Pontianak incidents
| Pontianak incidents | |
|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |
| Location | Kalimantan, Dutch East Indies |
| Target | Malays, Arabs, Chinese, Javanese, Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau, Dutch, Indians, and Eurasians |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Perpetrators | Imperial Japanese Army |
The 'Pontianak incidents were two massacres which took place in Kalimantan during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. One of them is also known as the Mandor Affair. The victims were from a wide variety of ethnic groups and devastated the Malay elite of Kalimantan, with all the Malay Sultans executed by the Japanese.
The massacres
In the 1943-1944 Pontianak incidents, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites, Arabs, Chinese, Javanese, Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau, Dutch, Indians, and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them.[1][2] The Japanese falsely claimed that all of those ethnic groups and organizations such as the Islamic Pemuda Muhammadijah were involved in a plot to overthrow the Japanese and create a "People's Republic of West Borneo" (Negara Rakyat Borneo Barat).[3] The Japanese claimed that- "Sultans, Chinese, Indonesian government officials, Indians and Arabs, who had been antagonistic to each other, joined together to massacre Japanese.", naming the Sultan of Pontianak as one of the "ringleaders" in the planned rebellion.[4] Up to 25 aristocrats, relatives of the Sultan of Pontianak, and many other prominent individuals were named as participants in the plot by the Japanese and then executed at Mandor.[5][6] The Sultans of Pontianak, Sambas, Ketapang, Soekadana, Simbang, Koeboe, Ngabang, Sanggau, Sekadau, Tajan, Singtan, and Mempawa were all executed by the Japanese, respectively, their names were Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri, Mohamad Ibrahim Tsafidedin, Goesti Saoenan, Tengkoe Idris, Goesti Mesir, Sjarif Saleh, Goesti Abdoel Hamid, Ade Mohamad Arif, Goesti Mohamad Kelip, Goesti Djapar, Raden Abdul Bahri Danoe Perdana, and Mohammed Ahoufiek.[7] They are known as the "12 Dokoh".[8] In Java, the Japanese jailed Syarif Abdul Hamid Alqadrie, the son of Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie (Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri).[9] Later in 1944 the Dayaks assassinated a Japanese named Nakatani, who was involved in the incident and who was known for his cruelty . Sultan of Pontianak Mohamed Alkadri's fourth son Pengeran Agoen (Pangeran Agung) and another son Pengeran Adipati (Pangeran Adipati) were also both killed by the Japanese in the incident.[10] The Japanese had beheaded both Pangeran Adipati and Pangeran Agung and the Malay elite was ravaged by the Japanese slaughters.[11] The Japanese extermination of the Malay elite of Pontianak paved the way for a new Dayak elite to arise in its place.[12] According to Mary F. Somers Heidhues, on May–June 1945, some Japanese were killed in a rebellion by the Dayaks in Sanggau.[13] According to Jamie S. Davidson this rebellion that killed many Dayaks and Japanese, occurred on April–August 1945 and was called the "Majang Desa War".[14] The Pontianak Incidents or Affairs are divided into two Potianak incidents by scholars, variously categorized according to mass killings and arrests which occurred in several stages on different dates. The Pontianak incident negatively impacted the Chinese community in Kalimantan.[15][16][17][18][19]
References
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 204.
- ^ Ooi 2013, p. 42.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 205.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 160.
- ^ Davidson 2002, p. 79.
- ^ Davidson 2003, p. 9.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2002, pp. 167-168.
- ^ Ooi 2013.
- ^ Ooi 2013, p. 176.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 168.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 207.
- ^ Davidson 2009, p. 37.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 206.
- ^ Davidson 2003, p. 8.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 165.
- ^ Hui 2011, p. 42.
- ^ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie 2001, p. 41.
- ^ Baldacchino 2013, p. 75.
- ^ Sai & Hoon 2013, p. 119.
- Baldacchino, Godfrey, ed. (2013). The Political Economy of Divided Islands: Unified Geographies, Multiple Polities. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137023139. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Davidson, Jamie Seth (2002). Violence and Politics in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. University of Washington. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Davidson, Jamie S. (August 2003). ""Primitive" Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Dayak Unity Party in West Kalimantan, Indonesia"" (PDF). Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series (ARI Working Paper) (No. 9). Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite journal}}:|number=has extra text (help) - Davidson, Jamie Seth (2009). From Rebellion to Riots: Collective Violence on Indonesian Borneo. NUS Press. ISBN 9971694271. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824830520. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003). Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. Volume 34 of Southeast Asia publications series (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277338. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Hui, Yew-Foong (2011). Strangers at Home: History and Subjectivity Among the Chinese Communities of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. Volume 5 of Chinese Overseas (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9004173404. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Jong, Louis (2002). The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War. Vol. Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (illustrated ed.). KITLV Press. ISBN 9067182036. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Excerpta Indonesica, Volumes 64-66. Contributor Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie. Centre for Documentation on Modern Indonesia of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}: horizontal tab character in|others=at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2002). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Psychology Press. ISBN 070071488X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2013). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge. ISBN 113612506X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Keat Gin, Ooi (2013). Post-War Borneo, 1945-1950: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building. Routledge. ISBN 1134058101. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). Post-war Borneo, 1945-50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building. Routledge. ISBN 1134058039. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Sai, Siew-Min; Hoon, Chang-Yau, eds. (2013). Chinese Indonesians Reassessed: History, Religion and Belonging. Vol. Volume 52 of Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0415608015. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help)