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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations of the US. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights in Israel. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements confer some limited legal benefits in China, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Hong Kong provides inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Indian courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Most Japanese cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse provide residency rights in Namibia.
  13. ^ Romania provides hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.

Currently 25 of the 50 countries and 4 of the 6 dependent territories in Europe recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them a majority of members of the European Union. Eleven European countries legally recognize same-sex marriage, namely Belgium, Denmark,[nb 1] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia[1], Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] An additional twelve countries have a form of civil union or unregistered cohabitation, as do four dependent territories. San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Several countries are currently considering same-sex union recognition.

The constitutions of Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine define marriage as a union between a man and a woman, banning same-sex marriage.

Current situation

Marriage

Jurisdiction entry into force notes
1[2] European UnionBelgium Belgium 1 June 2003
2[3] European UnionDenmark Denmark 15 June 2012
  • The law does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
3[4] European UnionFinland Finland 1 March 2017
  • In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed.
4[5] European UnionFrance France 18 May 2013
5[6] Iceland Iceland 27 June 2010
6[7] European UnionLuxembourg Luxembourg 1 January 2015
7[8][9] European UnionNetherlands Netherlands 1 April 2001
  • On 10 October 2012 the law's scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
  • In Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten marriages performed in the other parts of the Netherlands can be registered.
8[10] Norway Norway 1 January 2009
9[11] European UnionPortugal Portugal 5 June 2010
10[12] European UnionSpain Spain 3 July 2005
11 European UnionSweden Sweden 1 May 2009
12[13][14] European UnionUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 13 March 2014
  • In England and Wales a law came into force on 13 March 2014.
  • In Scotland a law came into force on 16 December 2014.
  • Same-sex marriage is not recognised in Northern Ireland.

Civil union

Jurisdiction entry into force amended
(to the effect that civil unions
may not be registered
anymore)		 notes
1[15][16] Andorra Andorra 23 March 2005
  • "Stable Union"
25 December 2014
  • "Civil Union"
2[17] European UnionAustria Austria 1 January 2010
  • "Registered Partnership"
3[18] European UnionBelgium Belgium 1 January 2000
  • "Legal Cohabitation"
4[19] European UnionCroatia Croatia 5 August 2014
  • "Life Partnership"
5[20] European UnionCzech Republic Czech Republic 1 July 2006
  • "Registered Partnership"
6[3] European UnionDenmark Denmark 1 October 1989 15 June 2012
  • "Registered Partnership"
  • Partnerships registered domestically before 15 June 2012 and certain partnerships registered abroad are still recognized as such.
7[21] European UnionEstonia Estonia 1 January 2016
  • "Cohabitation Agreement"
  • In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed.
8[22] European UnionFinland Finland 1 March 2002
  • "Registered Partnership"
9[23] European UnionFrance France 16 November 1999
  • "Civil Solidarity Pact"
  • On 28 May 2009 the law's scope was expanded to include New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna.
  • It does not apply to French Polynesia.
10[24] European UnionGermany Germany 1 August 2001
  • "Registered Life Partnership"
11[25] European UnionGibraltar Gibraltar
(British Overseas Territory)		 28 March 2014
  • "Civil Partnership"
12 Greenland Greenland
(constituent country of Denmark)		 26 April 1996
  • "Registered Partnership"
13[26] European UnionHungary Hungary 1 July 2009
  • "Registered Partnership"
14[6][27] Iceland Iceland 27 June 1996 27 June 2010
  • "Registered Partnership"
  • Partnerships registered domestically before 27 June 2010 and certain partnerships registered abroad are still recognized as such.
27 June 2006
  • "Registered Cohabitation"
15[28] European UnionRepublic of Ireland Ireland 1 January 2011
  • "Civil Partnership"
16[29] Isle of Man Isle of Man
(British Crown Dependency)		 6 April 2011
  • "Civil Partnership"
17[30] Jersey Jersey
(British Crown Dependency)		 2 April 2012
  • "Civil Partnership"
18[31] Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 1 September 2011
  • "Registered Partnership"
19[32] European UnionLuxembourg Luxembourg 1 November 2004
  • "Registered Partnership"
20[33] European UnionMalta Malta 14 April 2014
  • "Civil Union"
21[9] European UnionNetherlands Netherlands 1 January 1998
  • "Registered Partnership"
  • On 10 October 2012 the law's scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
  • It does not apply to Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
22[10] Norway Norway 1 August 1993 1 January 2009
  • "Registered Partnership"
  • Partnerships registered domestically before 1 January 2009 and certain partnerships registered abroad are still recognized as such.
23[34] European UnionSlovenia Slovenia 23 July 2006
  • "Registered Partnership"
24 European UnionSweden Sweden 1 January 1995 1 May 2009
  • "Registered Partnership"
  • Partnerships registered domestically before 1 May 2009 and certain partnerships registered abroad are still recognized as such.
25[35] Switzerland Switzerland 1 January 2007
  • "Registered Partnership"
26[36] European UnionUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 5 December 2005
  • "Civil Partnership"

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Greenland: A bill aiming for the adoption of Denmark's marriage law, as supported by the government of Greenland, was planned to be considered by parliament in the spring of 2014, but postponed to the autumn of 2014.[37] However, because of early parliamentary elections held in November 2014, consideration of the bill has been delayed.

Ireland: The government announced plans to hold a referendum on the legalisation of same-sex marriage in May 2015.[38] It was announced on 20 February that the vote will be held on 22 May 2015.

Jersey: On 28 May 2014 the deputy Sam Mezec of the Reform Jersey party submitted a proposition asking the Assembly of the States of Jersey to support, in principle, the legalisation of same-sex marriage and to request the Chief Minister to prepare the necessary draft legislation to give effect to the proposal.[39][40][41] On 8 July 2014, the Assembly voted for the amendment to the proposal, introduced by Senator Ian Le Marquand, to request the Chief Minister to present a detailed study into the effects of allowing same-sex marriage by 31 December 2014. The amendment was passed by 24 votes to 18 and the amended proposition by 39 to 1.[42][43][44] On 26 November 2014, the Chief Minister Ian Gorst published a report, which includes a commitment to introduce legislation to legalise same-sex marriage by the end of 2017 at the latest.[45][46]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Austria: The opposition party The Greens – The Green Alternative submitted a bill to the National Council on 20 November 2013. It was sent to the Judiciary Committee on 17 December 2013. On 25 June 2014 the Judiciary Committee postponed consideration of the bill.[47]

Germany: The opposition party The Left submitted a bill to the Federal Diet on 23 October 2013. It had its first reading on 19 December 2013.[48]

Italy: Two bills were submitted to the Senate on 15 March 2013. A third bill was submitted on 5 April 2013. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started.[49][50][51]

Slovenia: On 15 December 2014 members of the opposition party United Left introduced a bill into parliament. It had its first reading on 16 January 2015.[52] On 10 February 2015 the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Affairs and the Disabled recommended to approve the bill.[53] On 3 March 2015 the National Assembly passed the bill 51 votes to 28.[54]

Switzerland: The Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative aiming for a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union "irrespective of gender or sexual orientation" to the National Council on 5 December 2013. On 20 February 2015 the Justice Committee recommended to approve the proposal.[55]

Civil unions

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

France: In April 2014 a proposal for an amendment to the civil solidarity pact law, for it to apply to French Polynesia, was presented to the National Assembly.[56]

Greece: On 9 February 2015, the SYRIZA-led coalition government, sworn in on 27 January 2015, has promised to extend cohabitation agreements to same-sex couples.[57][58]

Italy: In October 2014 the government announced plans to submit a further bill (see below) "by the end of the year, or January at the latest".[59]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Italy: On 20 March 2013 and 26 March 2013, Civil Union and Cohabitation bills were submitted to the Senate. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started. A third bill was submitted on 19 December 2013. Its examination started on 4 March 2014.[60][61][62]

Mutual recognition

European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[63]

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2006 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Spain (66%), Belgium (65%), Luxembourg (58%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%).[64] However, other polls have also placed Germany and France between 54% to 65%,[65] the UK at 61%.[66]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[67] In 2008 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[68] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[69] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[70]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[71] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[72] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[73]

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[74]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[75]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[76] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[77]

In comparison, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Latvia, and Romania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[64]

Opinion polls

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer
 Austria Market/ORF 2014 73%[78][79] 24%[78][79] 3%[78][79]
 Belgium Ipsos 2013 67%[80] 21%[80] 12%[80]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 15%[81] 65%[81] 20%[81]
 Croatia Pilar's barometer 2014 17%[82] 61%[82] 1% – no answer; 21% – Neutral[82]
 Cyprus SIGMALIVE 2014 39%[83] 58%[83] 2%[83]
 Czech Republic CVVM 2014 45%[84] 48%[84] 7%[84]
 Denmark YouGov 2012 79%[85] 16%[85] 6%[85]
 Estonia ASi 2012 34%[86] 60%[86] 6%
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2014 65%[87] 27%[87] 8%
 France Ifop 2014 68%[88] 32%[88] 0%[88]
 Germany TNS Emnid 2013 74%[89] 23%[89] 3%[89]
 Greece A Kapa Research 2010 39%[90][91] 52%[90][91] 9%[90][91]
 Hungary Ipsos 2013 30%[80] 47%[80] 23%[80]
 Ireland RedC 2014 76%[92] 19%[92] 5%[92]
 Italy Demos 2014 55%[93] 42%[93] 3%[93]
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[81] 77%[81] 7%[81]
 Lithuania 2013 5%[94] 84%[94] 8%[94]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 82%[95] 17%[95] 1%[95]
 Malta MaltaToday 2012 46%[96] 51%[96] 3%
 Netherlands Ifop 2013 85%[97] - -
 Norway Ipsos 2013 78%[80] 17%[80] 4%[80]
 Poland CBOS 2013 26%[98] 68%[98] 6%[98]
 Portugal Eurosondagem 2010 52%[99] 43%[99] 5%[99]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 11%[81] 79%[81] 10%[81]
 Russia Levada Public Opinion Center 2013 5%[100] 85%[100] 10%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 19%[81] 81%[81] 0%[81]
 Slovenia Delo 2015 59%[101] 37%[101] 4%[101]
 Spain Ipsos 2013 76%[80] 18%[80] 6%[80]
 Sweden Ipsos 2013 81%[80] 14%[80] 4%[80]
  Switzerland Ifop 2013 63%[97] - -
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 26%:

9% support same-sex marriage, 17% support some exceptions to allow same-sex marriages to be recognized depending on each individual cases.[102]

62%[102] 12%
 United Kingdom BBC Radio 5 2014 68%[103] 26%[103] 6%

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  2. ^ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  3. ^ Excluding Northern Ireland.

References

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