Jump to content

Safiye Sultan (mother of Mehmed III)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Will123Smith (talk | contribs) at 09:20, 1 September 2014 (She was probably albanian.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Sāfiya Vālida Sultān
The burial place of "Safiye (Sāfeya) Vālida Sultān" is located inside the Hagia Sophia Mosque, Istanbul
Bornc. 1550
probably Principality of Dukagjini
Died10 November 1605
Edirne, the Ottoman Empire
Resting placeHagia Sophia Mosque
Known forValide Sultan, Haseki Sultan
SpouseMurad III
PartnerLeonardo Baffo
ChildrenMehmed III
Ayşe Sultan
Fatma Sultan

Safiye Sultan (fully Davlatlu İsmatlu Sāfiya Vālida Sultān Aliyyetü'ş-şân Hazretleri; Template:Lang-ota; c. 1550 – 10 November 1605),[1] was the favourite consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad III, and Valide sultan to her son, Sultan Mehmed III.

The husband of "Sāfiya Vālida Sultān," Ottoman Sultan Murad III.
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, the son of Safiye Valide sultan.

Biography

The identity of Safiye has often been confused with that of her Venetian mother-in-law Nûr-Bānū,[2] leading some to believe that Safiye was also of Venetian descent, descended from Venetian Governor of Corfu, captured by Muslim pirates and presented to the Sultan's harem in 1562. However, Safiye was probobly Albanian, from the village of Rezi in the Ducagini mountains.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

In 1563, at the age of 13, she was presented as a slave to the future Murad III by Hüma, a granddaughter of Suleiman the Magnificent.[14] Given the name Safiye ("the pure one"), she became a concubine of Murad (then the eldest son of Sultan Selim II). In 1566, she gave birth to Murad's son, the future Mehmed III.

Time as consort

Murad succeeded as Sultan on Selim's death in 1574, and Safiye became his chief consort, while Nûr-Bānū became Valida Sultânā. Nûr-Bānū (and after her Safiye) wielded great political power, and were two of the most powerful figures during the "Sultanate of Women".

Safiye had been Murad's only concubine during his princedom, and he continued having a monogamous relationship with her for several years into his sultanate. His mother Nûr-Bānū tried persuading him to take other concubines for the good of the dynasty,[15] which by 1581 had only one surviving heir (Murad's son Mehmed). In 1583, Nûr-Bānū accused Safiye of using witches and sorcerers to render Murad impotent and prevent him from taking new concubines. This resulted in the imprisonment and torture of Safiye's servants.[16] Murad's sister Esmehan presented him with two beautiful concubines, which he accepted. Cured of his impotence, he went on to father twenty sons and twenty-seven daughters.[17]

Venetian reports state that after an initial bitterness, Safiye kept her dignity and showed no jealousy of Murad's concubines. She even procured more for him, earning the gratitude of the Sultan, who continued to value her and consult her on political matters, especially after the death of Nûr-Bānū. During Murad's latter years, Safiye returned to being his only companion.[18] However, it is unlikely that Safiye ever became Murad's official wife—though the Ottoman historian Mustafa Ali refers to her as such, he is contradicted by reports from the Venetian and English ambassadors.[19]

Valide Sultan

When Murad died in 1595, Safiye arranged for her son Mehmed to succeed as Sultan, and she became the Valide Sultan—one of the most powerful in Ottoman history. Until her son's death in 1603, Ottoman politics were determined by a party headed by herself and Gazanfer Ağa, chief of the white eunuchs and head of the enderun (the imperial inner palace).[20]

Safiye eventually enjoyed an enormous stipend of 3,000 aspers a day during the latter part of her son's reign.[21] When Mehmed III went on the Eger campaign in Hungary in 1596, he gave his mother great power over the empire, leaving her in charge of the treasury. During her interim rule she persuaded her son to revoke a political appointment of the judgeship of Istanbul and to reassign to the grand vizierate to Ibrahim Pasha, her son-in-law.[22]

During this period, the secretary of the English ambassador reported that while in the palace, Safiye "espied a number of boats upon the river [the Bosphorus] hurrying together. The Queen Mother sent to enquire of the matter [and] was told that the Vizier did justice upon certain chabies [kahpe], that is, whores. She, taking displeasure, sent word and advised [the Vizier] that her son had left him to govern the city and not to devour the women; [thus] commanding him to look well to the other business and not to meddle any more with the women till his master's return." [23]

Interior design of Yeni Mosque in Eminönü, Istanbul. ( Her construction was begun during the regency of Safiye Valida Sultânā, the mother of Sultan Mehmed III).

The greatest crisis Safiye endured as Valide Sultan stemmed from her reliance on her kira, Esperanza Malchi. A kira was a non-Muslim woman (typically Jewish) who acted as an intermediary between a secluded woman of the harem and the outside world, serving as a business agent and secretary. In 1600 the imperial cavalry rose in rebellion at the influence of Malchi and her son, who had amassed over 50 million aspers in wealth. Safiye was held responsible for this, along with the debased currency the troops were paid with, and nearly suffered the wrath of the soldiers, who brutally killed Malchi and her son. Mehmed III was forced to say "he would counsel his mother and correct his servants." To prevent the soldiers from suspecting her influence over the Sultan, Safiye persuaded Mehmed to have his decrees written out by the Grand Vizier, instead of personally signing them.[24]

Safiye was instrumental in the execution of Prince Mahmud in 1602, having intercepted a message sent to his mother by a religious seer, who predicted that Mehmed III would die in six months and be succeeded by his son. According to the English ambassador, Mahmud was distressed at "how his father was altogether led by the old Sultana his Grandmother & the state went to Ruin, she respecting nothing but her own desire to get money, & often lamented thereof to his mother," who was "not favored of the Queen mother." [25] The sultan, suspecting a plot and jealous of his son's popularity, had him strangled.

Mehmed III was succeeded by his son Ahmed I in 1603. One of his first major decisions was to deprive his grandmother of power—she was banished to the Old Palace in January 1604.[26]

All succeeding Sultans were descended from Safiye.[27]

Foreign relations

Safiye, like Nûr-Bānū, advocated a generally pro-Venetian policy and regularly interceded on behalf of the Venetian ambassadors, one of whom described her to the senate as "a woman of her word, trustworthy, and I call say that in her alone have I found truth in Constantinople; therefore it will always benefit Your Serenity to promote her gratitude."[28]

Safiye also maintained good relations with England. She persuaded Mehmed III to let the English ambassador accompany him on campaign in Hungary.[29] One unique aspect of her career is that she corresponded personally with Queen Elizabeth I of England, volunteering to petition the Sultan on Elizabeth's behalf. The monarchs also exchanged gifts. On one occasion, Safiye received a portrait of Elizabeth in exchange for "two garments of cloth of silver, one girdle of cloth of silver, [and] two handkerchiefs wrought with massy gold." [30] In a letter from 1599, Safiye responds to Elizabeth's request for good relations between the empires:

The Yeni Mosque in Eminönü, Istanbul, (Her construction was begun by Safiye Valida Sultânā and completed during the regency of Turhan Hatice, the mother of Sultan Mehmed IV).

"I have received your letter...God-willing, I will take action in accordance with what you have written. Be of good heart in this respect. I constantly admonish my son, the Padishah, to act according to the treaty. I do not neglect to speak to him in this manner. God-willing, may you not suffer grief in this respect. May you too always be firm in friendship. God-willing, may [our friendship] never die. You have sent me a carriage and it has been delivered. I accept it with pleasure. And I have sent you a robe, a sash, two large gold-embroidered bath towels, three handkerchiefs, and a ruby and pearl tiara. May you excuse [the unworthiness of the gifts]."[31]

Safiye had the carriage covered and used it on excursions to town, which was considered scandalous. This exchange of letters and gifts between Safiye and Elizabeth I presented an interesting gender dynamic to their political relationship. In juxtaposition to the traditional means of exchanging women in order to secure diplomatic, economic, or military alliances, Elizabeth I and Safiye's exchange put them in the position of power rather than the objects of exchange.[32]

An unusual occurrence in Safiye's relationship with England was her attraction to Paul Pindar, secretary to English Ambassador and deliverer of Elizabeth's coach. According to Thomas Dallam (who presented Elizabeth's gift of an organ to Mehmed III), "the sultana did take great liking to Mr. Pinder, and afterwards she sent for him to have his private company, but their meeting was crossed." [33]

Public works

Safiye is also famous for starting the construction of Yeni Mosque, the "new mosque" in Eminönü, Istanbul, in 1597. Part of Istanbul's Jewish quarter was razed to make way for the structure, whose massive building costs made Safiye unpopular with the soldiery, who wanted her exiled. At one point Mehmed III temporarily sent her to the Old Palace.[34] Though she returned, she did not live to see the mosque completed. After Mehmed died, Safiye lost power and was permanently exiled to the Old Palace. The mosque's onstruction was halted for decades. It was finally completed in 1665 by another Valide Sultan, Turhan Hatice, mother of Mehmed IV. The Al-Malika Safiye Mosque in Cairo is named in Safiye's honor.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Peirce, p.308
  3. ^ Peirce, p.94
  4. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=1uCaELAsv3MC&pg=PA73&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m_ECVN3MJa2B7Qar84DQDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safiye%20sultan%20albanian&f=false
  5. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=q5rtAAAAMAAJ&q=safiye+sultan+albanian&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m_ECVN3MJa2B7Qar84DQDw&redir_esc=y
  6. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=pZXcviUTeM8C&pg=PA218&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m_ECVN3MJa2B7Qar84DQDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safiye%20sultan%20albanian&f=false
  7. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=HgzIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m_ECVN3MJa2B7Qar84DQDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safiye%20sultan%20albanian&f=false
  8. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=Te5QRi35W5EC&pg=PA20&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m_ECVN3MJa2B7Qar84DQDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safiye%20sultan%20albanian&f=false
  9. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=_p0gAQAAIAAJ&q=safiye+sultan+albanian&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=sq&sa=X&ei=lwYDVIqSJYWk0QWbhIDIDA&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBTgK
  10. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=WZDrAAAAMAAJ&q=safiye+sultan+albanian&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=sq&sa=X&ei=lwYDVIqSJYWk0QWbhIDIDA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwCDgK
  11. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=Za0TAQAAIAAJ&q=safiye+sultan+albanian&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=sq&sa=X&ei=pAcDVN2VFfKw7AbB2IG4DQ&ved=0CAoQ6AEwADgU
  12. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=mXsoAQAAIAAJ&q=safiye+sultan+albanian&dq=safiye+sultan+albanian&hl=sq&sa=X&ei=pAcDVN2VFfKw7AbB2IG4DQ&ved=0CA8Q6AEwATgU
  13. ^ http://books.google.al/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&pg=PA94&dq=mehmed+III+albanian+mother&hl=sq&sa=X&ei=U0EDVNOGDqTuyQP0lYKoAg&ved=0CA8Q6AEwATgy
  14. ^ Pedani, p. 11.
  15. ^ Peirce, p.95
  16. ^ Pedani, p.13.
  17. ^ Peirce, p.94
  18. ^ Peirce, p.94
  19. ^ Peirce, p.94
  20. ^ Pedani, p.15.
  21. ^ Peirce, p. 126
  22. ^ Peirce, p. 240
  23. ^ Peirce, p. 202
  24. ^ Peirce, p. 242-3
  25. ^ Peirce, p. 231
  26. ^ Börekçi, Günhan. "Ahmed I." Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters. New York: Facts on File, 2009. p. 23.
  27. ^ See A. D. Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman dynasty. Oxford: Clarendon, 1956. Table XXXI et seq.
  28. ^ Peirce, p. 223
  29. ^ Peirce, p. 226
  30. ^ Peirce, p. 219
  31. ^ Peirce, p. 228
  32. ^ Andrea, Bernadette (2007). Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature. New York City: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-12176-7.
  33. ^ Peirce, p. 225
  34. ^ Peirce, p. 242
  • Maria Pia Pedani, Safiye’s Household and Venetian Diplomacy, Turcica, 32 (2000), pp. 9–32.
  • Leslie P. Peirce. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press, 1993.
Ottoman royalty
Preceded by Haseki Sultan
7 December 1583 – 15 January 1595 		Succeeded by
Ottoman royalty
Preceded by Valide Sultan
15 January 1595 – 22 December 1603 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Safiye_Sultan_(mother_of_Mehmed_III)&oldid=623686466"