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Ribonuclease A ribbons, from a kinemage displayed in Mage: β-strands are green, helices gold, and active-site His sidechains blue.

A kinemage (short for kinetic image) is an interactive graphic scientific illustration. It often is used to visualize molecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, although it can also represent other types of 3-dimensional data (such as geometric figures, social networks,[1] or tetrahedra of RNA base composition). The kinemage system is designed to optimize ease of use, interactive performance, and the perception and communication of detailed 3D information. The kinemage information is stored in a human- as well as machine-readable text file that describes the hierarchy of display objects and their properties, and that also includes optional explanatory text; the kinemage format is a defined chemical MIME type of 'chemical/x-kinemage' with the file extension '.kin'.

Early history

Kinemages were first developed by David Richardson at Duke University School of Medicine, for the Protein Society's journal Protein Science that premiered in January 1992.[2] For its first 5 years (1992–1996), each issue of Protein Science included a supplement on floppy disk of interactive, 3D kinemage graphics to illustrate many of the articles, plus the Mage software (free, open source, multi-platform) to display them;[3] kinemage supplementary material is still available on the journal web site. Mage and RasMol[4] were the first widely used macromolecular graphics programs to support interactive display on personal computers. Kinemages are used for teaching[5][6] and for textbook supplements,[7][8] as well as individual exploration and analysis of macromolecular structures.

All-atom contacts betweenRibonuclease A and the Uridine Vanadate transition-state-mimic inhibitor (PDB file 1RUV), with hydrogen bonds as pillows of pale green dots and favorable van der Waals contacts in blue and green.

Research Applications

More recently, with the availability of a much wider variety of other molecular graphics tools, presentation use of kinemages has been overtaken by a wide variety of research uses, concomitant with new display features and with the development of software that produces kinemage-format output from other types of molecular calculations. All-atom contact analysis[9] adds and optimizes explicit hydrogen atoms,[10] and then uses patches of dot surface to display the hydrogen bond, van der Waals, and steric "clash" interactions between atoms. The results can be used visually (in kinemages) as well as quantitatively for analyzing the detailed interactions between molecular surfaces,[11][12] most extensively for the purpose of validating and improving the molecular models from experimental x-ray crystallography data.[13][14][15][16] Both Mage and KiNG (see below) have been enhanced for kinemage display of data in higher than 3 dimensions (moving between views in various 3-D projections, coloring and selecting candidate clusters of datapoints, and switching to a parallel coordinates representation), used for instance for defining clusters of favorable RNA backbone conformations in the 7-dimensional space of backbone dihedral angles between one ribose and the next.[17]

On-line Web Use

KiNG is an open-source Java kinemage viewer (written by Ian Davis and Vincent Chen)[18] that can work either stand-alone or interactively in web pages. The interactive nature of kinemages is their primary purpose and attribute; therefore to appreciate their nature, please click here KiNG in browser for two examples that you can move around in 3D, plus instructions for how to embed a kinemage on your own web page. The figure below shows KiNG being used to remodel a lysine sidechain in a high-resolution crystal structure. KiNG is one of the viewers provided on each structure page at the Protein Data Bank site, and displays validation results in 3D on the MolProbity site.[19][20] Kinemages can also be shown in immersive virtual reality systems, with the open-source KinImmerse software.[21] All of the kinemage display and all-atom contact software is available free and open-source on the kinemage web site.

KiNG: modeling a sidechain alternate conformation into electron density, with all-atom contact dots for real-time evaluation

References

  1. ^ Freeman, L. C.; et al.hierarchy (1998). "Exploring social structure using dynamic three-dimensional color images". Social Networks. 20 (2): 109–118. doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(97)00016-6.
  2. ^ Richardson, D. C.; J.S. Richardson (January 1992). "The kinemage: a tool for scientific communication". Protein Science. 1 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1002/pro.5560010102. PMC 2142077. PMID 1304880.
  3. ^ Neurath, H. (1992). "Editorial. The Kinemage: A Tool for Scientific Illustration". Protein Science. 5 (11): 2147. doi:10.1002/pro.5560051101.
  4. ^ Sayle, R. (1992). Proceedings of the 10th Eurographics UK 1992 Conference. Abingdon Press, York.
  5. ^ Richardson, D. C.; J.S. Richardson (1994). "Kinemages - Simple Macromolecular Graphics for Interactive Teaching and Publication". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 19 (3): 135–138. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(94)90207-0. PMID 8203021.
  6. ^ Richardson, D. C.; J.S. Richardson (2002). "Teaching Molecular 3-D Literacy". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 30: 21–26. doi:10.1002/bmb.2002.494030010005.
  7. ^ Voet, D.; J. G. Voet; C. W. Pratt (1999). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  8. ^ Branden, C.-I.; J. Tooze (1999). Introduction to Protein Structure (2 ed.). Garland Publishing, Inc., New York.
  9. ^ Word, J. M.; et al. (1999). "Visualizing and Quantifying Molecular Goodness-of-Fit: Small-probe Contact Dots with Explicit Hydrogen Atoms". Journal of Molecular Biology. 285 (4): 1711–1733. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2400. PMID 9917407. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  10. ^ Word, J. M.; et al. (1999). "Asparagine and Glutamine: Using Hydrogen Atom Contacts in the Choice of Side-chain Amide Orientation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 285 (4): 1735–1747. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2401. PMID 9917408. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  11. ^ Word, J. M.; et al. (2000). "Exploring steric constraints on protein mutations using MAGE/PROBE". Protein Science. 9 (11): 2251–2259. doi:10.1110/ps.9.11.2251. PMC 2144501. PMID 11152136. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  12. ^ Richardson, J. S.; Richardson, D.C. (2002). "Natural β-sheet proteins use negative design to avoid edge-to-edge aggregation". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (5): 2754–2759. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.2754R. doi:10.1073/pnas.052706099. PMC 122420. PMID 11880627.
  13. ^ Richardson, D. C.; Richardson, J. S. (2001). "MAGE, PROBE, and Kinemages". International Tables for Crystallography. Vol. F, chapter 25.2.8: 727–730. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ Richardson, Jane S.; Arendall III, W. Bryan; Richardson, David C. (2003). "New Tools and Data for Improving Structures, Using All-Atom Contacts". Methods in Enzymology: Macromolecular Crystallography, Part D. Methods in Enzymology. 374: 385–412. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(03)74018-X. ISBN 978-0-12-182777-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Higman, V.A..; et al. (2004). "Asparagine and glutamine side-chain conformations in solution and crystal: a comparison for hen egg-white lysozyme using residual dipolar couplings". Journal of Biomolecular NMR. 30 (3): 327–346. doi:10.1007/s10858-004-3218-y. PMID 15754058. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  16. ^ Arendall III, W. B.; et al. (2005). "A test of enhancing model accuracy in high-throughput crystallography". Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics. 6 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10969-005-3138-4. PMID 15965733. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  17. ^ Richardson, J. S.; et al. (2008). "RNA backbone: Consensus all-angle conformers and modular string nomenclature (an RNA Ontology Consortium contribution)". RNA. 14 (3): 465–481. doi:10.1261/rna.657708. PMC 2248255. PMID 18192612. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  18. ^ Chen, V.B.; et al. (2009). "KING (Kinemage, Next Generation): A versatile interactive molecular and scientific visualization program". Protein Science. 18 (11): 2403–2409. doi:10.1002/pro.250. PMC 2788294. PMID 19768809. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Davis, I. W.; et al. (2007). "MolProbity: all-atom contacts and structure validation for proteins and nucleic acids". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (Web server issue): W375–W383. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm216. PMC 1933162. PMID 17452350. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  20. ^ Chen, V. B.; et al. (2010). "MolProbity: all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography". Acta Crystallographica. D 66 (Pt 1): 12–21. doi:10.1107/S0907444909042073. PMC 2803126. PMID 20057044. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  21. ^ Block, J. N.; Zielinski, D. J.; Chen, V. B.; Davis, I. W.; Vinson, E. C.; Brady, R.; Richardson, J. S.; Richardson, D. C. (2009). "KinImmerse: Macromolecular VR for NMR ensembles". Source Code for Biology and Medicine. 4: 3. doi:10.1186/1751-0473-4-3. PMC 2650690. PMID 19222844. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

See also

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