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Iris tenuifolia

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Iris tenuifolia
flower head of Iris tenuifolia in Kazakhstan.
Scientific classification
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I. tenuifolia
Binomial name
Iris tenuifolia
Synonyms
  • Cryptobasis tenuifolia (Pall.) Nevski
  • Iris acaulis Pall.
  • Iris regelii Maxim. ex Regel
  • Joniris tenuifolia (Pall.) Klatt
  • Neubeckia tenuifolia (Pall.) Alef.
  • Xiphion tenuifolium (Pall.) Schrank
[1]

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Tenuifoliae series of the species. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.

It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as xi ye yuan wei in Pinyin Chinese.[2][3][4]

The Latin specific epithet tenuifolia comes from the almagamtion of two latin words tenuis meaning 'fine or thin' and folia mean leaf.[5]

It has the common names of Egeria Iris[6][7][4][6][8] Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).[4] Another common name is narrow leafed iris,[9] or fine leaved iris, [10] or slender-leaf iris,[3] or silk leaves Iris.[4][6]

It was published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in Reise Russ. Reich. Vol.3 page714 in 1776. [11]

It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near Moscow.[10]

It was later published with an illustration in The Gardeners' Chronicle 3rd. Series Vol.59 page196 on 8 April 1916.[12]

In February 1997, a study was published in which 6 new flavanones, isolated from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia, using high resolution mass spectrometry.[13] In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for kidney protection was carried out.[9]

It is included in the IUCN 'Red Data Book' of the Chita Oblast of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.[10]

The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.[14] It was found that compounds isolated from Iris germanica have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.[15]

The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as tocolysis (also called anti-contraction medications or labor repressants) and to treat fetal metrorrhagia.[8]

In 2003, it was listed as an endemic vascular species of the temperate steppe region of Inner Mongolia, China, along with Stipa grandis, Artemisia frigida, Festuca ovina, Thymus serpyllum, Caragana microphylla, Koeleria cristata and others.[16]

In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple flavanones within a single species. [17]

Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Iris tenuifolia and Iris halophila. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy’s, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and Uighur herb medicine.[18]

In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from Iris tenuifolia. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone , 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, tenuifodione and tenuifone. All found using spectroscopic methods.[19]

On 24 December 2009, a patent was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to it's chemical compounds being used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[14]

In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia and then tested against stem cells.[20]

In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of Iris tenuifolia from various habitats in Xinjiang, China, were studied.[21]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.[3]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[22] It has a chromosome count: 2n=14[2][23]

As of January 2015, it is listed as a tentativily accepted name by the RHS.[24]

Cultivation

Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.[25][26] It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.[27]

They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.[27][8]

It was sometimes used as annual plant and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).[26]

It is hardy, if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.[27] It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and Chita.[28]

It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.[25][8][29] It prefers alkaline soils.[30]

They prefer positions in full sun.[30]

It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of bulb frames (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.[25] The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.[27]

It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).[30][27][29]

Propagation

The seed of Iris tenuifolia is rarely used by western horticulturists, as the plants rarely flower.[27] William Rickatson Dykes notes that it made no satisfactory growth and never flowered.[31]

In other flowering regions, the seed can be harvested in autumn, washed, fresh or dried.[8]

Description

Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the Mediterranean Iris unguicularis. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.[31]

It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.[2][4][32][8] Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.[8] On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.[2][33][32] The sheaths can be up to 6–20 cm (2–8 in) long.[32][8]

It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.[30][32]

It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between 20–60 cm (8–24 in) long and 1.5-2mm wide.[2][28][32][4][8][25][27][33] They do not have a mid-vein but paralled veins,[2][4][8] and are acuminate (ending in a point).[32] They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.[27]

The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.[32]

It has a very short flowering stem or scape, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long. [28][4][8][34][35][36][25][29][33] Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.[2]

It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), membranous, green, between 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 8-10mm wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[2][4][33][8]

The stems hold normally 1-3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,[33][4][25][28][32][8][29] blooming in spring, between April and May,[2][8][35][27] or late as earl June (in Russia).[28]

The scented flowers,[32] are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter,[33] and come in shades of pale violet,[2][36] lilac,[32][36][29] pale blue,[28][32][4][25] [35] [29]or purple.[28][4][25] [35][29] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[22] The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,[4][8] 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5cm wide.[2][33][8] They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).[2][32][36] The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are 5 0[convert: unknown unit] long and 5-9mm wide.[2][8][32][4]

It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, 4.5–8 cm (2–3 in) long.[2][32][28][4][8][33]   It has 3 single coloured, style branches, 4cm long and 4-5mm wide.[2] They attenuate (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.[32][4][8]

It has a slender 3-4mm long pedicel,[32] 3cm long Stamens and a cylindric 7–12 cm (3–5 in) long and 2mm wide, Ovary.[2]

After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),[28] or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, 3.2-4.5cm long and 1.2-1.8cm wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.[2][28][32][4][8][27]

The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.[28][32][4][8]

Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.[31]

Native

Iris tenuifolia on the left bank of Syr-Darya river in Kazakhstan

Iris tenuifolia is native to a wide region, of various temperate areas of Central Asia.[3][24] Which extends from the Volga through Turkestan into Mongolia,[34] and China.

Range

It is found in the western Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[3][2][8]

In the middle Asian countries of (the former Soviet Union republics of); Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia.[3][4][36][28][2][8][27][32] Also found in regions of Russia, including Agin-Buryat Okrug, Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Chita and Siberia.[3][35][4][36][28][2][8][27][32]

It is found within central China,[25][36][28][27] in the provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, (Shangdong[2]), Shanxi, Xinjiang and Xizang.[3][4][2][8]

One reference mentions Turkey.[8]  One reference mentions Iran.[27] Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.

Habitat

It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.[29]

On sandy steppes, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.[28][32] [2][29][8][30][4]

It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.[2][8][30][35]

In north east China, it is found growing on poor soils on open tree-less plains.[27]

Hybrids and Cultivars

Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.[28][10]

References

  1. ^ "Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x 200028220 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 305". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Taxon: Iris tenuifolia Pall". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name)". fabaceae.onlineflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  5. ^ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). p. 68-69. ISBN 0304937215.
  6. ^ a b c tenuifolia "Iris tenuifolia Pall". flora of Pan Himalayas. Retrieved 24 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 16 (help)
  7. ^ Limniris "Sect. Limniris Tausch". frps.eflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris". tl.swewe.net. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help) Cite error: The named reference "swewe" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Sarantsetseg, B.; Ambaga, M.; Khürelbaatar, L. (2001). "Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity". Mongolian Medicine. Mongolian Association of Medical journals. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 10 (help)
  12. ^ Franco, Alain (30 November 2013). "(Spec) Iris tenuifolia Pall". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  13. ^ Kojima, Keisuke; Gombosurengyin, Purevsuren; Ondognyi, Purev; Begzsurengyin, Dagvatseren; Zevgeegyin, Oyun; Hatano, Keiichiro; Ogihara, Yukio (February 1997). "Flavanones from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 44 (4). Elsevier Ltd.: 711–714. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00596-1. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  14. ^ a b "Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof". google.com. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  15. ^ Rahman, A.U.; Nasim, S.; Baig, I.; Jalil, S.; Orhan, I.; Sener, B.; Choudhary, M.I. (June 2003). "Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 86 (2–3): 177–180. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  16. ^ Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor)Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003), p. 80, at Google Books
  17. ^ Andersen, Oyvind M.; Markham, Kenneth R. (9 December 2005). Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849320217. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Hui Wang (PhD) http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532". metapop.univ-montp2.fr. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. ^ Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal; Hareem, Sumaira; Siddiqui, Hina; Anjum, Shazia; Ali, Shamsher; Zaidi, Mudassir Israr (1 June 2008). "A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 69 (9). sigmaaldrich.com: 1880–1885. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  20. ^ Cui, Yan-Mei; Wang, Hui; Liu, Quan-Ru; Han, Mei; Lu, Yang; Zhao, Chang-Qi (17 August 2011). "Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (15): 4400–4403. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  21. ^ Lu, Zhuo; Guan, Kai-Yun; Li, Wen-Jun; Duan, Shi-Min (2014). "Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats". Chinese Journal of Ecology. 33 (3). Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: 618–623. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (pdf). worldtracker.org. pp. 274–275. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  23. ^ Wang, Yan Limei; Wei, Yan Sha (January 1999). "Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia". Journal Of Qiqihar University ( Natural Science Edition ). Qiqihar University. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Iris tenuifolia". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 139. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  26. ^ a b Samuel Hereman Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840), p. 142, at Google Books
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Murrain, Jim (3 June 2010). publisher=hort.net "Subject: Iris tenuifolia". Retrieved 29 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cite error: The named reference onego was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rainbow". wdtns.ru. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e f "Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved iris". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  31. ^ a b c Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". archive.org. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  34. ^ a b Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  35. ^ a b c d e f "Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

Other sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 123–124.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

Media related to Iris tenuifolia at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris tenuifolia at Wikispecies