Jump to content

Andhra Pradesh

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 194.127.8.27 (talk) at 19:07, 4 June 2014 (andhra pradesh does not border Chhattisgarh anymore). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Andhra Pradesh
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్
State of India
Montage of Andhra Pradesh Clockwise from top left: Visakhapatnam Port view, Godavari Arch Bridge (Rajahmundry), Prakasam Barrage (Vijayawada), Pulicat Lake and Barrier Island of SHAR (Sriharikota, Nellore), Tirumala temple (Tirupati), Telugu Talli statue and Konda Reddy Fort in background, (Kurnool).
Montage of Andhra Pradesh
Clockwise from top left: Visakhapatnam Port view, Godavari Arch Bridge (Rajahmundry), Prakasam Barrage (Vijayawada), Pulicat Lake and Barrier Island of SHAR (Sriharikota, Nellore), Tirumala temple (Tirupati), Telugu Talli statue and Konda Reddy Fort in background, (Kurnool).
Official logo of Andhra Pradesh
Seal of Government of Andhra Pradesh
Nickname(s): 
Rice Bowl of India, Egg bowl of Asia
Location of Andhra Pradesh in India
Location of Andhra Pradesh in India
Country India
RegionSouth India
Established1 October 1953; 71 years ago (1953-10-01)
Capital cityHyderabad (Extraterritorial, joint capital for AP and Telangana)
Largest cityVisakhapatnam
Districts13
Government
 • GovernorE. S. L. Narasimhan
 • Chief MinisterN. Chandrababu Naidu(designate)
 • LegislatureBicameral (175 + 56 seats)
 • Lok sabha constituencies25
 • High CourtHigh Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
Area
†
 • Total
160,205 km2 (61,855 sq mi)
 • Rank8th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
49,665,533
 • Rank10th
 • Density310/km2 (800/sq mi)
DemonymAndhraite
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
UN/LOCODEAP
Vehicle registrationAP
Literacy67.8% [1]
Official languageTelugu
Websiteap.gov.in

Andhra Pradesh (/ˌ[invalid input: 'ah']ndrə prəˈdɛʃ/) is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's eighth-largest state by area and tenth-largest by population. Andhra Pradesh is bordered by Telangana in the northwest, Odisha in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.

At 972 km (604 mi), the state has the second longest coastline among all the states of India, only second to Gujarat.[2] The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta to the northeast of the state. The state comprises two regions of Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.[3] Until the formation of Telangana as a state on 2 June 2014, the city of Hyderabad served as the capital. Hyderabad is now the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of 10 years.[4]

History

Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh

Early history

The first historical records appear in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE) and Mahabharata (400 BCE).It is mentioned that Andhras were Aryans who migrated to south of Vindhya mountains.[5] The Natya Shastra written by Bharatha (1st century BCE) also mentions about the Andhra people.[6] The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the 5th century CE.[7][8]

Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer who visited the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (322–297 BCE), mentioned that the region had three fortified towns and an army of 100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants. Buddhist books reveal that Andhras established their huts or tents near the Godavari River at that time.[9]

Inscriptions shows that there was an early kingdom in coastal Andhra (Guntur District) ruled first by Kuberaka and then by his son Varun, with Pratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[10][11]

Rock-cut Buddha statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam

The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BCE. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE, the Satavahanas became independent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.[12]

Scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā Sutras, the earliest Mahayana Sutras,[13][14] developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Krishna River in Andhra country.[15] A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[16] Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Aryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Andhra."[17] They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[18] Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa and Virupa lived and taught in the Andhra region for some portion of their lives or were in some cases permanent residents.[19] Ronald Davidson calls the Krishna River valley "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."[20]

A pillar at Ahobilam temple in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh
Kondaveedu

During this period,[clarification needed] Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting Prakrit and Sanskrit.[21] Telugu was made the official language by the Vishnukundina kings (5th and 6th centuries), who ruled from their capital city of Vengi. Eastern Chalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas; their capital was also Vengi. As early as the 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains under the Satavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around 1022 CE.[22]

The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty and led to the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first vassals of the Rashtrakutas, and ruled over a small territory near Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and captured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner.Reddy dynasty started from here they ruled more than 100 years after them. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years

Modern history

Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.[23] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.[24] Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BCE. Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 CE, and fell under Delhi sultanate from (1310–1345), when the central sultanate became weak the Bahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanates southern provinces and ruled until 1518 CE. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of Golconda, declared independence from the Bahmani Dynasty and proclaimed himself Sultan of Golconda in that year, and he founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[25]

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters in Golconda city (11 kilometres west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered the construction of the Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured the kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during this short Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy.[26]

In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, and Himayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction. The state was the richest and the largest among the princely states of India. The land area of the state was 90,543 mi²; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of £90,029,000.[27][28]

In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.[29] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[30]

State reorganisation

See also: Andhra State and Vishalandhra Movement
Hyderabad state in 1956 (in lime-green)

In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic basis and protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. As Madras city became bone of contention, in 1949 JVP committee report stated "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu speaking areas i.e., Andhra state was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[31]

The State Reorganisation Commission had recommended that the residual Hyderabad State continue as a separate entity. On the basis of Agreement called Gentlemen Agreement on 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging the Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.[32] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.The major cities in Andhra are Vijayawada-Guntur, Visakhapatnam, Tirupathi,Rajhmundry,kurnool,Nellore.Metro train is poposed in Vizag,Guntur-Vijayawada-Tenali

Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh before the Bifurcation
Main article: Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014

Seemandhra is the term used to refer the combined regions of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra in Andhra Pradesh. During the bifurcation process of Andhra Pradesh state, this word was used to refer the residual Andhra Pradesh i.e., without Telangana districts.

Telangana (in white) and residual Andhra Pradesh (Seemandhra) in yellow within the state of Andhra Pradesh

In February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[33] Hyderabad is to remain a joint capital for 10 years.[34] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after the approval from the President of India.[35] In order to avoid an amendment to the constitution, the two states were named as Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.[36][37]

Geography and climate

Main articles: Geography of Andhra Pradesh and List of districts of Andhra Pradesh
Ethipothala Falls
The Mouth of the Godavari River (East) emptying into the Bay of Bengal
Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) taking off Pocharam lake

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the eastern half of the Deccan plateau and the plains to the east of the Eastern Ghats. Andhra Pradesh comprises of two regions Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.[38] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Kadapa Basin[39] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The coastal plains are for the most part delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. The Eastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C.[40]

July to September is the season for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the Northeast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C.[40]

Demographics

Template:IndiaCensusPop

Population statistics

Telugu is the official language of the state, spoken by 91.00%. Other linguistic minority groups are Urdu (7.01%), Hindi (1.05%), and Tamil (1.01%). Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% are Kannada (0.74%) and Oriya (0.64%). Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.09%), Gujarati (0.02%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi (0.02%) and Sindhi (0.01%).[41]

Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores[42] with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna, West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.

The data show that the poor make up 16.3% of the total population in rural AP, and expenditure on consumption is around 13.5% of the total consumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate.[43] The gender gap in illiteracy is one of the issues being addressed by Asmita Resource Centre for Women, an Indian NGO based in Andhra Pradesh that works to better the socio-economic status of women and communities in India.

Religions

Religion in Andhra Pradesh
Percent
Hinduism
 
 91.25%
Islam
 
 7.01%
Christianity
 
 1.59%
Jainism
 
 0.04%
Sikhism
 
 0.01%
Buddhism
 
 0.004%
Others
 
 0.001%
Religion not stated
 
 0.10%

Although mostly Hindu(91%), Andhra Pradesh has a significant Muslim minority(7%) and smaller amounts of Christians, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.[44]

The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalit disciples.[45] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint[46] where as Saint Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.

Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church of South India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and several others.

Language

The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.[47] The Minister of Tourism and Culture has issued declaration of Telugu language as Classical Language.[48] Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.[49]

Administration

Main articles: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Politics of Andhra Pradesh, and List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh
High court of Andhra pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 175 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upper house) of 54 members. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 11 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House, and 25 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.[50][51] Currently, Andhra Pradesh is administratively divided into 13 districts.

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party.[52] N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004).[53] P. V. Narasimha Rao served as the chief minister of the state from 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991.[54][55] The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India.[56][57]

Politics

Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an important role as opposition parties. Parties—namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party—played an important role in the 1950s. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became the Opposition Party. They also failed to hold control later and became defunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy formed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.

In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. A few months after the election, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback by demonstrating the support of the majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted by Indira Gandhi and in his place she appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was reinstated as chief minister. Within a month NTR recommended the dissolution of the assembly and called for fresh elections. Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister by President Giani Zail Singh. In the ensuing elections for Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu Desam Party won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back to power.

The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. There was an assassination attempt on Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; he survived the attack. In the ensuing elections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister.

Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance of TDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a senior statesman and former state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24 November 2010, Rosaiah submitted his resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the following day. He then resigned his post as Chief minister after the announcement of bifurcation of the state. President's rule is imposed in the state after the state assembly is dissolved. In what would be the last elections held in the unified state, Telugu Desam Party got a mandate in their favor in the residuary state. He is set to take oath as Chief Minister on 8 June 2014.[58] Grounds of Acharya Nagarjuna university near Guntur will play host to the swearing in ceremony of Chandrababu Naidu.[59]

Natural resources

Mineral wealth

Andhra Pradesh is one of the store house of Mineral Resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich & variety of industrial minerals and building stones.

Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Manganese, Asbestos, Iron Ore, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Gold Diamonds, Graphite, Dolomite, Quartz, Tungsten, Steatitic, Feldspar, Silica Sand etc. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of Barytes and Galaxy granite in the international market.

Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in close proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.

Reliance Industries Limited struck 9 Trillion cubic Feed of gas reserves in the Krishna Godavari Basin Basin, 150 km off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.[60]

Power generation

Srisailam Dam – Hydro Electric Power Source

The state is pioneer nationwide in hydro electricity generation. Natural gas, one of the cheapest source in power generation is in abundance.[61]

There are both coal based and hydel power plants. Thermal power plants with total capacity of 5610 MW are situated in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant (2000 MW) of NTPC, Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1050 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (800 MW), Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW) and the Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 3693.20 MW. Ramagiri Wind mills is a wind power generation with 2MW capacity.[62]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Andhra Pradesh
Visakhapatnam city skyline view

According to the Planning Commission of India, in the financial year 2011–12 the state was ranked second in nominal GDP, and fourth in GDP per capita.[63] Andhra Pradesh's GDP for 2011 was approximately ₹ 5,676.36 billion,[64] placing it third among the states. The service sector of the state accounts for 43% of the gross state domestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.[65]

GSDP of the state in 2012 is ₹ 6762.34 billion, placing it second in India.[64] Andhra Pradesh economy has registered over 5.5% annual economic growth rate during the last two decades.[66] In the 2010 list by Forbes Magazine, there are several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.[67]

Agriculture

NASA Landsat 7 Image of the Krishna-Goadavari Delta

Economy of the state is mainly based on Agriculture and Livestock. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many agricultural products. It has produced 17,796,000 tonnes (19,616,732 short tons) of rice in 2006.[68] and hence it is known as Rice Bowl of India. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Besides Rice, farmers of this state also grow wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, minor millets, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, Chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[65][69] AP's farms depend on child labour rather than mechanization to remain competitive.[70]

Livestock is also another profitable business which involves, rearing of cattle in an enclosed area for commercial purposes.

Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and shrimp production of India. The geographical location of this South Indian state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production in Andhra Pradesh. The Value of marine products exports from India in 1998 was Rs. 4710 Crores among which the state alone contributed products of Rs. 2000 Crores.

Industrial sector

Front of large round building, with street and trees in front
Tech Mahindra Development Centre

The state banks on two major sectors – Information technology and biotechnology. Visakhapatnam has emerged as the main hub of industrialisation. The IT exports in Andhra Pradesh reached ₹350.22 billion (US$4.2 billion) in 2010–11, contributed to 13.9% per cent of national IT exports and ranked fourth in India.[71] Other key sectors include, Biopharmaceuticals, Power, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather and Religious Tourism.

Banking & Financial sector of Andhra Pradesh also constitute the key commercial activities that enhance the growth and stability of the state’s economy.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Andhra Pradesh

Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Mango pickle (Aavakaaya), Roselle plant (Gongura) chutney, Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture.

Arts and crafts

The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.[72] Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for wood toys with rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys.

Literature

Main article: Telugu literature

Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century CE), the earliest known Telugu author, was patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.[73]

Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobel prize in literature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received the Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central Sahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Telugu literature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnayasuri and Viswanatha Satyanarayana.

Dance, music, and festivals

See also: Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh
Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh
Kuchipudi, dance by Yamini Reddy

Dance:

Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Bonalu, Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance.

Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[74] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.

Balamuralikrishna during a concert in Kuwait on 29 March 2006

Music:

Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[75]

Festivals:

Ugadi is celebrated as the Telugu New Year. Makara Sankranti is also a famous harvest festival which is celebrated across the state. Just like in other parts of the country, many other festivals include – Dussera, Vinayaka Chavithi, Deepavali, Maha Sivarathri. Christmas, Ramzan, Eid ul-Zuha, Muharram etc. Muslim festivals include Bakrid and Ramzan. Christian celebrate Christmas and Easter.

Artefacts

Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, including the Archaeological Museum[76] at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence and thotla konda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and cultural style, Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow.[77] Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens of ancient Buddhist stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake that formed after the construction of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large museum that houses many Buddhist relics.[78]

Cuisine

Main article: Telugu cuisine

Cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is famous for the rich seasoning and lots of variety. Idli, Dosa, Vada and Uttapam are famous South India breakfast items, famous in the state, that are made of rice. Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide variety of dishes. Typical meal includes rice boiled and eaten with vegetable curry. Lentils, Relishes, chutneys and Curd based items are also included in the meal. A lot of spices are produced in the region and hence the cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is spiciest of all. Tamarind and Red Chillies are the distinct flavor of local cuisine. Pickles and chutneys (sauces) are made from chilly, ginger, coconut and other vegetables like tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (gongura) and are served with meals. Mango pickle (aavakaaya) is probably the best known of the Andhra Pradesh pickles.[79]

The coastal region of the state has abundant seafood supply. The variety of fish curry recipes are famous. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken are also the most widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes.[80]

Sweets made up of milk are widely eaten. Payasam is one of them made with milk, rice or vermicelli pudding served both warm and cold. Pootharekulu, Bobbattlu; Paalakova; Mamidi Tandra, Khaja, Bandar Laddu, Sunnandalu, Ariselu are famous sweets.

Transportation

Major road links of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Roadways

A total of 146,954 km (91,313 mi) of roads are maintained by the State, of which State Highways comprise 42,511 km (26,415 mi), National Highways 2,949 km (1,832 mi), and District Roads 101,484 km (63,059 mi). NH 5, with a highway network of around 1000 km in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporation owned by the government of Andhra Pradesh that connects all the cities and villages. APSRTC is in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the largest fleet of vehicles (approximately 21,000), and the longest distance covered daily. Nehru Bus stand in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminus in Asia.[81] Thousands of private operators also run buses connecting major cities and towns. Private vehicles like 4-wheeler and 2-wheelers occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages. The growth rate for vehicle ownership in Andhra Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.[82]

Railways

The railroad bridge between Rajahmundry and Kovvur
The New look of Vijayawada Railway Station

Railways are a major means of transportation in Andhra Pradesh connecting the whole state and has a good connectivity with other states too. Andhra Pradesh has a railway network of 5,046 km. One of the highest broad gauge tracks in the world is in eastern ghats route that runs from Visakhapatnam to Anantagiri.[83] The state boasts of 182 railway stations in the state and also many railway junctions as well.

Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under the administrative control of South Central Railway zone founded in 1966. Rail Nilayam in Secunderabad, the Land Mark Building is the Zonal Headquarter office of South Central Railway. The East Coast Railway serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District, and part of Visakhapatnam district including Visakhapatnam City. Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal are the main divisions of SCR and Waltair Railway Division of East Coast Railway in Andhra Pradesh. Waltair Railway Division is the 4th largest revenue earning Division in India and Vijayawada railway station is one of the busiest railway junction in India and connects the north and the south Indian rail routes. It handles more than 320 trains including both passenger and freight trains per day next to Howrah and Mumbai.

Railways have played a significant role boosting the economy of the state in developing the industrial and the tourism in the state.

Airports

Visakhapatnam Airport is the international airport in the state and is the largest serving close to 1 million passengers annually. Other airports in the state are Vijayawada Airport, Rajahmundry Airport, and Tirupati Airport. The government also has plans to start airports in eight other cities: Guntur, Ongole, Nellore, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem and Kurnool.

Seaports

Visakhapatnam Port View
Gangavaram Port view

Ports are gateways to international trade and commerce. Andhra Pradesh has two major ports at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada. Visakhapatnam Port is the second largest port of India in terms of (cargo handling). A private port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.

Andhra Pradesh is well on its way to becoming a major logistics hub in the realm of sea. A recently study by trade body Assocham has pointed out that Andhra Pradesh commanded a lion’s share of over 46 per cent in new port projects being implemented across Indian maritime States. Andhra Pradesh was amongst the first maritime states to recognize the imperative need for increased port infrastructure. Six ports are under various stages of development in the PPP mode.

The 14 notified non-major ports are Bhavanapadu, Meghavaram, Kalingapatnam, Bheemunipatnam, Gangavaram, Nakkapalli, Kakinada SEZ, Kakinada, S.Yanam, Narsapur, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, Vadarevu and Krishnapatnam.[84] The State Government has prepared a master plan that envisages increasing the capacity of its non-major ports to handle 175 million tonnes in 2020.[85]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Andhra Pradesh
RK Beach
Araku Valley
Lush green farms in Konaseema, East Godavari

Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department as the Koh-i-Noor of India. The main tourist attractions include beaches, scenic hills, caves, lakes, lush green fields etc.

Beaches

Beaches in Visakhapatnam along the Bay of Bengal namely R.K.Beach, Rishikonda Beach, Lawsons Bay Beach etc. There are also other beaches along the long coastline of the state at Suryalanka Beach (Guntur District), Maypadu and Krishnapatnam beaches (Nellore district), Vodarevu (Prakasam district), Uppada Beach (East Godavari district).

Caves

Borra Caves in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. Belum Caves in Kurnool district, the second largest natural caves 3229 metres on the Indian subcontinent.

Valleys and Hills

Araku Valley is the famous hill station in Visakhapatnam district with thick forests, coffee plantations, waterfalls. Horsley Hills, a summer hill resort in the Chittoor district, situated at an elevation of 1,265 metres and attracts lots of tourists owing to its natural flora and fauna magnificence. Papi Hills are in East Godavari district, near Bhadrachalam attracts many tourists for its scenic beauty of the location in the river Godavari with boat cruises.

Lakes and Fields

Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India located in between Krishna and Godavari delta of Andhra Pradesh. The lake is also a wildlife sanctuary with large number of migratory birds visintg during the winter season. Pulicat Lake is located at the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It is a brackish water lagoon, the second largest in India. The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary which attracts many migratory birds.

Konaseema is a place in East Godavari famous for scenic greenery of lush paddy fields and coconut groves along the banks of river Godavari and its canals.

Landmarks

Visakhapatnam city

There are many landmarks in cities of Andhra Pradesh namely the port and shipyard in the city of Visakhapatnam. Prakasam Barrage of Vijayawada, constructed on the Krishna River. The Godavari River bridges, longest in the state at Rajahmundry, Satish Dhawan Space Centre (launch centre for the ISRO), located in Nellore district, Konda Reddy Fort at Kurnool, Tirumala Temple at Tirupathi, Tadipatri Temples at Tadipatri.

Religious tourism

See also: Religious Tourism in Andhra Pradesh
A View of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Durga Temple in Vijayawada

Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres.

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus with many devotees visiting from different states and other countries as well. Mallikarjuna Swamy temple at Srisailam in the Nallamala Hills of Kurnool district is the abode of lord Mallikarjuna Swamy one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines in India and Goddess Bhramarambika devi, one of the eighteen shakti peethas.[86]. The other shakti peethas include Puruhutika devi of Pithapuram, East Godavari district and Manikyamba devi of Draksharamam, East Godavari district. [87]

Kanaka Durga Temple of goddess Durga on the Indrakeeladri Hill at the bank of Krishna River in Vijayawada is famous for celebrations of Tepotsavam during Dusshera festival.[88] Simhachalam is a popular pilgrimage site located on a hill 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Visakhapatnam. It is the abode of the savior-god Narasimha. Many other religious places include, Raghavendra Swami mutt in Kurnool district, Pancharama Kshetras, Dwaraka Tirumala in West Godavari District, Satayannarayana temple in Annavaram,Srikalahasti temple in Chittoor district and Arasavelli Surya temple in Srikakulam District.

The state has numerous Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bojjannakonda (Sankaram) etc.,[89] and many more mosques and churches as well.

Natural vegetation

Main article: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department
Nallamalla forests at Ahobilam

Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The state is bestowed with two mighty river systems of Krishna and Godavari. Its varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamallas to the shores of Bay of Bengal supports varied ecotypes, rich diversity of flora & fauna. The forest in the state can broadly be divided into four major biotic provinces.

The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous type. The hills of Eastern Ghats add greatly to the Biological Diversity and provide centers of endemism for plants, birds and lesser forms of animal life.

The State is a proud possessor of some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudam etc. Similarly the Double banded or the Jerdon’s Courser, the Golden Gecko, the Slender Loris which are rare and endangered are endemic to the State.

Wildlife

Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam

The varied diversity of fauna includes Tiger, Panther, Wolf, Wild Dog, Hyena, Sloth Bear, Gaur, Black Buck, Chinkara, Chowsingha, Nilgai, Cheetal, Sambar and a number of Birds and Reptiles. The long sea coast provides the nesting ground for sea turtles, the back water of Pulicat lake and the Kolleru lake are the feeding grounds for Flamingo & Grey Pelican, the estuaries of river Godavari and Krishna support rich mangrove forests with Fishing Cat and Otters as key stone species.

Some of the wildlife sanctuaries are: Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Kolleru Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Lankamalleshwara, Nelapattu bird sanctuary, Pulicat lake, | Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary (Project Elephant), Sri Penusila Narasimha wildlife sanctuary, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary,

Zoological Parks include:

Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park (Tirupati), Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, (Visakhapatnam)

Cinema

Main article: Telugu Cinema

In the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted from Chennai to Andhra Pradesh. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to Bollywood Film Industry.[90] Prolific film producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person.[91] Nandhamuri Taraka Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao treated as two eye's of Telugu film industry.

In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry, has produced the largest number of films in India exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[92][93] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.[94] The state of Andhra Pradesh, consists of the most number of cinema theatres in India.[citation needed]

Education and research

Main article: Education in Andhra Pradesh
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh
School children in an elementary school in Andhra Pradesh

According to the 2011 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67.02%. The male literacy rate is 74.9% and the female literacy rate is 59.15%.[95] One of the most famous among them is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, where free education is provided to the poor students.[citation needed]

Apart from thousands of schools ranging from the pre-primary to the senior secondary ones, the state is home to a number of institutes, which impart higher education. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the State.[96] These higher education institutes include many colleges, universities and research institutes providing professional education in the fields of arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary sciences, with undergraduate and post graduation.

There are 3 deemed universities as well. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.[97]

The state has made strides in setting up several universities under public sector. Some of them are:

State and central universities

State Universities

Central University published by the University Grants Commission (UGC) is English and Foreign Languages University[107]

Other universities in Andhra Pradesh are Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University(SVVU), Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,[108] Rayalaseema University, Yogi Vemana University & Mahathma Gandhi University.

Other deemed Universities in Andhra Pradesh are K L University, GITAM & Vignan University.

Major Professional Institutes

Many more private colleges and universities also provide education in various fields.

Research

Research institutes have been set up by the central government in the state. Some of them include:

Space research organization Indian Space Research Organisation (or Sriharikota Range (SHAR)) at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station.[110] It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.[111]

Sports

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling etc.[112] Sports like kho kho, kabaddi are played mostly in Andhra Pradesh.

ACA-VDCA Cricket stadium at Madhurawada

One of the most popular sports in Andhra Pradesh is cricket. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to the Andhra Cricket Team. These venues regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc.

Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari(WeightLifting), Pullela Gopichand(Badminton), Chetan Anand (badminton), Guttikonda Pradeep (Volley Ball), Kamineni Eswara Rao (Arjuna Award winner) etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Humpy Koneru, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika hail from the state.

Newspapers and journals

Telugu

Urdu

English

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article4974483.ece
  2. ^ "Geographic profile of AP" (pdf). Department of Land Resources. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  3. ^ http://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/aishuwarya.pdf
  4. ^ Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts
  5. ^ "History of Andhra Pradesh". AP Online. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  6. ^ "A note on Telugu as a classical language". Telugu University. Retrieved 22 July 2012.[dead link‍]
  7. ^ "Age of Telugu language". The Hindu. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  8. ^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian epigraphy : a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages (1. publ. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-19-509984-2.
  9. ^ The Elder, Pliny; Bostock, John; Riley, Henry T (1855). "The natural history of Pliny, volume 3". London, H. G. Bohn. OCLC 469062385. Retrieved 22 July 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," German Scholars on India, Vol. I. PP. 136–140. (Varanasi, 1973)
  11. ^ "Kalacakra.org". Kalacakra.org. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  12. ^ G. Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P.G. Publishers, Guntur, p. 116
  13. ^ Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000, pages 131.
  14. ^ Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, pg. 47.
  15. ^ Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krsna River."
  16. ^ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 313
  17. ^ Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pg. 1.
  18. ^ Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.
  19. ^ Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pp. 159–160.
  20. ^ Davidson, Ronald. Tibetan Renaissance. Columbia 2005, pp. 29.
  21. ^ Epigraphica Indica, 27: 220–228
  22. ^ "1000+ Years History (Since 919A.D)". History of Rajahmundry. Rajahmundry.net. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the history of India, Chapter 2 Gutenberg.org
  24. ^ Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2): 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996.
  25. ^ Bansal, SP (2007). Encyclopedia of India. Smriti. p. 61. ISBN 81-87967-71-4.
  26. ^ "History – Hyderabad". Ourmch.com. 1 November 1956. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  27. ^ name="Golcondathroughtime"
  28. ^ name="TheNocturnalCourt"
  29. ^ "Tributes paid to Telangana martyrs". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 September 2005.
  30. ^ "HYDERABAD: The Holdout". Time. 30 August 1948. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Post-Independence Era, then and now". aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Know Hyderabad: History". Pan India Network. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Telangana bill passed by upper house". Times of India. Retrieved 20 February 2014. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  34. ^ http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=8551
  35. ^ "Telangana state formation gazette". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  36. ^ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Government of India. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  37. ^ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section" (PDF). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  38. ^ "Andhra Pradesh Geography". Maharashtraweb.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  40. ^ a b Aptdc, Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (27 May 2010). "APTDC – Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation". Tourisminap.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Distribution of 10,000 Persons by Language — India, States and Union Territories – 2001". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  42. ^ "Human Development Report 2007" (PDF). APonline.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Beti, Jatinder S.; Ramachandran, Dr. H. (December 2008). "Human Development Index for Rural Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). ncaer.org. National Council of Applied Economic Research. Retrieved 15 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Telangana and Muslims
  45. ^ "Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami". Mihira.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "Stories of Bhaktas — Fisherman Raghu". Telugubhakti.com. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  47. ^ "AP Online, Index.html" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh official website. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  48. ^ "Classical Language". Press Information Bureau.
  49. ^ "English Demography". Lisindia.net. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  50. ^ "Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly".
  51. ^ "Parliament of India".[dead link‍]
  52. ^ "Telugu Desam turns 29". Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  53. ^ "Length of time as Chief Minister". Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  54. ^ "Profile of V.N.Rao". Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  55. ^ "Prime ministers of India". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  56. ^ "The Hindu, November 25, 2012". Chennai, India. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  57. ^ "The Hindu, on the election and Presidency". Chennai, India. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  58. ^ "CBN to be sworn as CM of Andhra on June 8th". Deccan-Journal. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  59. ^ "Nagarjuna university grounds to be the venue of CBN's Oath taking ceremony". Deccan-Journal. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  60. ^ "KG Basin". industriesportal.apcgg.gov.in. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  61. ^ "Natural Gas in Krishna-Godavari basin". Times of India. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  62. ^ "APGENCO projects" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  63. ^ "Planning Commission Government Of India" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  64. ^ a b "State Domestic Product of India 2010–11 | State-Wise GDP 2010 | District GDP of India | State-wise Population 2011 | VMW Analytic Services". Unidow.com. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  65. ^ a b "Key Sectors of Andhra Pradesh".
  66. ^ "Annual Economic Growth of AP". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  67. ^ "India's Richest". Forbes.com. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  68. ^ "Rough rice production (000 t) in India, by state, 1961–2006" (PDF). International Rice Research Institute. May 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009. [dead link‍]
  69. ^ "Agriculture Dept. of Andhra Pradesh".
  70. ^ Neal, John (23 February 2014). "The task of protecting India's child cotton pickers". www.bbc.co.uk. The BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  71. ^ "Govt. IT dept". Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  72. ^ "Durgi Stone Craft". Cesdeva. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  73. ^ "Telugu Literature". Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  74. ^ Ntitya Ratnavali
  75. ^ Manorma Sharma (2007). Musical Heritage of India. APH. pp. 19–32. ISBN 81-313-0046-3.
  76. ^ "Archaeological Museum, Amaravati – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  77. ^ "VizagCityOnline.com — Visakha Museum". Vizagcityonline.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  78. ^ Victoria Jubilee Museum
  79. ^ "Andhra Food". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  80. ^ "Non-vegetarian dishes". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  81. ^ "citi-Charter". Apsrtc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ "AP Fact File-Natural Advantages". APonline. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ "Rail Network". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  84. ^ "Andhra Pradesh: Opening up ports". Andhra Pradesh Department of Ports. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  85. ^ Mitra, Amit (29 August 2013). "AP set to become major sea, air logistics hub". Business Line. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  86. ^ "Srisailam Temple". Srisaila Devasthanam Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  87. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Peethas. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  88. ^ "Kanaka Durga Temple". Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  89. ^ "The Templenet Encyclopedia — Temples of Andhra Pradesh". Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  90. ^ K.V. Kurmanath (6 November 2007). "Telugu film industry enters new era". Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  91. ^ Ramakrishnan, Sathyalaya (11 September 2010). "Prestigious 'Phalke" award conferred to Veteran Film producer D Rama Naidu". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  92. ^ TNN (2 October 2010). "Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  93. ^ "Telugu film industry enters new era | Business Line". Thehindubusinessline.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  94. ^ "Largest film studio". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  95. ^ "Andhra Pradesh, Literacy rate, 7+ yrs - Per cent". devinfo.org. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  96. ^ "Higher Education in AP". Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  97. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies". Rgukt.in. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  98. ^ "Acharya Nagarjuna University". nagarjunauniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  99. ^ "Andhra University, Visakhapatnam". andhrauniversity.edu.in. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  100. ^ "DSNLU". dsnlu.ac.in. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  101. ^ "Dravidian varsity VC's farewell jig with eunuchs - Times Of India". indiatimes.com. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  102. ^ "Dr.NTR University Of Health Sciences". ntruhs.ap.nic.in. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  103. ^ "JNTU-Kakinada". jntuk.edu.in. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  104. ^ "JNTU-Anantapur". jntua.ac.in. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  105. ^ "Sri Krishna Devaraya University". skuniversity.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  106. ^ "Sri Venkateswara University". svuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  107. ^ "EFL University". efluniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  108. ^ "teluguuniversity.ac.in". Teluguuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  109. ^ "nird.org.in". Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  110. ^ "SHAR". Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  111. ^ "Chandrayaan 1". Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  112. ^ "Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh". SAAP. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andhra Pradesh.
Government
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=611568140"