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Chlorophyta

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Chlorophyta
"Siphoneae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Reichenbach, 1834; Pascher[1][2]
Classes[3]
Synonyms
  • Chlorophycophyta
  • Chlorophyllophyceae
  • Isokontae
  • Stephanokontae[4]
Green algae on coastal rocks at Shihtiping in Taiwan

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants (Viridiplantae) and thus includes about 7,000 species[5][6] of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Like the land plants (bryophytes and tracheophytes), green algae contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch[5] in their plastids.

In newer classifications, it refers to one of the two clades making up the Viridiplantae, which are the chlorophytes and the streptophytes. The streptophytes often have two classes ascribed to them, the Charophyceae and the Embryophyceae.[7][8] In this sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species.[3]

Ecology

Species of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two clades of Viridiplantae) are common inhabitants of marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.[9][10] Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic environments, hypersaline habitats, marine deep waters and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. [11][12][13] Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land.[14] Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi to form lichens, ciliates, forams, cnidarians and molluscs. [10] Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free-living or parasitic.[15][16] Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.[17]

Classifications

Characteristics like type of zoid, mitosis (karyokynesis), cytokinesis, organization level, life cycle, type of gametes, cell wallpolysaccharides[18] and more recently genetic data are used for the classification of Chlorophyta.

Leliaert et al. 2012

Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[10] Note that many algae before classified in Chlorophyta are replaced here in Streptophyta.

  • Viridiplantae
    • Chlorophyta
    • core chlorophytes
        • Ulvophyceae
        • Cladophorales
        • Dasycladales
        • Bryosidales
        • Trentepohliales
        • Ulvales-Ulotrichales
        • Oltmannsiellopsidales
        • Chlorophyceae
        • Oedogoniales
        • Chaetophorales
        • Chaetopeltidiales
        • Chlamidomonadales
        • Sphaeropleales
        • Trebouxiophyceae
        • Chlorellales
        • Oocystaceae
        • Microthamniales
        • Trebouxiales
        • Prasiola clade
        • Chlorodendrophyceae
    • prasinophytes (paraphyletic)
        • Pyramimonadales
        • Mamiellophyceae
        • Pycnococcaceae
        • Nephroselmidophyceae
        • Prasinococcales
        • Palmophyllales
    • Streptophyta
    • charophytes
        • Mesostigmatophyceae
        • Chlorokybophyceae
        • Klebsormidiophyceae
        • Charophyceae
        • Zygnematophyceae
        • Coleochaetophyceae
    • Embryophyta (land plants)

Pombert et al. 2005

A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.[19]

Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995

Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.[5]

  • Class Prasinophyceae (orders Mamiellales, Pseudocourfeldiales, Pyramimonadales, Chlorodendrales)
  • Class Chlorophyceae (orders Volvocales, Chlorococcales, Chaetophorales, Oedogoniales)
  • Class Ulvophyceae (orders Codiolales, Ulvales)
  • Class Cladophorophyceae (order Cladophorales)
  • Class Bryopsidophyceae (orders Bryopsidales, Halimedales)
  • Class Dasycladophyceae (order Dasycladales)
  • Class Trentepohliophyceae (order Trentepohliales)
  • Class Pleurastrophyceae (orders Pleurastrales, Prasiolales)
  • Class Klebsormidiophyceae (orders Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales)
  • Class Zygnematophyceae (order Zygnematales, Desmidiales)
  • Class Charophyceae (order Charales)

Bold and Wynne 1985

Classification of the Chlorophyta (treated as what has since been considered one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae) according to Bold and Wynne 1985.[20]

Fott 1971

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971.[21]

  • Class Chlorophyceae
  • Order Volvocales
  • Order Tetrasporales
  • Order Chlorococcales
  • Order Ulotrichales
  • Suborder Chlorosarcineae
  • Suborder Ulotrichineae
  • Suborder Oedogoniineae
  • Suborder Chaetophorineae
  • Order Siphonocladales
  • Order Bryopsidales
  • Class Conjugatophyceae
  • Class Charophyceae

Smith 1938

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Smith 1938:

  • Class 1. Chlorophyceae
    • Order 1. Volvocales
        • Family 1. Chlamydomonadaceae
        • Family 2. Volvocaceae
    • Order 2. Tetrasporales
    • Order 3. Ulotrichales
        • Family 1. Ulotrichaceae
        • Family 2. Microsporaceae
        • Family 3. Cylindrocapsaceae
        • Family 4. Chaetophoraceae
        • Family 5. Protococcaceae
        • Family 6. Coleochaetaceae
        • Family 7. Trentepohliaceae
    • Order 4. Ulvales
        • Family 1. Ulvaceae
        • Family 2 Schizomeridaceae
    • Order 5. Schizogoniales
        • Family Schizogoniaceae
    • Order 6. Cladophorales
        • Family 1. Cladophoraceae
        • Family 2. Sphaeropleaceae
    • Order 7. Oedogoniales
        • Family Oedogoniaceae
    • Order 8. Zygnematales
        • Family 1. Zygnemataceae
        • Family 2. Mesotaeniaceae
        • Family 3. Desmidiaceae
    • Order 9. Chlorococcales
        • Family 1. Chlorococcaceae
        • Family 2. Endosphaeraceae
        • Family 3. Characiaceae
        • Family 4. Protosiphonaceae
        • Family 5. Hydrodictyaceae
        • Family 6. Oöcystaceae
        • Family 7. Scenedesmaceae
    • Order 10. Siphonales
        • Family 1. Bryopsidaceae
        • Family 2. Caulerpaceae
        • Family 3. Halicystaceae
        • Family 4. Codiaceae
        • Family 5. Derbesiaceae
        • Family 6. Vaucheriaceae
        • Family 7. Phyllosiphonaceae
    • Order 11. Siphonocladiales
        • Family 1. Valoniaceae
        • Family 2. Dasycladaceae
  • Class 2. Charophyceae
    • Order Charales
        • Family Characeae

References

  1. ^ Pascher A (1914). "Über Flagellaten und Algen". Berichte der deutsche botanischen Gesellschaft. 32: 136–160.
  2. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Speigel FW, Taylor MFJR (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2011). "AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta". World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2011-07-26Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ http://archive.org/stream/centuryofprogres00cali#page/126/mode/1up
  5. ^ a b c Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  6. ^ "Major Algae Phyla - Table - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Lewis, Louise A.; McCourt, R.M. (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  8. ^ Becker, B.; Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909. PMID 19273476Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^ Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) Algae. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA
  10. ^ a b c Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Lewis, Louise; Lewis, Paul (2005). "Unearthing the Molecular Phylodiversity of Desert Soil Green Algae (Chlorophyta)". Systematic Biology. 54 (6): 936–947. doi:10.1080/10635150500354852. ISSN 1063-5157.
  12. ^ De Wever, A.; Leliaert, F.; Verleyen, E.; Vanormelingen, P.; Van der Gucht, K.; Hodgson, D. A.; Sabbe, K.; Vyverman, W. (2009). "Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1673): 3591–3599. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0994. ISSN 0962-8452.
  13. ^ Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Zechman, Frederick W. (2011). "Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny". BioEssays. 33 (9): 683–692. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 21744372.
  14. ^ Lopez-Bautista, J. M. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the subaerial green algal order Trentepohliales: an assessment based on morphological and molecular data". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 56 (7): 1709–1715. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63990-0. ISSN 1466-5026.
  15. ^ Joubert, J. J. & F. H. J. Rijkenberg (1971). "Parasitic green algae". Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 45–64.
  16. ^ Nedelcu, Aurora M. (2001). "Complex Patterns of Plastid 16S rRNA Gene Evolution in Nonphotosynthetic Green Algae". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (6): 670–679. doi:10.1007/s002390010254. ISSN 0022-2844.
  17. ^ Tartar A, Boucias DG, Adams BJ, Becnel JJ (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp as a green alga (Chlorophyta)". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52 (Pt 1): 273–9. PMID 11837312.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Lobban, Christopher S.; Wynne, Michael James, eds. (1981). The Biology of Seaweeds. Botanical Monograph Series 17. University of California Press, p. 88.
  19. ^ Jean-Francxois Pombert et al 2005, The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Green Alga Pseudendoclonium akinetum (Ulvophyceae) Reveals Unusual Structural Features and New Insights into the Branching Order of Chlorophyte Lineages Mol. Biol. Evol. 22(9) 1903–1918. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi182
  20. ^ Bold, H.C.; Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae : structure and reproduction (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-477746-7Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  21. ^ Hoek, C. et al. (1995), p. 483.

Further reading

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