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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
9M-MRO, the missing aircraft, at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2011
Missing aircraft
Date8 March 2014 (2014-03-08)
SummaryMissing for 94724 hours
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 777-2H6ER[a]
OperatorMalaysia Airlines
Registration9M-MRO
Flight originKuala Lumpur International Airport
DestinationBeijing Capital International Airport
Passengers227
Crew12

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370), also designated under a codeshare agreement as China Southern Airlines flight 748 (CZ748), was an international passenger flight operated by a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft that disappeared on 8 March 2014 with 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board. The cause of the disappearance remains unknown.[1][2][3]

Flight 370 departed Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, at 00:41 MST (UTC+8) on 8 March 2014 for a scheduled six-hour flight to Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China. Subang Air Traffic Control Centre lost contact with the plane at 01:22, while over the Gulf of Thailand, and it was reported missing at 02:40.[4][5] Malaysia's air force chief said military radar showed the aircraft may have turned back before disappearing.[6]

A joint search-and-rescue effort is being conducted by American, Australian, Chinese, Filipino, Indonesian, Malaysian, Singaporean, Thai, and Vietnamese authorities,[7][8][9] mainly over the South China Sea.

Several agencies are investigating the possibility that terrorism is involved, with focus on at least two passengers who were using false identities.[10][11][12]

Incident

Origin and destination airports for MH370 and last known position over the Gulf of Thailand

The flight departed from Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 8 March at 00:41 Malaysia time (7 March, 16:41 UTC) and was scheduled to land at Beijing Capital International Airport at 06:30 (7 March, 22:30 UTC). The aircraft was last seen on ATC radar at 02:40 (7 March, 18:40 UTC) at 6°55′15″N 103°34′43″E / 6.92083°N 103.57861°E / 6.92083; 103.57861[13] (approximately 180 km (100 mi)* N[14] of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia). The aircraft ceased all communications and the transponder signal was lost[15] just before it was to be passed off to the Ho Chi Minh Area Control Center.[4][16][5]

Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement at 07:24 confirming that contact had been lost at 02:40[17] and that search and rescue operations had begun.[5] The plane relayed no distress signal, indications of bad weather, or technical problems before vanishing from radar screens.[18] When radar contact with the aircraft was lost, it was carrying enough fuel for an additional 7.5 hours of flying time.[19] Relevant authorities in China and Thailand informed their Malaysian counterparts that the aircraft had not entered their airspace.[20]

The Aviation Herald website reported that Subang Air Traffic Control lost radar and radio contact with the aircraft at 01:22 and officially advised Malaysia Airlines at 02:40 that the aircraft was missing.[4] However, a Malaysia Airlines spokesperson said that the last conversation between the flight crew and air traffic control in Malaysia had been around 01:30, and stated that the plane had not disappeared from air traffic control systems in Subang until 02:40, which is long enough for the plane to have been flying across Vietnam.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). ATC requested another Malaysia Airlines flight, this one en route to Japan and about half an hour ahead of MH370, to try to contact the unresponsive 777. The captain established contact with the crew of MH370 just after 01:30, but could not hear them clearly, describing them as "mumbling".[21]

Location

According to Admiral Ngo Van Phat of the Vietnam People's Navy, military radar lost the plane "some 153 nautical miles (300 km)" south of Thổ Chu in the Gulf of Thailand.[9][22] The Vietnamese government initially reported that the aircraft had crashed at sea in the Gulf of Thailand, although the airline denied this claim,[23] and the claim about the known location of the aircraft by the Vietnamese Navy was rejected by the Malaysian Minister of Transport, Hishammuddin Hussein.[24][25] The Vietnamese Navy later clarified that the admiral had actually been referring to the location where contact was last made, rather than indicating a crash site.[4]

The search for the missing jetliner located oil slicks in the Gulf of Thailand on 8 March, about 50 nautical miles (93 km) south of Vietnam's Thổ Chu Island.[26] Debris was also reportedly found on 9 March about 50 miles south of Tho Chu Island. The debris, which might include a door, was located at a point along the planned flight path of MH370.[27][28][29]

During the search, the Vietnamese Navy reported spotting at least one oil slick, between 10 and 20 km (6–12 mi) long, which is believed to be that of the missing aircraft.[30][31] It has been reported that Vietnamese Civil Aviation Department aircraft spotted two large oil slicks that authorities suspect are from the MAS jetliner. The slicks, each between 10 and 15 km (6–9 mi) long, and 500 metres (550 yd) apart, were spotted 140 nautical miles (260 km; 160 mi) south of Thổ Chu Island off southern Vietnam, and were consistent with the kind that would be caused by fuel from a crashed jetliner.[32] There was a report that an oil leak about 80 km long was clearly seen from a Vietnamese search and rescue AN-26 aircraft at 08:35 on 9 March, approximately 150 km away from Cape Cà Mau.[33] Officials investigated the possibility of mid-air disintegration.[34] At 17:30 on 9 March, one of the Vietnamese aircraft reported an unidentified object resembling an emergency exit door.[35]

Resources

Malaysia

In response to the incident, the Royal Malaysian Air Force dispatched a CASA/IPTN CN-235 transport aircraft, a Beechcraft Super King Air B200T aircraft, four Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft, two Bombardier Global Express aircraft, two Agusta A109 helicopters, and four Eurocopter EC725 long-range tactical transport helicopters.[25] Six Royal Malaysian Navy vessels have also been dispatched, in addition to three Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency vessels to search the waters off its east coast in the South China Sea.[25][36][37] Malaysia Airlines has also sent a team of caregivers and volunteers dubbed GoTeam to provide assistance towards family members of the passengers.[38] Malaysia has also established a coordination centre at the National Disaster Control Centre (NDCC) in Pulau Meranti, Cyberjaya, to monitor the development of the situation.[39]

On 9 March, the Malaysian transport minister said in a media statement that rescue teams have widened their search area.[40] He also stated that the Malaysian intelligence agencies have been activated, while counter terrorism units in all relevant countries have been informed, adding that he has met with officers from the FBI, who have arrived in Malaysia. He has also noted that no Malaysian submarines will be deployed as they are "not equipped for search and rescue".[41]

The chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Rodzali Daud, claimed that military recordings of radar signals did not exclude the possibility of the aircraft turning back on its flight path.[42][6]

Australia
The Australian government provided two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft to join the search and rescue operation.[43]
China
Two Chinese warships, Jinggang Shan and Mianyang, were dispatched to assist in the search. Jinggang Shan has two helicopters, 30 medical personnel, ten divers, and 52 marines, as well as life-saving and underwater detection equipment.[44]
France
France's air accident board the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) has offered to help with the search and recovery of the airplane.[45]
Indonesia
The Indonesian Navy has been communicating with its Malaysian counterpart and the Embassy of Indonesia in Kuala Lumpur announced the country would send five ships to help Malaysian authorities in the search and rescue mission.[8] The country has deployed its first two PC-40 fast patrol vessels, the Matocra and Krait, as well as maritime patrol aircraft.[46]
Philippines
The Philippine AFP Western Command has sent BRP Gregorio del Pilar, BRP Emilio Jacinto, BRP Apolinario Mabini and a search-and-rescue aircraft to the South China Sea or West Philippine Sea to help in the search efforts.[22][47]
Singapore
Within a day of the 777 going missing the Republic of Singapore Air Force assisted with a Lockheed C-130 Hercules.[48] Subsequently, two other C-130 Hercules were dispatched, with the Republic of Singapore Navy sending its Formidable-class frigate Steadfast, with a Sikorsky S-70B Naval helicopter on board; and a submarine rescue ship (Swift Rescue) with divers on board; as well as the Victory-class corvette Vigour.[49]
Thailand
The Royal Thai Navy has also prepared to send three vessels and one aircraft to join the search and rescue mission.[50][51] Currently, the Thai navy is shifting its focus in the search away from the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea due to the request of its Malaysian counterpart, which is investigating the possibility the aircraft turned around and could have gone down in the Andaman Sea, near Thailand's border.[52]
United States
The United States announced plans to send a P-3C Orion aircraft from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. The United States Navy also diverted the guided missile destroyer USS Pinckney, which was conducting a training mission in the South China Sea, to the southern coast of Vietnam to assist in the search. It is carrying two Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk helicopters which can be equipped for search and rescue.[53][54] The U.S Navy has since announced that the P-3C Orion and an MH-60R helicopter launched from the Pinckney are searching over the last known communication and radar positions of MH370. There was no report of debris sighted at that time. USNS John Ericsson (T-AO-194) is en route to the scene to provide underway fuel and logistics replenishment.[53]
Vietnam
The Vietnamese participated with three Antonov An-26s, one DHC-6 Twin Otter, two Mil Mi-171 and seven ships from the Navy (HQ-954, HQ-627), Coast Guard (CSB-2001, CSB-2003), Fisheries Control (KN-774) and Maritime Search & Rescue Coordination Centre (SAR 413).

History

Aircraft

The cockpit of 9M-MRO, the missing plane, in 2004

The aircraft was a Boeing 777-2H6ER,[a] serial number 28420, registration 9M-MRO. The 404th Boeing 777 produced, it first flew on 14 May 2002, and was delivered new to Malaysia Airlines on 31 May 2002. The aircraft was powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines.[56] According to the airline, it had accumulated 20,243 hours and 3,023 cycles in service.[57][58] Another spokeswoman for the airline stated that the aircraft had accumulated 53,400 hours and 7,525 cycles. The aircraft had undergone a maintenance check in February 2014.[59]

9M-MRO has not previously been involved in any major incidents.[60] However, a minor incident while taxiing at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in August 2012 resulted in significant damage to one of its wingtips, which broke off after striking the tail of another plane.[61]

The Boeing 777 is generally regarded by aviation experts as having an "almost flawless" safety record,[62] and has one of the best safety records of any commercial aircraft.[63] Since its first commercial flight in June 1995, there have only been two previous serious incidents, and three deaths as a result. In January 2008, 47 passengers were injured when ice crystals in the fuel of British Airways Flight 38 caused it to lose power and crash land just short of the runway at London Heathrow Airport. In July 2013, pilot error caused the crash landing of Asiana Airlines Flight 214 on final approach to San Francisco International Airport. Three passengers died and 181 were injured as a result of the incident.[64] Both aircraft were damaged beyond repair.[65]

Flight deck crew

The captain was 53-year-old Zaharie Ahmad Shah from Penang, Malaysia, who joined Malaysian Airlines in 1981 and had 18,365 hours flying experience.[5][66] The first officer was 27-year-old Fariq Bin Ab Hamid, an employee of Malaysia Airlines since 2007, with 2,763 flying hours.[5]

Passengers and crew

Nationalities of people aboard Flight 370
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
 Australia 6 0 6
 Canada 2 0 2
 France 4 0 4
 India 5 0 5
 Indonesia 7 0 7
 Malaysia 38 12 50
 Netherlands 1 0 1
 New Zealand 2 0 2
 People's Republic of China 153 0 153
 Russia 1 0 1
 Taiwan 1 0 1
 Ukraine 2 0 2
 United States 3 0 3
Unknown[A] 2 0 2
Total 227 12 239
Notes
  1. ^ Two unknown passengers carrying stolen passports.

Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers and 12 crew, based on the flight manifest.[5][67]

At least two of the passengers were travelling using false identities. An Austrian listed in the manifest had reported his passport stolen in 2012 and an Italian listed in the manifest had reported his passport stolen in August 2013; both were stolen in Thailand. This came to light when attempts were made to locate their next of kin; both men have been confirmed safe and sound.[4][68] The tickets bought by the holders of those stolen passports were sold by China Southern Airlines.[69] The two tickets were bought at the same time and issued by a travel agent in Pattaya, Thailand, two days before the flight. The two itineraries begin in Kuala Lumpur and continue via Beijing to Amsterdam. Then the itinerary for the Italian passport holder continues to Copenhagen while the other itinerary for the Austrian passport holder continues to Frankfurt.[70] Malaysian immigration officials failed to question the passengers travelling on the stolen European passports, even though they apparently had Asian faces. Furthermore, Interpol confirmed that only very few countries systematically interrogate their stolen passport data base.[71] Another two passengers were also being investigated by the Malaysian authorities.[72]

Chinese police in Fuzhou, Fujian, have located a man whose Chinese passport number corresponds to one on the published passenger list. He was not on board and the name on the list next to the number was completely different. However, he had not lost his passport and police suspect the wrong number was published.[73]

The Chinese passengers included a group of 24 artists and their families, returning from a calligraphy exhibition of their work in Kuala Lumpur.[74]

Investigation

Boeing has announced that it is assembling a team of experts to provide technical assistance to investigators,[75] in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization protocols. In addition, the National Transportation Safety Board announced in an 8 March press release that a team of investigators had been sent along with technical advisers from the Federal Aviation Administration to offer assistance in the investigation.[76] The country that will lead the investigation will not be determined until the missing aircraft is found.[77]

Today is my birthday.Yah. Kucha will prepare vadai, puliyodarai and kothavaranga with parapu tomorrow The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation has deployed technical experts and agents to investigate the disappearance.[78] United States officials are currently investigating the possibility of terrorism because two passengers were travelling with false passports.[79] Authorities are checking possible identities.[4][68][80][81] US officials said they were checking into passenger manifests and going back through intelligence.[82][83][84] Interpol stated that both passports were listed on its database of lost and stolen passports, but that no check had been made against its database.[85]

Operations and safety editor at Flightglobal, David Learmount, said that it was "extraordinary" that the pilots did not make a distress call, and drew comparisons with the loss of Air France Flight 447 over the Atlantic in 2009, stating "This is an historical comparison and could be a coincidence. It also happened in the early hours of morning, after midnight in the dead of night, and went missing without a call from the pilots."[86]

Notes

  1. ^ a b The aircraft was a Boeing 777-200ER (for Extended Range) model; Boeing assigns a unique alphanumeric customer code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built. The code for Malaysia Airlines is "H6", hence "777-2H6ER"[55]

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