, to coordinate any action required over weekend February 02, 2014. [71]

A French fishing vessel was in difficulties outside of Newquay harbour, but is was later rescued.[71]

Looe was flooding and crews there dealing with minor issues. The main road in Bude is under water and closed.[71]

The Watering Hole pub on Perranporth Beach and the road on Towan Beach Road, in Newquay collapsed There is coastal flooding in Porth and The tide is over the road at Polzeath.[71]

Traveling paramedics called to treat woman injured in St Ives after the wind caught a window which hit her head. Firemen are also on the scene at the water-front house to pump out after flooding.[71]

Kingsand, in south east Cornwall, suffered damage to its clock tower on the 4th Febuary.

Newquay police inspector Dave Meredith @NewquayInsp tweeted: “I’m down the Watering Hole pub at Perranporth and can confirm it's still standing despite the storm”[71]

Police and Cormac Crews entered Portreath, Bude, Perranporth, Wadebridge and Looe, Portreath and St Ives to tackle the flooding.[71]

It was reckoned that storms had caused more than £4m worth of damage across Cornwall in a month, the local authority has estimated on 4 February 2014.[1]

Near the city of Exeter, firefighters rescued a man from a vehicle stuck in floodwater.[1] Sea defences, walls and footpaths have been damaged, including at Newlyn Green 4 February 2014.[1] The Tamar Bridge between Plymouth in Devon and Saltash in Cornwall was closed to all traffic for a period after wind speeds surpassed 70 mph, and high sided lorrys for the next day as well, police said on the 4th.[1]

Approximately 2,300 homes remained without power in the West Country, while representatives from Cornwall Council said fire crews were dealing with floods and other problems in Polkerris, Fowey and Looe.[72]

At Exmouth, Sidmouth and Seaton seafronts were closed, and the high tides flooded properties in Exmouth, Lympstone, Starcross and Topsham on February the 5th.[72]

The Environment Agency warned that the South West could face further flooding due to further rain and heavy winds in the next few days.[72]

In nearby Torcross, houses were heavily damaged by the strong winds and huge waves.[73][73]

One resident described how a wave came through the front door, while another in Kingsand described how "massive waves and stones" hit her windows throughout the night.[73]

High tides also lashed Plymouth's Hoe seafront and the nearby Barbican on,[52] Near the city of Exeter, firefighters rescued a man from a vehicle stuck in floodwater.[1] Sea defences, walls and footpaths have been damaged, including at Newlyn Green 4 February 2014.[1] The Tamar Bridge between Plymouth in Devon and Saltash in Cornwall was closed to all traffic for a period after wind speeds surpassed 70 mph, and high sided lorries for the next day as well, police said on the 4th.[1]

It was reckoned that storms had caused more than £4m worth of damage across Cornwall in a month, the local authority has estimated on 4 February 2014.[1]

Dorset

Volunteers tried to save the locals homes, but could not match the worst floods that hit Swanage for 30 years on February 6th. [74][75]

The coast of Dorset and the New Forrest ere hit on the 9th and 10th of February [76]

The Met Office maintained several yellow warnings for rain in place for Bournemouth, Poole and Dorset on Monday 10th February 2014. [77]

A Met Office spokesperson said: “Further spells of rain, heavy at times, and accompanied by strong winds are expected during Monday night and Tuesday. [77]

The Avon Causeway re-opened that morning after after being closed that and the Shore Road in Swanage, which has been closed since Wednesday due to high tides and stormy conditions. Wareham South Causeway also reopened with Borough of Poole working to clear wreckage off of the prom that’s morning, but Stapehill Road and Stony Lane in Burton both remain closed. [77]

A large sea monitoring buoy washed up on Sandbanks beach was successfully recovered by it’s owners this morning. [77]

Bristol

Somerset

There was severe flooding to the Somerset Levels with many residents asking for the Environment Agency to resume river dredging.

Claims that the government had not been quick enough to react and provide assistance to flooded residents.

Severer floods hit the Somerset levels as the River Parret overflows on January 20, 2014 [58]

Mounted Police patrolled parts of the Somerset Levels after reports of items being stolen from the homes of flood victims the 3rd. The vile thieves have already taken heating oil and quad bikes. [78]

Prince Charles visited the flooded parts of Somerset and told residents it was a "tragedy" nothing had been done for so long on 4 February 2014 Local volunteers, the RLNI and the firefighters did their best, but required more help from central government. According to BBC News 24. One of the Prince's charities is donating £50,000 to help victims, while the government then announced an extra £300,000 of emergency funding. [79] Some villages Somerset Levels had been cut off for more than a month by 4 February 2014[79]

The Ministry of Defence sends around 40 Royal Marines to the Somerset Levels to help with flood protection as more storms are expected on the 6th. The Government also provides an extra £30 million for repairs on the 6th.[80]

Bridgwater was partly flooded on 10 February 2014 [81]

Eric Pickles has blamed faulty Environment Agency advice for the scale of the damage to the Somerset Levels and implied that Lord Smith should and Energy Secretary Ed Davey insisted "blame games" were not wanted or needed on February 11, 2014 David Cameron orders end to petty political bickering in government as he visited Dawlish and later Stains. [58]

2 severe flood warnings remain in force at Saltmoor , Northmoor, Moorland and for the A361 East Lyng to Burrowbridge, as flooding continued to grow on the Somerset Levels. [58]

During that week, more than 600 homes have flooded, although some 180,000 properties have been protected from flooding and 138,000 properties have been sent a free flood warning, the Environment Agency announced. 16 Severe flood warnings were issued in the south of. [58]

Flooding and groundwater had also disrupted services services are cut the line between Bridgwater and Taunton.[58] Trains from London to South West England also remain disrupted dew to continued trouble at Dawish and flooding at Maidenhead. [58]

Gloucestershire

On the morning of February 10th, flooding from the River Severn closed the Bredon Road around the White Bear area, part of the Ashchurch Road and part of the A38 in Tewkesbury According to Gloucestershire County Council.[82]

Tewkesbury Borough Council offered to accommodate flood victims at its emergency rest centre in its Gloucester Road offices.[82]

Staff had had visited 60 properties to issue sand bags and had been filling others for the town council to use, some of which had been later stolen.[82]

Local volunteers tried to save the White Bear pub.[82]

East Anglia

Political responce

Parliament

There was vociferous criticism of head of the Environment Agency by Bridgewater and West Somerset MP Ian Liddell-Grainger who described Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury as a "little git", a "coward" and claimed he would "stick his head down the loo and flush".[83] The row focused on the the flooding of the Somerset Levels and whether the River Parrett and River Tone should be dredged.[84]

Environment Secretary Owen Paterson was ridiculed for not wearing appropriate footwear on a visit to the Somerset Level floods.[85] On the 7 February Owen Paterson underwent an urgent operation to fix a detached retina, handing over the flood management to Eric Pickles.[86] On 9 February Eric Pickles appeared on the Andrew Marr Show and apologised "unreservedly" for not dredging saying that "the government made a mistake in listening to the advice of the Environment Agency".[87] The media reported that Mr Paterson is alleged to have protested “in the strongest possible terms” to the Prime Minister about Mr Pickles’s “grandstanding”.[88]

On 9 February Chris Smith defended himself and the Environment Agency from the criticism leveled at it, saying that government budget cuts and "value-for-money" rules imposed by the Treasury were responsible for limiting the Environment Agency's response.[89]

Royals

Prince Charles visited the flooded parts of Somerset and told residents it was a "tragedy" nothing had been done for so long on 4 February 2014 One of the Prince's charities is donating £50,000 to help victims, while the government then announced an extra £300,000 of emergency funding. [79]


Environment Agency phone lines

David Cameron responded to public anger and called for a premium rate helpline for flood victims to be scrapped after angry complaints from people affected by the floods who discovered they were being charged 41p a minute. It is worth noting that the Environment Agency says it makes no money on the calls on 3 February 2014. [90]

Time line

Official updates on the situation

  1. [95]
  2. [96]
  3. [97]
  4. [98]

Meteorological analysis

A series of low pressure areas developed or formed over North America explosively deepening over the Atlantic/gulf stream before reaching the European coast. An Omega Block developed over northern Norway/Scandinavia which prevented the lows moving east over Europe, with a series of lows "dying" to the northwest of Britain and Ireland. The blocking pattern over northern Norway led to a severe drought and forest fires there in early 2014.[99]

UK Met Office and Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Report

Released on 9 February, saying the floods and rainfall were the worst for 210 years.

MeteoGroup report

Although southern England and Wales saw a quieter day with light showers, the latest storm arrived yesterday evening, with heavy rain of up to 0.78ins (20mm), weather forecasters MeteoGroup said. [58]


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