Sailing ship effect
The Sailing Ship Effect is a phenomenon in business by which the introduction of a new technology to a market accelerates the innovation of an incumbent technology.[1] The term was coined by W.H. Ward in 1967[2] in reference to advances made in sailing ships in the second half of the 1800s in response to the introduction of steamships.[3] According to Ward, in the 50 years after the introduction of the steam ship, sailing ships made more improvements than they had in the previous 300 years. The term "Sailing Ship Effect" applies to situations in which an old technology is revitalized, experiencing a "last gasp" when faced with the risk of being replaced by a newer technology.
This effect is the economic version of a phenomenon in biology called the red queen effect.[4]
Causes
Three possible explanations have been suggested as the cause of the Sailing Ship Effect:[5]
- Old technologies improve in an attempt to avoid being replaced.
- Components of new technology "spill over," improving incumbent technologies.
- New technologies generate new notoriety for old technologies.
Controversy
Recently, the validity of the original example of the Sailing Ship Effect has been called into doubt.[6] In a paper entitled "The Response of Old Technology Incumbents to Technological Competition: Does the Sailing Ship Effect Exist?" author John Howells contends that sailing ships and steamships serviced different market segments in the 1860s and 1870s and, therefore, were not directly competing technologies.[7] Howells goes on to hypothesize that rapid advancements in sailing technology of that era may have arisen from competition between sailing ship firms. The paper goes on to call into doubt the prevalence of the phenomena. Other scholars have different visions on the topic, while the sailing-ship effect has been also analysed by means of a mathematical model (De Liso and Filatrella 2008).
See also
References
- ^ Howells, John (November 2002). "The Response of Old Technology Incumbents to Technological Competition: Does the Sailing Ship Effect Exist?". Journal of Management Studies. 39 (7): 887–906. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00316. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Ward, W.H. (1967). "The sailing ship effect". Bulletin of the Institute of Physics and Physical Society (18): 169.
- ^ Geels, Frank W. (2005). Technological Transitions and System Innovations: A Co-evolutionary and Socio-technical Analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 9781845424596.
- ^ Schiavone, Francesco (2013). Communities of Practice and Vintage Innovation: A Strategic Reaction to Technological Change. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 9783319019024.
- ^ Schiavone, Francesco (2013). Communities of Practice and Vintage Innovation: A Strategic Reaction to Technological Change. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 9783319019024.
- ^ Geels, Frank W. (2005). Technological Transitions and System Innovations: A Co-evolutionary and Socio-technical Analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 9781845424596.
- ^ Howells, John (November 2002). "The Response of Old Technology Incumbents to Technological Competition: Does the Sailing Ship Effect Exist?". Journal of Management Studies. 39 (7): 887–906. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00316. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
De Liso N. and Filatrella G. (2008), On technology competition: a formal analysis of the sailing-ship effect, in Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 17, N. 6-7, July-September, pp. 593-610.
Further reading
De Liso, Nicola and Filatrella, Giovanni (2011): “On delayed technological shifts”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 563-580.