Jump to content

Detroit ZMC-2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2601:7:f00:c69:c84f:8485:ec5f:ea31 (talk) at 08:54, 24 February 2014 (→Development). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

ZMC-2
Role Metal-clad airship
National origin United States
Manufacturer The Aircraft Development Corporation of Detroit
First flight August 19, 1929
Status Scrapped in 1941
Primary user US Navy
Produced 1926–1929
Number built One

The ZMC-2 (Zeppelin Metal Clad 200,000 ft. capacity)[1] was the only successfully operated metal-skinned airship ever built.[2] Constructed at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile by The Aircraft Development Corporation of Detroit,[3] the ZMC-2 was operated by the U.S. Navy at Lakehurst, New Jersey from 1929 until its scrapping in 1941. While at Lakehurst it completed 752 flights, and logged 2265 hours of flight time.[4]

Development

The ZMC-2 was built in Grosse Ile, Michigan by the Aircraft Development Corporation, a division of Detroit Aircraft Corporation, on a site shared with, and later acquired by Naval Air Station Grosse Ile.[5] The ZMC-2 was the brainchild of Ralph Hazlett Upson, a balloonist and engineer who had previously won the Gordon Bennett Cup for balloon racing in Europe, bringing the cup to the United States for the first time.[6] Upson teamed up with Carl B. Fritsche of Detroit and together they formed the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, with backing from Henry Ford and Edsel Ford, as well as Charles Kettering of General Motors, Alex Dow, president of Detroit Edison, and William B. Stout, a local industrialist.[7] The airship was constructed in a special hangar built in 1925 for the construction of the ZMC-2, and expandable for the construction of much larger metal-clad airships the company envisioned would be produced later.[8] The hangar measured 120' high, 120' wide and 180' long,[9] and remained the largest structure on the Naval Air Station property until 1960, when it was dismantled and the roof reused in the construction of a bowling alley in nearby Trenton, Michigan.[10]

The ZMC-2 was nicknamed the "Tin Bubble" and was also sometimes called a "tinship". The skin was not tin but Alclad. The airship was roughly teardrop shaped and had eight small stabilizer fins, four of which had rudders. It was held together with over 3.5 million rivets.,[11] which were applied by an innovative sewing machine-like device which produced airtight seams.[12]

The ZMC-2 was 52 feet in diameter and 150 feet long.[13] The control car was 24 feet long by 6 feet wide.[14] It contained three fuel tanks to give a maximum cruising range of about 600 miles.[15] The ZMC-2 was powered by two Wright Whirlwind J5 engines of 200 hp each, carried on outriggers and mounted in a tractor arrangement, rather than the pusher position usually employed on blimps.[16] At first the landing gear was an unusual hollow steel ball about the size and shape of an American football, mounted on a tripod attached to the car.[17] This was done to create a shape with less drag in order to guarantee the Navy's requirement of a 62 mph top speed. Later, after the ZMC-2 had attained this speed with ease, the ball was replaced with a conventional swivelling soft tire.[18]

The crew consisted of a pilot, copilot and flight engineer-navigator, with space for one or two additional passengers.

Assembly

The ZMC-2 was constructed out of Alclad, corrosion resistant aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers metallurgically bonded to high strength aluminium alloy core material.[19] The result was about as strong as carbon or mild steel.[20] The downside was that Alclad was thicker than sheet aluminum, making the ship several hundred pounds heavier than originally envisioned.[21] The aircraft was already under construction, and over 20 feet of the nose completed using duraluminum when the decision was made to switch to Alclad.[22] The reason for the switch was that duraluminum is highly susceptible to corrosion, particularly in a salt water environment, the exact sort of environment a Navy blimp operates in.[23] The ZMC-2 was the first aircraft of any kind constructed from Alclad, and no previous experience could be drawn upon for its handling.[24]

To assemble the ZMC-2 a skin-riveting machine was developed by the Aviation Tool Co., a division of the Detroit Aircraft Corporation.[25] The device was invented by Edward J. Hill, who had come to work on the ZMC-2 after leaving the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[26] The machine consisted of an aluminum casting, weighing about 100 pounds, and was supported on springs from a framework that ran on concentric circular rails set into the floor of the hangar. There were two sets of circular rails, one at each end of the building. Three riveting machines were made, one for each set of tracks, and one for reserve when repairs might be needed. The reason for two sets of tracks was that the hull was built in two sections, front and rear. Each end started from a circular plate suspended from the hangar roof by a cable and free to rotate as each 18 inch wide strip Alclad was added. In this manner, each end of the ship slowly grew as succeeding rows were added, looking like a bulls eye at first and later like a huge inverted teacup.[27] Both sections were under construction continuously 24 hours a day, seven days a week, once the hull was started. The riveting machine fed three small aluminum wires from large spools to make a seam about a quarter inch wide composed of three rivets, one above the other in a staggered pattern.[28] In theory the machine could sew about 50 feet of seam in an hour, but in practice about 10 or more feet was the average.[29] The sheets of Alclad used were eight to nine thousandths of an inch thick.[30] As the each section of the hull grew internal annular rings were added at appropriate distances to give stiffness and reinforcement to the hull skin.[31] In addition, lightweight longitudinal channels were added between the circular rings, giving the internal structure the appearance of a huge bird cage.[32] The helium gas was contained by the hull only, no fabric was used to contain the helium.[33] Inside the hull were two large airbag cells, called ballonets, made of rubberized fabric and containing air.[34] These cells could be expanded or contracted to control pressure as the helium expanded or contracted with the heating or cooling of the atmosphere or to adapt to changes of atmospheric pressure with altitude, and to control fore and aft trim.[35] In operation the ZMC-2 was susceptible to heating and cooling effects of the sun causing it to pop and buckle in the evenings if pressure from blowers was not applied.[36] During its service life the ZMC-2 was found to have a gas diffusion rate much lower than that of fabric-hulled blimps, meaning that a much longer time would pass before additional helium needed to be added.[37]

As the airship neared completion a decision had to be made on how best to fill it with helium. Once the two halves were completed they were suspended horizontally from cables attached to the hangar ceiling, and the two halves were joined with a final array of rivets.[38] Since helium mixes freely with air and is hard to separate from it, it was impractical to pump helium directly into the airship until the air was removed. It was decided that the airship would first be filled with CO2, a heavy gas that mixes less freely with helium and which is easier to separate from helium. Once filled with CO2 the helium could be pumped in under pressure from valves at the top of the chamber, forcing the CO2 out through valves located on the bottom, and then recovering any helium that did mix with it.[39] Only a few weeks before this procedure was to begin a bright young engineer noted that once filled with CO2 the ZMC-2 would be many thousands of pounds heavier than when filled with air. The rest of the airship's assembly had to be postponed for several weeks while additional reinforcing panels and stronger connectors were attached in order to support the increased weight of the CO2 filled airship.[40]

Operations

The airship was first flown on August 19, 1929, and transferred to Lakehurst, New Jersey in October 1929.[41] The airship was nicknamed "the Tin Blimp". Her first Navy skipper was Red Duggan, who expressed reluctance at operating the airship, believing it unsafe.[42] Duggan's concerns would be proven wrong, though he would later lose his life in the crash of another airship, the USS Akron.[43]

As a sub-scale test vehicle, it was considered to be very successful, but the company that built it did not weather the Great Depression well, and by the time a successor might have been built, there was little interest in pursuing it. In the year before the Depression, the US Army was seeking funding for an airship based on the ZMC-2, that would have been larger than the German Graf Zeppelin, and powered by eight engines of 600 hp to 800 hp. The US Army was planning to use it as a tender for air-launched aircraft similar to plans the US Navy had for its future dirigibles. The $4.5 million need for construction was never approved by Congress.[44]

The ZMC-2 was operated with a zero internal pressure at speeds up to 20 mph, sufficient for it to be considered a 'rigid' airship.[45] With its low fineness ratio of 2.83, the ZMC-2 was difficult to fly.[citation needed] By 1936 the airship had traveled over 80,000 miles with little signs of corrosion. In its lifetime the ZMC-2 logged 752 flights and 2265 hours of flight time.[46] In its final years its use had dropped significantly. Between December 1938 and April 1941 it only logged 5 hours flight time.

Considered by the Navy as too small for anti-submarine patrols, the aging ZMC-2 was decommissioned and scrapped in 1941 after nearly 12 years of service. Other, more conventional blimps did go on to serve in World War 2.

Operators

USA

Specifications (ZMC-2)

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 750 lb (340 kg) payload
  • Length: 148 ft 11 in (45.4 m)
  • Diameter: 53 ft 2 in (16.2 m)
  • Height: 64 ft 6 in (19.66 m)
  • Volume: 200,100 cu ft (5,667 m3)
  • Useful lift: 12,868 lb (5,837 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Wright J-5 Whirlwind 9-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engines, 220 hp (160 kW) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 70 mph (112 km/h, 60 kn)
  • Range: 675 mi (1,087 km, 587 nmi)

The ZMC-2 plays a key role in the Clive Cussler novel Cyclops (1986) in which it is fictionally saved from scrapping and renamed Prosperteer.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZMC-2.

Notes

  1. ^ Morrow, Walker C. and Carl B. Fritsche. The Metalclad Airship ZMC-2. 1967.
  2. ^ The 1897 airship of David Schwarz was the first airship that was metal-skinned, although Schwarz's ship had an internal framework rather than a monocoque design.
  3. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  4. ^ Outlaw 2004, p.7
  5. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  6. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1987, p.
  7. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  8. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  9. ^ Outlaw 2004, p.7
  10. ^ Melton 1970, p.
  11. ^ Sullivan 1988
  12. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  13. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  14. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  15. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1987, p.
  16. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  17. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  18. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  19. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  20. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  21. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  22. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  23. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  24. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  25. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  26. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  27. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  28. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  29. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  30. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  31. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  32. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  33. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  34. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  35. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  36. ^ Althoff 2003
  37. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p.
  38. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p. vi
  39. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p. vi
  40. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p. vi
  41. ^ Pace, Montgomery, and Zitarosa 2003
  42. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p. v
  43. ^ Morrow and Fritsche 1967, p. v
  44. ^ "Metal Covered Airship To Carry Twenty Tons" 1931, p.552
  45. ^ Van Treuren 2007, p.90
  46. ^ Vaeth 2005, p.69

References

  • Althoff, William F. (2003). USS Los Angeles: The Navy's Venerable Airship and Aviation Technology. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
  • "Metal Covered Airship To Carry Twenty Tons". Popular Mechanics. 55 (4): 552. April 1931. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  • Melton USNR, Lt. Comdr. Dick. (1970). The Forty Year Hitch. Wyandotte, Michigan: Publishers Consulting Services.
  • Morrow, Walker C. (1967). The Metalclad Airship ZMC-2. Grosse Ile: W.C. Morrow. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Outlaw, Stanley (2004). A Pictorial History of Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan 1927 to 1969 Second edition. Charleston: University of South Carolina Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Pace, Kevin (2003). Naval Air Station, Lakehurst. Charleston: Arcadia. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Sullivan, George (1988). Famous Blimps and Airships. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
  • Vaeth, Joseph Gordon (2005). They Sailed the Skies: U.S. Navy Balloons And the Airship Program. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  • Van Treuren, Richard G. (Spring 2007). "Making it Happen: Captain C.V.S. Knox and Aeronautical Evolution". Foundation. 28 (1): 89–98.

Template:Link GA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Detroit_ZMC-2&oldid=596888675"