Depurination
Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, and ribonucleosides, adenosine or guanosine, in which the β-N-glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine, respectively. The second product of depurination of deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides is sugar, 2’-deoxyribose and ribose, respectively. More complex compounds containing nucleoside residues, nucleotides and nucleic acids, also suffer from depurination. Deoxyribonucleosides and their derivatives are substantially more prone to depurination than their corresponding ribonucleoside counterparts. Loss of pyrimidine bases (Cytosine and Thymine) occurs by a similar mechanism, but at a substantially lower rate.
When depurination occurs with DNA, it leads to the formation of apurinic site and results in an alteration of the structure. Studies estimate that as many as 5,000 purines are lost this way each day in a typical human cell.[1] In cells, one of the main causes of depurination is the presence of endogenous metabolites undergoing chemical reactions. Apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA are efficiently repaired by portions of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Depurinated bases in single-stranded DNA undergoing replication can lead to mutations, because in the absence of information from the complementary strand, BER can add an incorrect base at the apurinic site, resulting in either a transition or transversion mutation.[2]
Depurination is known to play a major role in cancer initiation.[3]
Hydrolytic depurination is one of the principal forms of damage to ancient DNA in fossil or subfossil material, since the base remains unrepaired. This results in both loss of information (the base sequence), and difficulties in recovery and in vitro replication of the damaged molecule by the polymerase chain reaction.
Chemistry of the reaction
Depurination is not uncommon because purine is a good leaving group via the 9N-nitrogen (see the structure of a purine). Furthermore, the anomeric carbon is especially reactive towards nucleophilic substitution (effectively making the carbon-oxygen bond shorter, stronger and more polar, while making the carbon-purine bond longer and weaker). This makes the bond especially susceptible to hydrolysis.
In chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides, depurination is one of the major factors limiting the length of synthetic oligonucleotides.[4]
References
- ^ Lindahl, T. (22 April 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature. 362 (6422): 709–715. doi:10.1038/362709a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8469282.
- ^
Carr, Steven M. (2009). "Depurination produces transversion mutations". www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ Cavalieri, E.; Saeed, M.; Zahid, M.; Cassada, D.; Snow, D.; Miljkovic, M.; Rogan, E. (2012). "Mechanism of DNA depurination by carcinogens in relation to cancer initiation". IUBMB Life. 64 (2): 169–179. doi:10.1002/iub.586.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Le Proust, E. M.; Peck, B. J.; Spirin, K.; McCuen, Heather B.; Moore, B.; Namsaraev, E.; Caruthers, M. H. (2010). "Synthesis of high-quality libraries of long (150mer) oligonucleotides by a novel depurination controlled process". Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (8): 2522–2540. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq163.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Hartwell, Leland; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael L.; Reynolds, Ann E.; Silver, Lee M.; Veres, Ruth (2004). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-291930-1. LCCN 2002012767. OCLC 50417228.
- Weinberg, Robert Allan (2006). The Biology of Cancer (1st ed.). Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4076-8. LCCN 2006001825. OCLC 63114199.
- Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3. LCCN 2001054471. OCLC 48122761.