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Continuous passive motion

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A continuous passive motion machine for knee joint recovery

Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices are used during the first phase of rehabilitation following a soft tissue surgical procedure or trauma. The goals of phase 1 rehabilitation are: control post-operative pain, reduce inflammation, provide passive motion in a specific plane of movement, and protect the healing repair or tissue. CPM is carried out by a CPM device, which constantly moves the joint through a controlled range of motion; the exact range is dependent upon the joint, but in most cases the range of motion is increased over time.

CPM is used following various types of reconstructive joint surgery such as knee replacement and ACL reconstruction. Its mechanisms of action for aiding joint recovery are dependent upon what surgery is performed. One mechanism is the movement of synovial fluid to allow for better diffusion of nutrients into damaged cartilage (which would be unimportant in the event of joint replacement), and diffusion of other materials out; such as blood and metabolic waste products. Another mechanism is the prevention of fibrous scar tissue formation in the joint, which tends to decrease the range of motion for a joint. The concept was created by Robert B. Salter M.D in 1970 and, along with help from engineer John Saringer, a device was created in 1978.[1][2]

CPM Following Knee Arthroplasty

For people who have had total knee replacement without complications, continuous passive motion has not been shown to provide clinically relevant benefits.[3] CPM does not improve long-term function, long-term knee flexion, knee extension in the short or long term, and has not been shown to reduce pain and or increase quality of life.[3] Additionally, CPM is expensive, inconvenient, and brings risk of complication while distracting patients from useful treatment.[3] In unusual cases where the person has problem which prevents standard mobilization treatment, then CPM may be useful.[3]

References

  1. ^ Salter RB (May 1989). "The biologic concept of continuous passive motion of synovial joints. The first 18 years of basic research and its clinical application". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (242): 12–25. PMID 2650945.
  2. ^ Salter RB, Hamilton HW, Wedge JH; et al. (1984). "Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: a preliminary report of a feasibility study". J. Orthop. Res. 1 (3): 325–42. doi:10.1002/jor.1100010313. PMID 6481515. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d American Physical Therapy Association (15 September 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Physical Therapy Association, retrieved 15 September 2014, which cites
    • Harvey, LA; Brosseau, L; Herbert, RD (Mar 17, 2010). "Continuous passive motion following total knee arthroplasty in people with arthritis". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD004260. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004260.pub2. PMID 20238330. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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