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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Formation1910
TypeInternational Relations Think Tank
Headquarters1779 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington D.C.
Location
President
Jessica Mathews
Websitewww.carnegieendowment.org

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a foreign-policy think tank with centers in Washington, D.C., Moscow, Beirut, Beijing, and Brussels.[1] The organization describes itself as being dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and promoting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910 by Andrew Carnegie, its work is not formally associated with any political party.

In the University of Pennsylvania's 2013 Global Go To Think Tanks Report, Carnegie is ranked the third most influential think tank in the world, after the Brookings Institution and Chatham House.[2]

Its headquarters building, prominently located on the Embassy Row section of Massachusetts Avenue, was completed in 1989 on a design by architecture firm Smith, Hinchman & Gryll. It also hosts the embassy of Papua New Guinea in the U.S.

Organizational history

Establishment

Industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1913.

Andrew Carnegie, like other leading internationalists of his day, believed that war could be eliminated by stronger international laws and organizations. "I am drawn more to this cause than to any," he wrote in 1907. Carnegie's single largest commitment in this field was his creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[3]

On his seventy-fifth birthday, November 25, 1910, Andrew Carnegie announced the establishment of the Endowment with a gift of $10 million. In his deed of gift, presented in Washington on December 14, 1910, Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization", and he gave his trustees "the widest discretion as to the measures and policy they shall from time to time adopt" in carrying out the purpose of the fund.[4]

Carnegie chose longtime adviser Elihu Root, Senator from New York and former Secretary of War and of State, to be the Endowment's first president. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912, Root served until 1925. Founder trustees included Harvard University president Charles William Eliot, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings, former U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain Joseph Hodges Choate, former Secretary of State John W. Foster, and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching president Henry Smith Pritchett.[3]

The first fifty years: 1910–1960

At the outset of America's involvement in World War I in 1917, the Carnegie Endowment trustees unanimously declared, "the most effective means of promoting durable international peace is to prosecute the war against the Imperial Government of Germany to final victory for democracy."[5] In December 1918, Carnegie Endowment Secretary James Brown Scott and four other Endowment personnel, including James T. Shotwell, sailed with President Woodrow Wilson on the USS George Washington to join the peace talks in France.

Carnegie is often remembered for having built Carnegie libraries, which were a major recipient of his largesse. The libraries were usually funded not by the Endowment but by other Carnegie trusts, operating mainly in the English-speaking world. However, after World War I the Endowment built libraries in Belgium, France[6] and Serbia in three cities which had been badly damaged in the war.

On July 14, 1923, the Hague Academy of International Law, an initiative of the Endowment, was formally opened in the Peace Palace at The Hague. The Peace Palace had been built by the Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands) in 1913 to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration and a library of international law.

In 1925, Nicholas Murray Butler succeeded Elihu Root as president of the Endowment. For his work, including his involvement with the Kellog-Briand Pact, Butler was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.[7]

In November 1944, the Carnegie Endowment published Raphael Lemkin's Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation—Analysis of Government—Proposals for Redress. The work was the first to bring the word genocide into the global lexicon.[8] In April 1945, James T. Shotwell, director of the Carnegie Endowment's Division of Economics and History, served as chairman of the semiofficial consultants to the U.S. delegation at the San Francisco conference to draw up the United Nations Charter.[9] As chairman, Shotwell pushed for an amendment to establish a permanent United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which exists to this day.

In December 1945, Butler stepped down after twenty years as president and chairman of the board of trustees. Butler was the last living member of the original board selected by Andrew Carnegie in 1910.[10] John Foster Dulles was elected to succeed Butler as chairman of the Board of Trustees, where he served until fellow board member Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president of the U.S. in 1952 and appointed Dulles Secretary of State.[10]

Alger Hiss briefly succeeded Butler as president of the Endowment in 1946 but resigned in 1949 after being denounced as a communist and a spy by Whittaker Chambers. Hiss was replaced in the interim by James T. Shotwell.

In 1947, the Carnegie Endowment's headquarters were moved closer to the United Nations in New York City, while the Washington office became a subsidiary branch. In 1949, the Washington branch was shuttered.[5]

In 1950, the Endowment board of trustees appointed Joseph E. Johnson, a historian and former State Department official, to take the helm.

The Cold War years: 1960–1990

In 1963, the Carnegie Endowment reconstituted its International Law Program in order to address several emerging international issues: the increase in significance and impact of international organizations; the technological revolution that facilitated the production of new military weaponry; the spread of Communism; the surge in newly independent states; and the challenges of new forms of economic activity, including global corporations and intergovernmental associations. The program resulted in the New York-based Study Group on the United Nations and the International Organization Study Group at the European Centre in Geneva.[5]

In 1970, Thomas L. Hughes became the sixth president of the Carnegie Endowment. Hughes moved the Endowment's headquarters from New York to Washington, D.C., and closed the Endowment's European Centre in Geneva.

The Carnegie Endowment acquired full ownership of Foreign Policy magazine in the spring of 1978. The Endowment published Foreign Policy for 30 years, moving it from a quarterly academic journal to a bi-monthly glossy covering the nexus of globalization and international policy. The magazine was sold to The Washington Post in 2008.

In 1981, Carnegie Endowment Associate Fred Bergsten co-founded the Institute for International Economics—today known as the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Citing the growing danger of a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan, Thomas L. Hughes formed an eighteen-member Task Force on Non-Proliferation and South Asian Security to propose methods for reducing the growing nuclear tensions on the subcontinent.[5]

In 1989, two former Carnegie associates, Barry Blechman and Michael Krepon, founded the Henry L. Stimson Center.

After the Cold War: 1990–2000

In 1991, Morton Abramowitz was named the seventh president of the Endowment. Abramowitz, previously a State Department official, focused the Endowment's attention on Russia in the post-Soviet era.[5] In this spirit, the Carnegie Endowment opened the Carnegie Moscow Center in 1994 as a home of Russian scholar-commentators.[11]

Jessica Mathews joined the Carnegie Endowment as its eighth president in May 1997, a position she still holds today. Under her leadership, Carnegie's stated goal is to become the first multinational/global think tank.[12]

In 2000, Jessica Mathews announced the creation of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) headed by Demetrios Papademetriou which became the first stand-alone think tank concerned with international migration.[13]

The global think tank

As first laid out with the Global Vision in 2007, the Carnegie Endowment aspires to be the first global think tank.[14] Jessica Mathews has said that her aim is to make Carnegie the place that brings what the world thinks into thinking about U.S. policy and to communicate that thinking to a global audience.[10]

During Mathews' tenure as president, the Carnegie Endowment has launched the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut (2006), Carnegie Europe in Brussels (2007), and Carnegie-Tsinghua at the Tsinghua University in Beijing (2010). Additionally, in partnership with the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Carnegie established the Al-Farabi Carnegie Program on Central Asia in Kazakhstan in late 2011.

The Carnegie Endowment office in Washington, D.C., is home to eight programs: The Nuclear Policy Program, Russia & Eurasia Program, South Asia Program, Democracy & Rule of Law Program, Asia Program, Energy & Climate Program, Middle East Program, and International Economics Program.[15]

The Endowment currently publishes International Economics Bulletin, Pro-et-Contra in Russian, China Insights Monthly in Chinese, the nuclear policy newsletter Pro News, and the Arab reform-focused Sada Journal.

Carnegie Moscow Center

In 1993, the Endowment launched the Carnegie Moscow Center, with the belief that "in today's world a think tank whose mission is to contribute to global security, stability, and prosperity requires a permanent presence and a multinational outlook at the core of its operations."[16]

The Center's stated goals are to embody and promote the concepts of disinterested social science research and the dissemination of its results in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia; to provide a free and open forum for the discussion and debate of critical national, regional and global issues; and to further cooperation and strengthen relations between Russia and the United States by explaining the interests, objectives and policies of each.[17]

From 2006 until December 2008, the Center was led by current United States Assistant Secretary of State for Verification, Compliance, and Implementation Rose Gottemoeller. The Center is currently headed by Dmitri Trenin, its first Russian director.

Carnegie Middle East Center

The Carnegie Middle East Center was established in Beirut, Lebanon in November, 2006. The Center aims to better inform the process of political change in the Arab Middle East and deepen understanding of the complex economic and security issues that affect it. As of 2013, Lina Khatib is the current director of the Center, after taking over from Paul Salem, who directed the Center since its launch in 2006.[18]

Carnegie Europe

Founded in 2007, Carnegie Europe is the European centre of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. From its newly expanded presence in Brussels, Carnegie Europe combines the work of its research platform with the fresh perspectives of Carnegie's centres in Washington, Moscow, Beijing, and Beirut, bringing a unique global vision to the European policy community. Through publications, articles, seminars, and private consultations, Carnegie Europe aims to foster new thinking on the daunting international challenges shaping Europe's role in the world.[19]

Carnegie Europe is currently directed by Jan Techau.

Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy

The Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy was established at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2010. The Center's focuses include China's foreign relations; international economics and trade; climate change and energy; nonproliferation and arms control; and other global and regional security issues such as North Korea, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.[20]

The current director of the Center is Paul Haenle.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "About the Global Think Tank". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  2. ^ University of Pennsylvania 2013 Global Go To Think Tanks Ranking Released 30 January 2014
  3. ^ a b "Endowment History". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  4. ^ Edmund Jan Osmanczyk and Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. London: Routledge, 2004.
  5. ^ a b c d e "A Timeline of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  6. ^ "Bibliotheque Carnegie". Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  7. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1931". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  8. ^ "About Raphael Lemkin". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  9. ^ "James T. Shotwell: A Life Devoted to Organizing Peace". Columbia University. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  10. ^ a b c "100 Years of Impact" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  11. ^ "About the Carnegie Moscow Center". Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  12. ^ "About the Carnegie Endowment". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  13. ^ "Carnegie Timeline". carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved Oct 2, 2013.
  14. ^ "A New Vision for the Carnegie Endowment". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  15. ^ "Programs". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  16. ^ About the Endowment Carnegie Endowment website
  17. ^ "About the Carnegie Moscow Center". Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  18. ^ "Lina Khatib Named Director of Carnegie Middle East Center". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
  19. ^ "About Carnegie Europe". Carnegie Europe. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  20. ^ "About the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center". Carnegie-Tsinghua Center. Retrieved 2012-03-06.

Officers

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
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