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2006 Lebanon War

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2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Part of the 2006 Arab-Israeli conflict
File:54454.jpg
An IDF M109 self-propelled howitzer fires into Southern Lebanon.
Date12 July 2006 – present
Location
Lebanon and Israel
Result Ongoing
Belligerents
File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg Hezbollah Israel Lebanon
Commanders and leaders
Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General) Dan Halutz (CoS)
Udi Adam (Regional)
Amir Peretz (Defense Minister)		 Michel Sulaiman
Elias Murr (Defense Minister)
Casualties and losses
Unconfirmed (at least 9). 13 civilians killed[1]
500 civilians injured [2]
12 soldiers killed
6 soldiers wounded[3]
2 soldiers captured[3][4][5]
1 tank destroyed
1 warship damaged[6]

230+ civilians killed 638 civilians injured

23 soldiers killed
63 soldiers wounded
(Lebanese government accounts)[7]

The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict or 2006 Hezbollah-Israel conflict is a series of ongoing military actions and clashes in northern Israel and Lebanon involving Hezbollah's armed wing and the Israeli Defense Forces.

On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah's armed wing initiated their Operation Truthful Promise[8]. Eight Israeli soldiers were killed and two were captured. It was claimed that the killed and captured Israelis were on the Lebanese side of the border when the incident took place.[9] Israel then responded with Operation Just Reward[10], later renamed Operation Change of Direction.[11]

Historical background

On 25 May 2000, one year after Ehud Barak and the Israeli Labor Party regained power, Israel withdrew from Lebanon, ending its eighteen year occupation which began on June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon with the the objective of evicting the PLO.[12][13][14] The pullout was certified by the UN as complete.[2]. However, Lebanon and Syria claim the Shebaa Farms, a 35 square kilometre (13.5 sq mi) area, which is still occupied by Israel, to be Lebanese territory [3].

Hezbollah's military wing has set up bases of operation along the Israeli border in Lebanon, near many Palestinian refugee camps[citation needed]. Hezbollah has repeatedly launched attacks on Israeli forces in the Shebaa Farms area[citation needed], a territory which the United Nations Security Council has ruled is an occupied territory of Syria, and not part of Lebanon.[15] [16] Israel has carried out numerous attacks aimed at striking Hezbollah bases, whilst Hezbollah has fired mortar rockets into Israel (see: Hezbollah activities).[17][18][19][20][21]

Hezbollah

Main article: Hezbollah
File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg
Flag of Hezbollah

Hezbollah is a Lebanese Shi'a Muslim organization "inspired by the success of the Iranian Revolution"[22] and "was formed primarily to offer resistance to the Israeli occupation."[22] Under the terms of the Taif agreement (1989) and United Nations Resolution 1559 (2004) all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias including Hezbollah were to be disbanded and disarmed[23], but that has not happened. According to the BBC, Hezbollah's political doctrine has consistently called for the destruction of Israel.[22] "The United States and Israel say that Hezbollah is given financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from Iran and Syria. Syria says it supports Hezbollah, but denies supplying it with weapons."[24] Hezbollah is considered a terrorist organization by Israel[25] and the United States[26]. The Netherlands makes a distinction between the military elements of Hezbollah, which it considers to be terrorist, and the civilian elements, which it does not[27]. The European Union as a whole does not consider Hezbollah a "terrorist organization" but does support measures aimed at disarming the militant group[28]. It has a military and civilian wing, the latter participating in the Lebanese parliament, taking 18% of the chairs (23 out of 128) and the bloc it forms with others, the "Resistance and Development Bloc", a little less than thirty percent for a total of 35 seats, (see Lebanese general election, 2005). It is a minority partner in the current Cabinet.

Hezbollah's armed wing is Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance").

Previous prisoners exchange

During an attack in October 2000 on Shebaa Farms, a small area of land claimed by Lebanon but acknowledged by the United Nations as outside Lebanon, Hezbollah captured three IDF soldiers who were killed either during the operation or in its immediate aftermath. Hezbollah sought to obtain the release of 14 Lebanese prisoners in exchange, together with Palestinian prisoners. The prisoner swap was carried out on 29 January 2004: 30 Lebanese and Arab prisoners, the remains of 60 Lebanese militants and civilians, 420 Palestinian prisoners, and maps showing Israeli mines in South Lebanon were exchanged for an Israeli businessman and army reserve colonel Elchanan Tenenbaum captured in 2001 in a business trip, and the remains of the three IDF soldiers mentioned above. Three Lebanese nationals are still held in Israel's prisons (including Samir Kuntar, held in jail since his conviction in 1979 on charges of murder and terrorism, for killing two Israeli civilians and two Israeli policemen).

Initial reactions

See also: Military operations of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah then declared that "No military operation will return them... The prisoners will not be returned except through one way: indirect negotiations and a trade."[4]

In response, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) launched a series of air and artillery strikes at Hezbollah positions first in southern Lebanon, and then Beirut, causing collateral civilian casualties and catastrophic damage to Lebanese infrastructure in the process.[29] On 12 July Israeli military officials called the captures an "act of war" warranting a "severe and harsh response" and Israel proceeded to target Hezbollah military installations and command positions as well as destroying energy and transportation infrastructure throughout Lebanon, also incapacitating the Beirut airport.

Initially Israel stated it was trying to prevent the captured soldiers from being removed to Iran.[30]

Current conflict

Main article: Military operations of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
See also: Timeline of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Map of conflict as of 14 July 2006. Since that time, additional targets in both nations have been struck.

Hezbollah raid

At 9:05 AM local time on 12 July 2006[3] Hezbollah's military wing launched a barrage of rockets[citation needed] and mortars on Israeli military positions at Shebaa Lebanese farms and northern Israeli village of Shlomi, apparently as a diversion.[31] A force of infiltrators then moved 200 meters (650 ft) into the Israeli military position, attacked two armoured IDF Humvees patrolling in Lebanese border near the Israeli village of Zar'it with anti-tank rockets[citation needed]killing three soldiers, wounding three, and taking two in captivity to Lebanon's territory.[citation needed] Hezbollah has named this operation "True Promise."

File:Hassan Nasrallah Hezbollah.jpeg
Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah head of Hezbollah depicted on a billboard.

The IDF confirmed that two Israeli soldiers were captured by Hezbollah, and identified them as Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev. An Israeli Merkava Mark II tank was destroyed by a 300 kilogram (660 lb) improvised explosive device as it attempted to pursue Hezbollah into Lebanon. All four of the crew members were killed. Another Israeli soldier was killed when he came under heavy fire during an attempted recovery of the bodies from the tank.[6] In all, 8 soldiers were killed, 2 captured and 6 wounded.[3]

Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah said that a prisoner exchange was the only way to secure the release of the soldiers.[32]

Israeli response

Amir Peretz, The Israeli Defense Minister

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declared the attack by Hezbollah’s military wing an “act of war” and promised Lebanon a “very painful and far-reaching response.”[33] Israeli Defence Minister Amir Peretz also said that “the State of Israel sees itself free to use all measures that it finds it needs, and the [Israeli Forces] have been given orders in that direction.”[34] IDF Chief of Staff Dan Halutz said “If the soldiers are not returned we will turn Lebanon’s clock back 20 years.” [35]

Israel called up reserve troops, signaling a large-scale campaign, as operations continue in an attempt to free a soldier captured by Hamas in Gaza. Israel sent troops and tanks into southern Lebanon, and the Israeli cabinet met at 7 PM Local Time, 4 PM UTC, Noon Eastern Time, 12 July 2006.

Early on 13 July 2006 Israel sent IDF jets to bomb Lebanon’s international airport near Beirut, forcing its closure and diverting its arriving flights to Cyprus. Hezbollah retaliated by bombarding the Israeli towns of Nahariya and Safed, as well as villages nearby. The attacks killed two civilians and wounded 29 more.[36] Nahariya residents began leaving the city en masse in fear of further Katyusha attacks.[37] Israel is now imposing an air and sea blockade on Lebanon, [38][39] and has bombed the main Beirut–Damascus highway.

Israel’s Foreign Ministry Spokesman Mark Regev claims the Hezbollah unit that captured the two soldiers is trying to transfer them to Iran. However, the spokesman did not disclose his source.[40]

Maj.-Gen. Udi Adam of the Northern Command, says Israel has not ruled out sending ground forces into Lebanon.[41]

By 17 July, heavy damage to Lebanon's infrastructure had been reported, with a total of 42 bridges destroyed and 38 roads damaged. More than 100 homes and residential buildings had been destroyed alongside public buildings. The destruction of fuel containers and 12 service stations raised the prospect of fuel shortages. The Lebanese military also sustained damage. [42]

Casualties

The ongoing nature of the conflict makes assessing the precise number of casualties difficult.

Lebanese

  • Al Jazeera reports, as of 18 July 220 people killed, all but 14 of them civilians, and the heaviest destruction in Lebanon since the end of the civil war. [43]
  • AFP reports the number of killed in the Israeli raids, as of 18 July, to be 208 civilians and 22 soldiers.[45]

Israeli

  • Twelve Israeli soldiers were killed, two captured, and six more wounded.[3]
  • 13 civilians have been killed, Eight in Haifa city on 16 July, and another 500 civilians were injured, 56 seriously.[46]

Foreign nationals

  • Seven Lebanese-Canadians, including four children, were killed and six severely injured by an Israeli attack on Aitaroun in South Lebanon on 16 July.[47]
  • A family of four Brazilians, including two children, was killed in the Israeli bombings in Srifa,[48] drawing condemnation from foreign relations minister Celso Amorim.[49]
  • Four members of a German-Lebanese family, including two minors, from Mönchengladbach, Germany were killed in an Israeli airstrike in Chehour in southern Lebanon while on vacation.[50] [51]
  • The Kuwaiti Foreign Ministry has reported that two Kuwaiti nationals have been killed by Israeli bombing.[52]
  • An Argentinean woman died in a rocket attack on Nahariya, Israel.[53]

Refugees, evacuation and displaced persons

Lebanese officials estimate 58,000 people in Lebanon have been displaced by the conflict as of July 18, with 14,000 travelling from the South to Beirut.[54] Media reports indicate that thousands of people have fled Lebanon into Syria, with 15,000 reportedly entering through the Masnaa crossing on 15th July alone.[55] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) monitors believe most of these people are Syrian nationals working in Lebanon.[56]

Thousands of Israelis have fled northern towns such as Safed, but many remain, protected by bomb shelters.

The governments of the Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Colombia, France, Finland, Italy, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Slovakia, Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Venezuela are engaged in efforts to evacuate their nationals by boat to Cyprus or by bus to Syria.[57][58]

Possible expansion and resolution

There are concerns of escalation. According to Professor Gerald Steinberg, a Senior Research Associate at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, affiliated with the political science department at Bar-Ilan University in Israel, “Israel may have to take alarming force as an outcome of the latest attacks, which may even result in the disarming of the Hezbollah,” and that “Lebanon continues to allow these terrorist activities to take place within its borders and therefore the Lebanese government plays a key role in the reoccurrence of these events.”[59]

DEBKAfile, a Jerusalem-based Israeli website, has reported that Iranian national security advisor and senior nuclear negotiator Ali Larijani flew to Damascus. According to the report, he will remain there for the duration of the crisis in line with an Iranian-Syrian mutual defense pact, and would deem any attack on Syria an assault on Iran. DEBKAfile also reports that Hezbollah “acted on orders from Tehran to open a second front against Israel, partly to ease IDF military pressure on the Hamas in the Gaza Strip”. According to DEBKAfile, Iran is also taking up this action to divert attention at the upcoming G8 summit away from the Iranian nuclear crisis, and onto this flare-up instead. Finally, they report that both Syrian and Iranian armed forces have been brought to a state of high alert.[60]

Meanwhile, Israel has issued a warning to people living in a Shi’ite neighbourhood in southern Beirut, the Lebanese capital, telling them to leave.[61] It considers the area a Hezbollah base of operations.

As Hezbollah operates freely along the border with Israel and is a member of the elected government, Israel held the whole Lebanese government accountable and targeted strategic locations throughout the country.

According to Israel Foreign Ministry spokesman Mark Regev, Hezbollah is attempting to transfer the captured soldiers to Iran. Regev has not disclosed the source of this information.[62] An Iranian foreign ministry spokesman denied the accusation, calling it “simply nonsense.”[63]

The situation is further complicated by the thousands of foreign nationals who are stranded in the country. Although at least 15,000 tourists and Lebanese citizens fled via road into Syria on 13 July, an Israeli strike on that road has now made travel into or out of the country much more difficult.

Also on 14 July, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said that Hezbollah is ready for “open war” with Israel. In addition, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the president of Iran, warned Israel of a “fierce response” if it attacks Syria.[64]

Again on 14 July the ruling party in Syria, Baath, said that Syria fully backs Hezbollah against the “barbaric Israeli aggression”.[65]

A report in Al-Hayat on 15 July mentioned rumours in Washington, D.C. of an Israeli ultimatum to Syria to stop Hezbollah's activity along the Israeli border, and force the release of the two captured Israeli soldiers in 72 hours, or it would face serious consequences.[66] Al-Hayat's source refused to confirm or deny the rumours.

The report said “a senior Pentagon source warned that should the Arab world and international community fail in the efforts to convince Syria to pressure Hezbollah into releasing the soldiers and halt the current escalation, Israel may attack targets in the country.”

Al-Hayat quoted the source as saying that “the US cannot rule out the possibility of an Israeli strike in Syria.“

On 15 July in response to the report of an Israeli ultimatum, an officer with the Israel Defence Force stated that it wouldn’t be right to bring Syria into the campaign.[67]

On 17 July Ehud Olmert referred to an "Axis of Evil which stretches from Tehran to Damascus," adding "We seek neither war nor direct confrontation, but we will not be deterred from them when the need arises." [68]

While the United States insists that Syria and Iran have some responsibility for the attacks by the Lebanese militia, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that there was no evidence behind that allegation (16 July 2006).[5]

Proposed ceasefire

Almost immediately after hostilities began, Lebanon's Prime Minister Fouad Siniora called for a ceasefire. On 14 July, following a phone call between Siniora and President Bush, the Prime Minister’s office issued the statement that “Prime Minister Siniora called on President Bush to exert all his efforts on Israel to stop its aggression on Lebanon, reach a comprehensive ceasefire and lift its blockade.”[69]

The next day, in a televised message to the Lebanese people, and afterwards in an interview with CNN, he said “We call for an immediate ceasefire backed by the United Nations.”[70]

Hezbollah has demanded that Israel trade three Lebanese prisoners for the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers but Israel refused.[1]

On 14 July BBC News reported that Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert would agree to a ceasefire if Hezbollah returned the two captured soldiers, stopped firing rockets at Israel, and if Lebanon implemented UN Security Council resolution 1559, which calls for the group’s disarmament.[71] Two days later, it was reported that Israel would agree to a ceasefire under two conditions: 1) The return of the two soldiers captured on 12 July and, 2) The Army/Government of Lebanon would have to ensure that Hezbollah would pull back to the Litani River.[72]

But on 16 July, the Lebanese special envoy to the UN, Nouhad Mahmoud, claimed that the United States was obstructing the Security Council's attempt to broker a ceasefire.[73] Indeed, Condoleezza Rice, speaking from St. Petersburg on 16 July, seemed to oppose an immediate cessation of violence, claiming that the ceasefire demanded by Siniora would be unworkable unless it addressed Hezbollah violence and the support it gets from Syria and Iran. She said, “What we really need is to concentrate on a way forward that is going to permit the cessation of violence which first of all will be sustainable, that we won’t be back three weeks from now talking about getting another cessation of violence.” She said the only way to deal with the problem is “to deal with the extremists, isolate the extremists, and put in place moderate democratic states”.[74]

On Monday, 17 July, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said the fighting in Lebanon would end when Hezbollah guerrillas freed two captured soldiers, rocket attacks on Israel stopped and the Lebanese army deployed along the border.[75]
But a spokesman for Hezbollah says it wants an unconditional ceasefire.[6]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

International reactions to the conflict for the most part have condemned both Hezbollah and Israel, with many nations expressing concern over a possible escalation of the conflict.[76] Some nations and organizations (including the G8,[77] the United States,[78] United Kingdom, Germany and Canada) have asserted Israel's right to self-defense whilst urging restraint. Bush supports the Israeli attacks and on 13 July said Israel has a right to defend itself. [7] On the other hand, a number of European countries criticize the Israeli offensive which they fear may lead to war. Jacques Chirac castigated the Israeli offensive into Lebanon on 14 July. [8] The EU says Israel's use of force is disproportionate.[9] The Vatican also deplored the Israeli attack on Lebanon in an official statement on 14 July. [10]

Other states such as Iran, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen, have given support to Lebanon and Hezbollah.[79] The Arab League "condemns the Israeli aggression in Lebanon which contradicts all international law and regulations". However, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia also criticised Hezbollah for harming Arab interests.[80]

On 16 July the Lebanese special envoy to the UN, Nouhad Mahmoud, accused the United States of obstructing a Security Council statement calling for a ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah.[73]

On 17 July UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and UK Prime Minister called for an international force to be sent to Lebanon to stop the attacks on Israel by Hezbollah. Mr Blair was quoted as saying that the force could "stop the bombardment coming over into Israel and therefore gives Israel a reason to stop its attacks on Hezbollah".[81]


Evacuation of foreign nationals

Main article: International reactions to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict § Evacuation of foreign_nationals

Despite Lebanon's history of violence, the suddenness of the latest conflict took many governments by surprise. The Israeli strategy of blockade, including seaports, the Beirut airport, and key roads and bridges, meant that expected escape routes were unavailable. Lebanon borders only Israel and Syria. According to a spokesman for the British High Commission in the Republic of Cyprus, both France and the US have secured permission from the British to use the facilities of the British Sovereign Base Areas [11], which includes RAF Akrotiri.

See also

News Sources

Additional Commentary, Fact files, etc

References

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  70. ^ "Lebanese PM demands ceasefire". ABC News. 2006-07-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  71. ^ "Israel hits Hezbollah leader's HQ". BBC News. 2006-07-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ AP (2006-07-16). "Israel sends instructions to Lebanon through Italy". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2006-07-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  73. ^ a b Al Jazeera.net (2006-07-16). "Lebanon blames US for UN silence". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2006-07-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ "Rice tells Israel US concerned about casualties". Reuters. 2006-07-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  75. ^ "Rockets Fired From Lebanon Rain Down on Israel". 2006-07-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  76. ^ Developments in Israel-Lebanon Crisis
  77. ^ "G8 says Israel has right to self-defence".
  78. ^ Office of the Press Secretary (2006-07-13). "President Bush and German Chancellor Merkel Participate in Press Availability". The White House. Retrieved 2006-07-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  79. ^ Arabs divided over Hezbollah's role in Lebanon crisis - Deutsche Presse-Agentur - 15 July 2006
  80. ^ Al Jazeera (2006-07-16). "World divided over Mideast conflict". Al Jazeera.net. Retrieved 2006-07-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ "UN Calls for Lebanon peace force". BBC News Online. 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2006-07-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

More Background

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