Parsley
| Parsley | |
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| Parsley leaves and flowers | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | P. crispum
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| Binomial name | |
| Petroselinum crispum | |
| Synonyms | |
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Apium crispum Mill. | |
Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of Petroselinum in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as a herb, a spice, and a vegetable.
Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10–25 cm long with numerous 1–3 cm leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter.
Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, European, and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. In central and eastern Europe and in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green chopped parsley sprinkled on top. Root parsley is very common in central and eastern European cuisines, where it is used as a snack or a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles.
Etymology
The word "parsley" is a merger of the Old English petersilie (which is identical to the contemporary German word for parsley: Petersilie) and the Old French peresil, both derived from Medieval Latin petrosilium, from Latin petroselinum,[1] the latinization of the Greek πετροσέλινον (petroselinon), "rock-parsley",[2] from πέτρα (petra), "rock, stone",[3] + σέλινον (selinon), "parsley".[4][5][6]
Description
Garden parsley is a bright green, biennial, plant in temperate climates, or an annual herb in subtropical and tropical areas.
Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10–25 cm long with numerous 1–3 cm leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter. In the second year, it grows a flowering stem to 75 cm tall with sparser leaves and flat-topped 3–10 cm diameter umbels with numerous 2 mm diameter yellow to yellowish-green flowers. The seeds are ovoid, 2–3 mm long, with prominent style remnants at the apex. One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiol. The plant normally dies after seed maturation.[6][7][8]
Cultivation
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 151 kJ (36 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6.33 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 0.85 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 3.3 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.79 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.97 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parsley grows best in moist, well-drained soil, with full sun. It grows best between 22–30 °C, and usually is grown from seed.[8] Germination is slow, taking four to six weeks,[8] and it often is difficult because of furanocoumarins in its seed coat.[11] Typically, plants grown for the leaf crop are spaced 10 cm apart, while those grown as a root crop are spaced 20 cm apart to allow for the root development.[8]
Parsley attracts several species of wildlife. Some swallowtail butterflies use parsley as a host plant for their larvae; their caterpillars are black and green striped with yellow dots, and will feed on parsley for two weeks before turning into butterflies. Bees and other nectar-feeding insects also visit the flowers. Birds such as the goldfinch feed on the seeds.
Cultivars
In cultivation, parsley is subdivided into several cultivar groups,[12] depending on the form of the plant, which is related to its end use. Often these are treated as botanical varieties,[13] but they are cultivated selections, not of natural botanical origin.[7]
Leaf parsley
The two main groups of parsley used as herbs are curly leaf (i.e.) (P. crispum crispum group; syn. P. crispum var. crispum) and Italian, or flat leaf (P. crispum neapolitanum group; syn. P. crispum var. neapolitanum); of these, the neapolitanum group more closely resembles the natural wild species. Flat-leaved parsley is preferred by some gardeners as it is easier to cultivate, being more tolerant of both rain and sunshine,[14] and has a stronger flavor,[8] (though this is disputed[14]) while curly leaf parsley is preferred by others because of its more decorative appearance in garnishing.[14][15] A third type, sometimes grown in southern Italy, has thick leaf stems resembling celery.[14]
Root parsley
Another type of parsley is grown as a root vegetable, the Hamburg root parsley (P. crispum radicosum group, syn. P. crispum var. tuberosum). This type of parsley produces much thicker roots than types cultivated for their leaves. Although seldom used in Britain and the United States, root parsley is common in central and eastern European cuisine, where it is used in soups and stews, or simply eaten raw, as a snack (similar to carrots).[14]
Although root parsley looks similar to the parsnip, its taste is quite different from it. Parsnips are among the closest relatives of parsley in the family Apiaceae. A similarity of the name of parsnips to turnip is a folk misattribution, parsnip meaning "forked turnip"; it is not closely related to real turnips biologically.
Culinary use
Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, European, Brazilian and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes (risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash).[16]
In central and eastern Europe and in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part of bouquet garni, a bundle of fresh herbs used as an ingredient in stocks, soups, and sauces. Freshly chopped green parsley is used as a topping for soups such as chicken soup, green salads, or salads such as salade Olivier, and on open sandwiches with cold cuts or pâtés.
Persillade is a mixture of chopped garlic and chopped parsley in French cuisine.
Parsley is the main ingredient in Italian salsa verde, which is a mixed condiment of parsley, capers, anchovies, garlic, and bread soaked in vinegar. It is an Italian custom to serve it with bollito misto or fish. Gremolata, a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon zest, is a traditional accompaniment to the Italian veal stew, ossobuco alla milanese.
In England, parsley sauce is a roux-based sauce, commonly served over fish or gammon.
Root parsley is very common in Central and Eastern European cuisines, where it is used as a snack or a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles, and as ingredient for broth.
In Brazil, freshly chopped parsley ([salsa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsawsɐ]) and freshly chopped scallion ([cebolinha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sebuˈɫĩɲɐ]) are the main ingredients in the herb seasoning called [cheiro-verde] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ([ˈʃejɾu ˈveʁdʒi], literally "green aroma"), which is used as key seasoning for major Brazilian dishes, including meat, chicken, fish, rice, beans, stews, soups, vegetables, salads, condiments, sauces and stocks. [Cheiro-verde] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is sold in food markets as a bundle of both types of fresh herbs. In some Brazilian regions, chopped parsley may be replaced by chopped cilantro ([coentro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkwẽtɾu]) in the mixture.
Parsley is a key ingredient in several Middle Eastern salads such as Lebanesetabbouleh.
Health benefits and precautions
Parsley is a source of Flavonoid, and Antioxidants (especially luteolin), apigenin,[17] folic acid, vitamin K, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Half a of tablespoon (a gram) of dried parsley contains about 6.0 µg of lycopene and 10.7 µg of alpha carotene as well as 82.9 µg of Lutein+Zeaxanthin and 80.7 µg of beta carotene.[18]
Excessive consumption of parsley should be avoided by pregnant women. It is safe in normal food quantities, but large amounts may have uterotonic effects.[19]
Gallery
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Flat-leaved parsley -
Flat-leaved parsley flower -
Flat-leaved parsley white flower -
Immature seeds -
Flat-leaved parsley flower-Flor de perejil
See also
- List of culinary herbs and spices
- List of vegetables
- List of plants with edible leaves
- Apium virus Y
References
- ^ petroselinon, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ πετροσέλινον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ πέτρα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ σέλινον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexi
- ^ The Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Petroselinum crispum
- ^ a b Interactive Flora of NW Europe: Petroselinum crispum
- ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ a b c d e Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3: 532. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Jett, J. W. That Devilish Parsley West Virginia University Extension Service. Last retrieved April 26, 2007.
- ^ Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Petroselinum names
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network Petroselinum crispum
- ^ a b c d e Stobart, T. (1980). The Cook's Encyclopaedia. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-33036-6.
- ^ Growing Herbs: How to Grow Parsley
- ^ Meyer, J. (1998). Authentic Hungarian Heirloon Recipes Cookbook, ed. 2. Meyer & Assoc. ISBN 0-9665062-0-0.
- ^ Meyer, H. , Bolarinwa, A. , Wolfram, G. , & Linseisen, J. (2006). "Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 50 (3): 167–172. doi:10.1159/000090736. PMID 16407641.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nutritional Data, Parsley, accessed 2013.08.05
- ^ "Parsley information on Drugs.com".
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.