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Jenini was a slave camp in Ghana during Samory Toure’s reign c. 1870 - 1895 AD.[1]

About the Occupiers of Jenini: The enslaved people would come from different areas, being exposed to a different socio-cultural environment.[2] 

People enter slavery through being captured, purchased or born into slavery.[3] Enslaved people would live in their master’s compound (in a special section), while some may live in a separate village/hamlet.[4] In cases, enslaved people can receive religious education (a few prayers if they were Muslim) and enough education to participate in the community’s religious life[5]Enslaved people can purchase their own freedom; also they can farm their own land if they were permitted to have land.[6]The enslaved people are found in military, agriculture, craft production, smith, trade, and leather work.[7]

Archaeology: Sourcing of ceramics found during archaeological investigations at Jenini was done using instrumental neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression spectrometry.[8] The team, B.J.B Nyarko et al., used 26 samples from pottery sherds[2]The pottery sherds, that were used to analyze, were taken from three spots from the site, Trench 1, Trench 2, and Pit 1[2]Their geochemical signatures are similar, demonstrating they are made of the same raw material or of raw material with similar raw [2] Evidence suggests that the enslaved people, held at the camp, used clay from the same source for their pottery[2]

The neutron activation analysis supports though the enslaved people came from many different regions, they made pottery from a similar geographical source. This study is important to understand the lives of the occupiers at Jenini. Also, this study helped inspire other archaeological research, for example looking at ancient pottery from the Accra region of Ghana.[9]The researcher used 40 pottery sherds to identify pottery types or groups that can be differentiated from other groups to reveal meaningful archaeological interpretation.[10]Because of this method, the researchers were able to deduce that their designated sites, Ayawaso and Shai, produced their own pots while Wullf, another site, purchased their pots from the two sites.[10]

Brief History of Samory Toure: Samory Toure, a Mandinka warrior, established slave camps in Ghana between 1870 and 1895.[2]He is known for resisting French colonization during the nineteenth century.[11] He built an empire covering parts of Bamako, Mali, Burkina Faso, La Coté d’Ivoire, and Ghana, and Sudan.[12][2] His military operations affected large areas that encompassed different ecological, ethnic and linguistic zones [2] Toure’s activities took place along side during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. [2]

Preservation and Issues surrounding the camps: Slave camps and markets of the Bolgatanga region, deep in West Africa interior serves as a reminder of the slave trade.[13] Mentioned in Ghana News, Dr. Akosua Perdi said there are mass graves that still need to be excavated.[14][15]Dr. Perbi gave details about the condition: "As people sweep their compounds everyday they could see frames of skulls on the ground, and whenever it rains, a lot of bones are washed away."[15]

Ghanaian Historian Akosua Perbi and archaeologist Yaw Bredwan-Mensah are seeing through the preservation of the burial mounds[16]Though, the burial mounds have been disturbed by local sensibilities and politics[17]

Another place named Jenini: Sir Philip Brocklehurst mentioned a town named Jenini when crossing Wadai, which is in East Africa region.[18]


Reference

Blackpast.org 2008 Touré, Samori (1830-1900). Webpage. http://www.blackpast.org/gah/toure-samori-1830-1900

Broklrhurst, Philip 1922 Across Wadai. In Geographic Journal Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 233-243. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1781506

Klein, Martin and Paul E. Lovejoy 1979 Slavery in West Africa. In The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, edited by Gemery, Henry A. and Jan S. Hogendorn, pp. 181-212. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Ghanaweb 2004 Conference look for evidence of slave trade. web article. http://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=65156, accessed October 11, 2014.

Nyarko, B.J.B., and Y. Bredwa-Mensah, Y. Serfor-Armah, S.B. Dampare, E.H.K Akaho, S. Osae, A. Perbi, A. Chatt 

       2007  Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry. In Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B 263. pp. 196-203.

Soyinka, Wole 2010 Between Truths and Indulgences. In Transition, No. 103, pp. 110-117. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/10.2979/TRS.2010.-.103.110.pdf?&acceptTC=true& jpdConfirm=true. accessed October 13, 2014.

Tandoh, J.B., and Y. Bredwa-Mensah, S.B. Dampare, E.H.K. Akaho, B.J.B Nyarko 2009 Chemical Characterization of Ancient Pottery from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana Using Neutron Activation Analysis. In Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B 267. pp. 1924-1930.

  1. ^ Nyarko, B.J.B; Breda-Mensah, Y.; Serfor-Armah, Y.; Dampare, S.B.; Akaho, E.H.K.; Osae, S.; Perdi, A.; Chatt, A. (2007). "Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach. B (263): 196-203.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: The named reference Nyarko et al.: 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Martin Klein; Paul Lovejoy (1979). "Chapter 7: Slavery in West Africa". In Gemery, Henry A.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (eds.). The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press. p. 185-187.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Klein & Lovejoy, 1979: 187 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Klein & Lovejoy, 1979:188 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Klein & Lovejoy, 1979: 189-190 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Klein & Lovejoy, 1979: 192-194 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Nyarko, B.J.B; Breda-Mensah, Y.; Serfor-Armah, Y.; Dampare, S.B.; Akaho, E.H.K.; Osae, S.; Perdi, A.; Chatt, A. (2007). "Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach. B (263): 196-203.
  9. ^ Tandoh, J.B.; Bredwa-Mensah, Y.; Dampare, S.B.; Akaho, E.H.K.; Nyarko, B.J.B (2007). "Chemical Characterization of Ancient Pottery from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana using Neutron Activation Analysis". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. B: 1924–1930.
  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Tandoh et al.: 2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Touré, Samori (1830-1900)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  12. ^ "Touré, Samori (1830-1900)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  13. ^ Soyinka, Wole (2010). "Between Truths and Indulgences". Transition (103): 115. Retrieved 13 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  14. ^ "Conference look for evidence of slave trade". GhanaWeb. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2014.. Perdi stated that people could find human bones lying outside house that had been built on the burial site
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Ghanaweb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Soyinka, 2010: 115 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Soyinka, 2010: 116 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Brocklehurst, Philip (April 1922). "Across Wadai". The Geographical Journal. 59 (4): 233–243. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
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