Near-close near-back rounded vowel
| Near-close near-back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʊ | |||
| IPA number | 321 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028A | ||
| X-SAMPA | U | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Near-close near-back unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɯ̽ | |
| ʊ̜ | |
| Audio sample | |
The near-close near-back vowel, or near-high near-back vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol for the near-close near-back rounded vowel is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Some languages may have a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, which can be represented with ⟨ɯ̽⟩ or ⟨ʊ̜⟩ in the IPA.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel roundedness is sometimes rather ambiguous, but it is generally a rounded vowel, which means that the lips are rounded to a greater or lesser degree.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, an unrounded vowel is represented by the "less-rounded" diacritic [ʊ̜], and a back rounded vowel is represented by the "retracted" diacritic [ʊ̠]:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic[citation needed] | كتب | [ˈkʊtʊb] | 'books' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Cabécar[citation needed] | [Köpö´] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʊpʊː] | 'sleep' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 紅 hung4 | [hʊŋ˨˩] | 'red' | It can be pronounced [o̞] too. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 紅 hóng | [xʊŋ˧˥] | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Shanghainese [citation needed] |
花 ho | [hʊ] | 'flower' | ||
| Dutch | Some speakers [citation needed] |
[[[Dutch orthography|door]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dʊ̠ːr] | 'through' | Retracted. Allophone of /oː/ before /r/ for some speakers, may be [oː~oə̯] instead. See Dutch phonology |
| Dutch Low Saxon [citation needed] |
Some speakers | [doar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | |||
| Tweants | [bloom] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [blʊ̠ːm] | 'flower' | Retracted. Pronounced [oː~oʊ̯] in other dialects. | |
| English | Most dialects | [hook] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hʊk] | 'hook' | May be only slightly rounded. See English phonology |
| Australian[1] | [pool] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pʰʊːɫ] | 'pool' | Allophone of /ʉː/ before /l/, used in some regions. See Australian English phonology | |
| Southern Irish | [plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [plʊs] | 'plus' | Present in dialects without the foot-strut split. | |
| Northern English | |||||
| Hindustani | [[[Dēvanāgarī|गुलाब]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help)/گلاب | [gʊˈläːb] | 'rose' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Faroese | [hvalur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kvɛalʊɹ] | 'whale' | ||
| French | Quebec | [foule] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fʊl] | 'crowd' | Allophone of /u/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard[2] | [Schutz] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃʊt͡s] | 'protection' | See German phonology |
| Korean[3] | 어른 eoreun | [ɘːɾɯ̽n] | 'seniors' | Typically transcribed as ⟨ɯ⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[4] | [Sprooch] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃpʀʊ̠ːχ] | 'language' | Fully back. May be transcribed /oː/. | |
| Mongolian[5] | ус | [ʊs] | 'water' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[6] | [ond] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʊn̪] | 'bad' | May be transcribed /u/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Portuguese | European[7] | [pegar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pɯ̽ˈɣäɾ] | 'to hold' | Unstressed vowel. Most often transcribed as /ɨ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian[8] | bonito | [bʊˈn̠ʲit̪ʊ] | 'handsome', 'beautiful' (m.) | Unstressed vowel ⟨o⟩ in some dialects.[8] Corresponds to [u ~ o̞] in Brazil and /u/ in other national variants. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਪੁਦੀਨਾ | [pʊˈd̪iːnäː] | 'mint' | ||
| Russian[9] | [сухой] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'dry' | Unstressed allophone of /u/. See Russian phonology | ||
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[10] | [tus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪ʊ̠ː] | 'your' (pl.) | Fully back. Corresponds to [u] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[10] | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[11] | [[[Swedish alphabet|ort]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'locality' | Retracted and exolabial (compressed). See Swedish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[citation needed] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|thu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʰʊw] | 'autumn' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
References
- ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Lee (1999:?)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:69)
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14: 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6