Angle of parallelism

In hyperbolic geometry, the angle of parallelism φ, also known as Π(p), is the angle at one vertex of a right hyperbolic triangle that has two asymptotic parallel sides. The angle depends on the segment length a between the right angle and the vertex of the angle of parallelism φ. Given a point off of a line, if we drop a perpendicular to the line from the point, then a is the distance along this perpendicular segment, and φ is the least angle such that the line drawn through the point at that angle does not intersect the given line. Since two sides are asymptotic parallel,

$\lim _{a\to 0}\phi ={\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \quad {\text{ and }}\quad \lim _{a\to \infty }\phi =0.$

These five equivalent expressions relate φ and a:

$\sin \phi ={\frac {1}{\cosh a}}$

$\tan({\tfrac {1}{2}}\phi )=e^{-a}$

$\tan \phi ={\frac {1}{\sinh a}}$

$\cos \phi =\tanh a$

$\phi ={\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi -\operatorname {gd} (a)$

Where gd is the Gudermannian function.

History

The angle of parallelism was developed in 1840 in the German publication "Geometrische Untersuchungen zur Theory der Parallellinien" by Nicolai Lobachevsky.

This publication became widely known in English after the Texas professor G. B. Halsted produced a translation in 1891. (Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels)

The following passages define this pivotal concept in hyperbolic geometry:

The angle HAD between the parallel HA and the perpendicular AD is called the parallel angle (angle of parallelism) which we will here designate by Π(p) for AD = p.

$\tan({\tfrac {1}{2}}\Pi (x))=\theta ^{-x}$ where $\theta$ may be any arbitrary number, which is geater than unity, since $\Pi (x)=0$ for $x=\infty$.

Since the unit by which lines are measured are arbitrary , so we may also understand by $\theta$ the base of Napierian Logarithms.

Demonstration

The angle of parallelism, φ, formulated as: (a) The angle between the x-axis and the line running from x, the center of Q, to y, the y-intercept of Q, and (b) The angle from the tangent of Q at y to the y-axis

In the Poincaré half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane (see hyperbolic motions) one can establish the relation of φ to a with Euclidean geometry. Let Q be the semicircle with diameter on the x-axis that passes through the points (1,0) and (0,y), where y > 1. Since Q is tangent to the unit semicircle centered at the origin, the two semicircles represent parallel hyperbolic lines. The y-axis crosses both semicircles, making a right angle with the unit semicircle and a variable angle φ with Q. The angle at the center of Q subtended by the radius to (0, y) is also φ because the two angles have sides that are perpendicular, left side to left side, and right side to right side. The semicircle Q has its center at (x, 0), x < 0, so its radius is 1 − x. Thus, the radius squared of Q is

$x^{2}+y^{2}=(1-x)^{2},$

hence

$x={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1-y^{2}).$

The metric of the Poincaré half-plane model of hyperbolic geometry parametrizes distance on the ray {(0, y) : y > 0 } with natural logarithm. Let log y = a, so y = e^a. Then the relation between φ and a can be deduced from the triangle {(x, 0), (0, 0), (0, y)}, for example:

$\tan \phi ={\frac {y}{-x}}={\frac {2y}{y^{2}-1}}={\frac {2e^{a}}{e^{2a}-1}}={\frac {1}{\sinh a}}.$

References

• Marvin J. Greenberg (1974) Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries, pp. 211–3, W.H. Freeman & Company.
• Robin Hartshorne (1997) Companion to Euclid pp. 319, 325, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0821807978.
• Jeremy Gray (1989) Ideas of Space: Euclidean, Non-Euclidean, and Relativistic, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford (See pages 113 to 118).
• Béla Kerékjártó (1966) Les Fondements de la Géométry, Tome Deux, §97.6 Angle de parallélisme de la géométry hyperbolique, pp. 411,2, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.