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See also: Shooting of Michael Brown
2014 Ferguson unrest
Police using tear gas against protests on August 14
DateAugust 9, 2014 (2014-08-09) – present (present)
(10 years, 4 months and 3 days)
Location
Ferguson, Missouri, United States
Parties
Protesters
Lead figures

Non-centralized leadership

Casualties
Injuries6[1]
Arrested34[1]

Following the shooting of Michael Brown on August 9, 2014, peaceful protests and civil disorder broke out the next day in Ferguson, Missouri, United States, and lasted for over a week. As the details of the original shooting event emerged from investigators, police grappled with establishing curfews and maintaining order, while members of the Ferguson community demonstrated in various ways[which?] in the vicinity of the original shooting.

Original shooting incident

Main article: Shooting of Michael Brown

Michael Brown, an 18-year-old man, died after being shot at least six times by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson, 28.[2][3][4] Brown was unarmed and had no criminal record.[5][6] According to Ferguson police, Brown was a suspect in a strong-armed robbery committed minutes before the shooting, although the initial contact between Wilson and Brown was unrelated to the robbery.[7][8] While the details of the investigation and the identity of the police officer loomed, popular grief turned to demonstrations.

Overview of protests and unrest

The protests began the day after the shooting. On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some crowd members became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil.[9] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[10] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[9] At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized, and a gas station was also set on fire, leading to over 30 arrests. Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday.[11] The people arrested face charges of assault, burglary, and theft. Police used a variety of equipment, including riot gear and helicopters, to disperse the crowd by 2:00 a.m.[12] Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events.[13]

Thereafter, every day brought additional protests and demonstrations and additional reactions by law enforcement officials. The nightly "violent clashes" in the streets were widely portrayed in news media, with, for example, some images of demonstrators throwing glass bottles and other images of police in riot gear using tear gas. In other cases, there were reports of protesters and law enforcement working together to prevent looting, or of Ferguson community members providing hot dogs to law enforcement officials even as they awaited justice in the shooting.

Parties involved

Demonstrators

Police and law enforcement agencies

Journalists

Timeline of events

Main article: Timeline of the 2014 Ferguson unrest

August 10–13: Protests and looting

Protests in Ferguson, Missouri
Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald Johnson

On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some crowd members became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil.[9] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[10] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles and confronting police who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[9] At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized, a gas station was set on fire, leading to over 30 arrests. Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday.[14] The people arrested face charges of assault, burglary and theft. Police used a variety of equipment, including riot gear and helicopters, to disperse the crowd by 2:00 a.m.[12] Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events.[15]

On August 11, police fired tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse a crowd at the shell of the QuikTrip[12] convenience store burnt out the night before. According to reports, gunshots were fired in Ferguson and five people were arrested.[16][17] Some protesters allegedly threw rocks at police. The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds upon those protesting, which included State Senator Maria Chappelle-Nadal.[18]

On August 12, several hundred protesters gathered in Clayton, the county seat, seeking criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting.[19] Protesters in Ferguson carried signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting "don't shoot!" According to police, some protesters threw bottles at the officers, prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd.[20] The following day, a heavily-armed SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse.[21] That night, police used smoke bombs, flash grenades, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the crowd. Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording.[22][23][24]

Between August 12 and 13, police officers fired tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters. At least seven protesters were arrested on the evening of August 12 and 13, after police told protesters to "'go home' or face arrest."[25] CNN cameras filmed an officer addressing a group of protesters by saying "Bring it, you fucking animals, bring it."[26]

August 13: Mandatory curfew and multiple arrests, including journalists

On August 13, while police were clearing a McDonald's restaurant prior to a police-imposed curfew, The Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery and The Huffington Post reporter Ryan Reilley were arrested while presumably charging their phones and using the restaurant's WiFi hotspot to access Twitter.[27] Officers reportedly asked them to leave first, gave them a 45-second countdown when they were not moving fast enough, and ultimately resorted to more forceful measures to remove people from the McDonald's.[28] "Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of," Lowery said.[29][30] Martin Baron, executive editor of The Washington Post, issued a statement, saying "there was absolutely no justification for Wesley Lowery's arrest," and that the police behavior "was wholly unwarranted and an assault on the freedom of the press to cover the news".[31]

Al Jazeera America journalists covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear-gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team. An officer was captured on video turning the reporters' video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment.[32][33][34][35] Al Jazeera America issued a statement, calling the incident an "egregious assault on the freedom of the press that was clearly intended to have a chilling effect on our ability to cover this important story".[36] On Thursday August 14, the St. Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that "... the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage" and that the SWAT team had helped journalists move their equipment at their request.[37] A raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as "St. Charles County SWAT" rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down.[38]

The Ferguson police chief denied any suppression of the media. U.S. President Barack Obama addressed the First Amendment violations, saying, "There's also no excuse for police to use excessive force against peaceful protests, or to throw protesters in jail for lawfully exercising their First Amendment rights. And here, in the United States of America, police should not be bullying or arresting journalists who are just trying to do their jobs and report to the American people on what they see on the ground."[39]

St. Louis alderman Antonio French, who was documenting the protests for social media, was also arrested by police in Ferguson on Wednesday night.[40] French said that he went into his car to escape tear gas and smoke bombs being thrown by police. While he was in his car, police approached him, dragging him out of the car. French was arrested for unlawful assembly.[41] Speaking to reporters after his release from jail on Thursday, French described the dozen or so other people arrested as "peacekeepers". "Inside that jail is nothing but peacekeepers," he said. "They rounded up the wrong people ... reverends, young people organizing the peace effort."[42][43][44]

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of Press, a large coalition of media and press freedom groups, wrote to police forces in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the harassment of journalists covering the protests.[45][46]

August 14: Operational shift: de-militarization of police and peaceful marches

SLCPD SWAT officers at Ferguson

On August 14, 2014, U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill (Missouri) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."[47] On August 14, 2014, City of St. Louis, Missouri Chief of Police Sam Dotson stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as that which transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by county police. In an email to a St. Louis alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."[48]

Missouri Governor Jay Nixon said at a press conference on August 14, that the Missouri State Highway Patrol would take over policing Ferguson from the St. Louis County police, whose tactics were widely criticized, referring to the change as "an operational shift", and that police will use force "only when necessary", and will generally "step back a little bit".[40] Nixon said that Ferguson security will be overseen by Captain Ron Johnson of the Highway Patrol. Johnson, an African-American, said he grew up in the community and "it means a lot to me personally that we break this cycle of violence."[49] Nixon said, "The people of Ferguson want their streets to be free of intimidation and fear" he said, but during the past few days, "it looked a little bit more like a war zone and that's not acceptable."[40] St. Louis county prosecutor Robert P. McCulloch criticized the governor's decision, saying "It's shameful what he did today; he had no legal authority to do that. To denigrate the men and women of the county police department is shameful."[50]

On the evening of August 14, 2014, Captain Johnson walked with and led a large, peaceful march in Ferguson.[51][52]

August 15: Ferguson Police Department release of information and looting resumed

Protests at Ferguson

Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson announced the name of the officer involved in the shooting in a news conference the morning of Friday, August 15, nearly a week after the officer shot Brown on Saturday afternoon. Jackson prefaced the name announcement by describing a "strong-arm" robbery that had occurred a few minutes before the shooting at a nearby convenience store called Ferguson Market & Liquor. A police report released to members of the media at the news conference described Brown as the suspect involved in the robbery.[53] Hours later, Jackson held another news conference in which he said Wilson wasn't aware of the robbery when he stopped Brown.[54]

On Friday night, protests continued in "an almost celebratory manner" near the QuikTrip[55][56] until police arrived at around 11:00 p.m.[57][58] Protesters and observers gathered near the Ferguson Market & Liquor (the store identified in the police report)[59] and largely prevented looting of the store. At around 1:30 a.m. Saturday morning, some of the crowd started looting the Ferguson Market & Liquor and other locations.

August 16–18: Re-escalation of civil unrest

Police responds to civil unrest, August 17
A protester, August 17

As a result of looting and disruption the night before, on August 16, Nixon declared in a press conference a state of emergency and implemented nightly curfews in Ferguson from midnight to 5:00 a.m. Some residents at the press conference said that law enforcement officers had instigated the violence with their military-like tactics.[60] Johnson said that police would not enforce the curfew with armored trucks and tear gas, and that police will communicate with protesters and give them time and opportunity to leave before curfew.[61]

In the early hours of August 17, tear gas and tactical units were used, despite prior assurances. One of the protesters were shot and critically wounded; police have claimed that they did not fire any shots.[62] Seven other individuals were arrested.[63][64] Later that morning, a Missouri Highway Patrol spokesman announced that the curfew would be extended for a second day.[65]

On August 18, after violent clashes during the imposed curfew, Nixon issued an executive order calling in the National Guard to "help restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson."[66] Nixon also announced that there would be no curfew on the night of August 18.[67]

Amnesty International sent a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest methods.[68]

Police were recorded threatening media with mace.[69][70] Police arrested photojournalist Scott Olson.[71]

After being briefed by Attorney General Eric Holder on the events, President Obama dispatched Holder to Ferguson to monitor the unrest there.[72]

On the night of August 18, after several hundred protesters, some of whom were seen throwing bottles, charged toward a wall of police 60 wide and five deep, members of the crowd pushed them back including clergymen and community leaders locking arms, averting a more serious confrontation.[73]

Overall racial context

According to The Washington Post, the incident sparked unrest in Ferguson largely due to questions of racism as a factor in the shooting.[74] Peaceful protests,[75] vandalism, and other forms of social unrest continued [76] ( for more than a week, with night curfew being imposed and escalated violence.[77][78] Widespread media coverage examined the trend of local police departments arming themselves with "military-grade weapons" and responding in a military fashion when dealing with protesting civilians and journalists covering volatile current events.[79]

Also according to The Washington Post, the Ferguson Police Department "bears little demographic resemblance" to the mostly African-American community, which already harbored "suspicions of the law enforcement agency" preceding Brown's shooting, with 48 of the police force's 53 officers being white,[80] while the population is only one-third white and about two-thirds black.[74][81] An annual report last year by the office of Missouri's attorney general concluded that Ferguson police were "twice as likely to arrest African Americans during traffic stops as they were whites".[74] The officer who shot Brown, Darren Wilson, is white, and lives in Crestwood, Missouri, 18 miles away from Ferguson.[82]

The Los Angeles Times argues that the situation that exploded in Ferguson "has been building for decades", and that protesters initially came from the town and neighboring towns that have pockets of poverty, the poorest of St. Louis, and lists "the growing challenge of the suburbanization of poverty" as the catalyst.[83]

Reactions to the protests and civil unrest

In the United States

Federal government

  • FAA—On August 12, citing an incident where a Ferguson Police Department helicopter was fired on from the ground, the FAA implemented a no-fly zone over Ferguson.[84][85]
  • In an August 14 op-ed in Time Magazine, U.S. Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky said that police forces need to be demilitarized and that "[t]he shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown is an awful tragedy" and that "Anyone who thinks race does not skew the application of criminal justice in this country is just not paying close enough attention."[86]
  • Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Representative Justin Amash of Michigan tweeted similar descriptions of Ferguson as a "war zone" in the aftermath of the police actions of August 12, with Amash calling the situation "frightening" on August 13 and Warren demanding answers on August 14.[87]
  • Representative Lacy Clay of Missouri, who represents Ferguson, stated on August 16 that he had "absolutely no confidence in the Ferguson police, the county prosecutor" to conduct a fair investigation into Brown's death.[88] Clay suggested that the police had released the information about the robbery in order to "negatively influence a jury pool in St. Louis County" and to "assassinate Michael Brown's character". On August 17, Clay called for "a national conversation about how police forces should interact with the African-American community".

Missouri government

  • On August 14, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon stated that the Ferguson riots were "deeply challenging" and "promised 'operational shifts' to ease the situation,[89] using the Missouri State Highway Patrol to direct security.[36]
  • Maria Chappelle-Nadal, a Missouri Senator who represented parts of Ferguson and was tear-gassed during the demonstrations, said in an interview that "It doesn't matter if Michael Brown committed theft or not. That's not the issue. The issue is what happened when Darren Wilson encountered Michael Brown, and when he died — when he was killed. Those are the only facts that are necessary."[90]

Local authorities

  • Jennings, Missouri: In response to safety concerns, the school district in nearby Jennings cancelled the first day of classes.[91][92]
  • Ferguson-Florissant School District, Missouri: In response to the continuing unrest in the community, Ferguson-Flourissant schools that were to open Thursday were closed and scheduled to reopen Monday[93] On Sunday Aug 17, the school district again cancelled the first day of classes due to ongoing unrest.[94]
  • On August 12, St. Louis Police Department chief Sam Dotson decided against providing any more manpower to Ferguson owing to concerns about the welfare of the protesters and police handling of the situation.[95]

Brown family

  • A member of the Brown family released a statement saying that "the stealing and breaking in stores is not what Mike will want, it is very upsetting to me and my family." The statement also said, "Our family didn't ask for this but for justice and peace."[96]

Polls

  • A Pew Research poll conducted August 14–17 among 1,000 adults, found stark racial and political divisions in reactions to the shooting. By about four-to-one, African Americans (80% to 18%) said the shooting raised important issues about race, while whites, by 47% to 37%, said the issue of race is getting more attention than it deserves. The divide in public opinion was also observed across partisan lines, with 68% of Democrats (including 62% of white Democrats) thought the incident raises important issues about race that merit discussion, while 61% of Republicans said the issue of race has gotten too much attention. Republicans were also more likely than Democrats to view the police response to as appropriate (43%), compared with 56% of Democrats who said police response went too far; 65% of Republicans expressed confidence in the investigations into the incident, compared with 38% of Democrats.[97]

Third parties

  • On August 10, Reverend Al Sharpton and the National Action Network announced their plans to travel to St. Louis.[98][99]
  • Local pastors held a vigil on the morning of Sunday, August 10.[99] Another vigil was planned on the same day, at 8:00 p.m. in the area where Brown was killed.[99]
  • National vigils and marches occurred on the evening of Thursday, August 14, in over 100 cities around the U.S. with thousands in attendance. They were organized by @FeministaJones, using Twitter and the #NMOS14 hashtag.[100][101]
  • Hacktivists claiming an association with Anonymous and operating under the codename "Operation Ferguson" organized cyberprotests by setting up a website and a Twitter account.[102] The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed, they would attack the city's servers and computers, taking them offline.[102] City officials said that e-mail systems were targeted and phones died, while the Internet crashed at the City Hall.[102][103] Prior to August 15, members of Anonymous corresponding with Mother Jones said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did.[104] On August 14, Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting.[40][105] However, police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect.[106] Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service.[107]
  • A group of Tibetan monks joined the protesters in Ferguson on Sunday, August 17.[108]
  • On August 17, about 150 people protested in downtown St. Louis in support of Darren Wilson. The protesters argued that Wilson had been victimized and that any punishment for him would cause law enforcement officers to be "frightened to do their jobs."[109]
  • CNN described the incident as having triggered a national debate on race relations, as well as the use of force and the militarization of the police in the United States.[76]

International reactions

States

  • China The New China News Agency said hours before Nixon ordered National Guard troops into Ferguson: “Obviously, what the United States needs to do is to concentrate on solving its own problems rather than always pointing fingers at others.”[110]
  • Germany Der Spiegel posted an interview with Marcel Kuhlmey, professor in the department of security management at the Berlin University of Economics and Lawa, a security expert, who asserted that what happened in Ferguson could never happen in Germany, stating that “In the U.S., it seems to me, the police are far quicker to resort to guns. Even at the training stage, there is a much heavier emphasis on shooting [than in Germany]”.[110] Zeit Online, described the incident as an example of deep-rooted racism in the U.S, concluding that “the situation of African-Americans has barely improved since Martin Luther King.”[111]
  • Iran The Islamic Republic News Agency, commented: “violence has become institutionalized in the U.S. in recent years, but since President Obama, the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner, came to the White House, the violence has intensified, and now it has erupted against blacks in Ferguson.”[110]
  • Egypt Turkey State of Palestine Protesters in the Middle East have expressed support for protesters in Ferguson, using social media to equate the protests and police response to conflicts in Egypt, Turkey, and the Gaza Strip, and offered advice on how to deal with tear gas.[112]
  • Russia The Russian Foreign Ministry stated “our American partners [have] to pay more attention to restoring order in their own country before imposing their dubious experience on other nations.” and that the U.S “has positioned itself as a ‘bastion of human rights’ and is actively engaged in 'export of democracy' on a systematic basis,” but that “serious violations of basic human rights and barbaric practices thrive” in the country.[110]
  • Spain El Mundo, wrote that Obama's "words of peace and reconciliation are perceived by many activists as inadequate and almost treason to a situation they see as a direct result of slavery and racial segregation laws that were in force until 1965."[111]
  • Sri Lanka The Sri Lankan Daily News opined: “For the U.S. to issue a travel warning for Sri Lanka does seem odd at a time when there are race riots in Missouri.”[110]
  • United Kingdom Abigail Chandler of the newspaper The Metro wrote that “While the [London riots] were at their worst, people were calling for rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannons to be used against the rioters, Ferguson is a living example of why we should be immensely grateful that those tactics were never used during the U.K. riots."[111]

Other

  • Amnesty International sent a team of human rights observers, trainers and researchers to Ferguson. This a first time that the organization has deployed such team in the United States.[113][114][115]
  • United Nations On August 18, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon called for U.S. authorities to ensure protection of the protesters' rights to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression. Through a spokesman, Ban called for "all to exercise restraint, for law enforcement officials to abide by U.S. and international standards in dealing with demonstrators".[116]

See also

References

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  54. ^ http://online.wsj.com/articles/police-name-darren-wilson-as-officer-in-ferguson-missouri-michael-brown-shooting-1408108371
  55. ^ "After nearly a week of nightly protests following the death of Michael Brown, the demonstrations in Ferguson Friday were the most peaceful, appearing almost celebratory. Music played, as people danced and generally seemed to be having a good time. "It's kind of weird to be having fun tonight," Lordell Rush, 27, said around 10 p.m. as he watched a crowd gather around a drummer outside the QuikTrip store that demonstrators had burned down earlier in the week" http://www.ibtimes.com/ferguson-during-friday-police-standoff-protesters-try-stop-looters-entering-stores-1660418
  56. ^ http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2014/08/16/clean-up-underway-after-more-rioting-looting-in-ferguson/
  57. ^ "But things changed around 11 p.m. Police officers appeared on the scene in riot gear and armored vehicles, and used smoke bombs and mace against protesters who refused to clear the street." http://www.ibtimes.com/ferguson-during-friday-police-standoff-protesters-try-stop-looters-entering-stores-1660418
  58. ^ "Just before midnight Saturday morning, some in what had been a large and rowdy but mostly well-behaved crowd, broke into that convenience store and began looting it. Police and about 200 protesters clashed. Police again brought out the riot gear and gas masks to quell with what Missouri State Highway Patrol Captain Ron Johnson called a riot of 200 people." http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2014/08/16/clean-up-underway-after-more-rioting-looting-in-ferguson/
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