Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc statue at Place des Pyramides, Paris by Emmanuel Frémiet, 1874

Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc in French) has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly six centuries. The following lists cover various media to include items of historic interest, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture. The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering rather than a complete catalog. Lesser known works, particularly from early periods, are not included. In this article, many of the excluded items are derivative of better known representations. For instance, Schiller's play inspired at least 82 different dramatic works during the nineteenth century, and Verdi's and Tchaikovsky's operatic adaptations are still recorded and performed. Most of the others survive only in research libraries.^[1] As another example, in 1894, Émile Huet listed over 400 plays and musical works about Joan of Arc. Despite a great deal of scholarly interest in Joan of Arc no complete list of artistic works about her exists, although a 1989 doctoral dissertation did identify all relevant films including ones for which no copy survives.^[2]

Portrayals of Joan of Arc are numerous. For example, in 1979 the Bibliothèque Municipale in Rouen, France held a gallery containing over 500 images and other items related to Joan of Arc.^[3] The story of Joan of Arc was a popular subject for dramatization in the 1940s. In addition to Maxwell Anderson's play Joan of Lorraine and the Ingrid Bergman film Joan of Arc, there was also the 1948 RKO film The Miracle of the Bells starring Fred MacMurray, Alida Valli, and Frank Sinatra, about a dying film actress whose first and last role is Joan of Arc. There were also three radio dramatizations of the story of Joan during those years, one of them specifically written with a World War II framework.

Organization of this article

For purposes of classification, popular culture music is a separate section from operas and oratorios. Films include made-for-television movies and miniseries. Television covers live action series.

Literature and theater

• 
  Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by Mark Twain
• 
  Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw

Date	Title	Author	Notes
1429	"Song in Honor of Joan of Arc"	Christine de Pizan	An elegiac poem written during Joan of Arc's own lifetime. The author's final work. English translation available: [4].
1450	story of the Siege of Orléans	Anonymous (possibly Jacques Millet)	First performed in Orléans four years after Joan of Arc's death. The surviving version appears to be a revision from around 1450. God and several saints play major roles in this sprawling drama of more than a hundred speaking parts.
1590	Henry VI, Part 1	William Shakespeare	Joan la Pucelle is the principal villain. Drawn from English sources of the previous century, this Joan of Arc begins with the appearance of piety but soon proves to be a cunning witch justly executed. Project Gutenberg text: [5].
1756	The Maid of Oranges	Voltaire	A mock epic poem that explores typically Voltairean themes deriding mysticism as humbug. Wikisource text (in French): [6]
1796	Joan of Arc (poem)	Robert Southey	An epic poem
1801	The Maid of Orléans	Friedrich Schiller	In literary rebuttal to Voltaire, Schiller creates a sympathetic Joan of Arc as a Romantic heroine. A magic helmet renders her invincible until she falls in love, and she is killed in battle rather than being burned at the stake. This drama was the basis of Tchaikovsky's opera of the same name. Project Gutenberg text in English: [7].
1817	Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc (History of Joan of Arc) Tome1 Tome2 Tome3 Tome4	Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes	(Paris, Ed. Artus Bertrand, 1817) Called the Maid of Orléans, drawn from her own declarations, of one hundred forty-four depositions of eyewitnesses, and of the manuscripts of the library of the King and the Tower of London.
1821	L'Orléanide	Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes	(Paris, Ed. Smith, audin, 1821) L'Orléanide, Poème national en vingt-huit chants.
1894	The Mission of Joan of Arc	Thérèse of Lisieux	The first of two 'pious recreations' written by the Saint; "small theatrical pieces performed by a few nuns for the rest of the community, on the occasion of certain feast days." Performed at the Carmel on January 21, 1894, it featured Thérèse herself in the title role. The script, which focuses more heavily upon Joan's interaction with her visions than most other pieces about her, has since been widely circulated with Saint Thérèse's writings, as has that of its sequel.
1895	Joan of Arc Accomplishes her Mission	Thérèse of Lisieux	The sequel to The Mission of Joan of Arc, this play was performed exactly one year later, on January 21, 1895. Again featuring Thérèse herself as Joan of Arc, its focus is upon her martyrdom. In the estimation of one of her biographers, Ida Görres, both of these plays "are scarcely veiled self-portraits."
1896	Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc	Mark Twain	This novel remains little remembered yet in his own opinion was his finest work. Twain spent months in France researching newly rediscovered documents. This reverent fictional biography is Twain's most uncharacteristic novel. Project Gutenberg text: Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. He published it under a different pseudonym: Jean Francois Alden.
1912	Tapestry of Saint Genevieve and Joan of Arc	Charles Péguy	Poetry. Péguy also wrote a play in three parts entitled Jeanne d'Arc, (1896).
1923	Gilles and Jeanne	Georg Kaiser	Expressionist drama explores Joan of Arc's association with the most notorious criminal of her era, Gilles de Rais.
1923	Saint Joan	George Bernard Shaw	This drama, widely esteemed as Shaw's masterpiece, draws heavily from trial records. Historians dismiss Shaw's contention that she was an early Protestant with impartial judges. Subsequent twentieth century plays often mirror Shaw's interest in her trial. ISBN 0-14-043791-6
1930	Saint Joan of the Stockyards	Bertolt Brecht	Transposes Joan of Arc into working-class Chicago and portrays her as a labor leader. Brecht made Joan of Arc the subject of two other plays, all three with Marxist themes; they are an adaptation of a radio play by Anna Seghers, The Trial of Joan of Arc of Proven, 1431 and The Visions of Simone Machard. ISBN 1-55970-420-9
1935	A Vida de Joana D'Arc (Life of Joan of Arc)	Érico Veríssimo	A Brazilian historical novel addressed to young people.
1937	Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431	Anna Seghers	In German. Radio play based on the trial records.
1946	Joan of Lorraine	Maxwell Anderson	This play-within-a-play is chiefly memorable as the basis for Ingrid Bergman's screen portrayal. ASIN B0006YOM36
1953	L'Alouette (The Lark)	Jean Anouilh	An allegory of Vichy collaboration in the aftermath of World War II. Lillian Hellman's noteworthy English translation adds a critique of McCarthyism and included a score by Leonard Bernstein. ISBN 0-8222-0634-X
1955	Seraphic Dialogue	Martha Graham	Modern-dance work in one act with choreography by Graham, music by Norman Dello Joio, set by Isamu Noguchi, costumes by Graham, and lighting by Jean Rosenthal. It was originally choreographed as a solo (same music, 1950) under the title Triumph of St Joan. In this revised version, Joan looks back over her life in a series of danced dialogues with her guiding spirit, St Michael, and with three figures who represent different aspects of her nature: maid, warrior, and martyr. At the work's close, the transfigured Joan finally takes her place among the saints.[8]
1964	The Dead Lady of Clown Town	Cordwainer Smith	A far-future science fiction story with strong parallels to the history of Joan of Arc.
1968	The Image of the Beast	Philip José Farmer	Joan of Arc is portrayed as an alien sexual predator, still alive in the 20th century but with her body altered to enable the also-alien 15th-century serial killer Gilles de Rais to live within her vagina dentata as a fang-toothed venomous snake that bites and paralyses men during intercourse.
1972	"Jeanne d'Arc" (poem)	Patti Smith	From the book Seventh Heaven.
1974	Blood Red, Sister Rose	Thomas Keneally	The novel explores the imagined psychology of Joan and tells her story from Domrémy to the coronation of Charles VII. Significant secondary characters include Charles and Gilles de Rais. The novel enters into the minds of Joan and Charles but not of Gilles. A notable feature of the book is the conversations of Joan with her voices. ISBN 0-00-221087-8
1981	Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism	Marina Warner	(University of California Press, 1981 ISBN 0-520-22464-7) The work is not so much a biography as a book about Joan of Arc or, more precisely, how she has been perceived by others over the centuries and how that perception has shaped her image.
1993	The Second Coming of Joan of Arc	Carolyn Gage	A one woman-lesbian play. Joan returns to share her story with contemporary women. She tells her experiences with the highest levels of church, state, and military, and unmasks the brutal misogyny behind male institutions. ISBN 0-939821-06-0
1997	An Army of Angels	Pamela Marcantel	A novel which depicts Joan of Arc according to the author's conception of her personality. ISBN 0-312-18042-X
1999	Jeanne d'Arc	Michel Peyramaure	A novel in two parts (in French). ISBN 2-221-08922-7 and ISBN 2-221-08923-5.
2003	Monstrous Regiment	Terry Pratchett	Part of the Discworld series, a fictional character styled after Joan of Arc dresses as a man to lead an army. ISBN 0-06-001316-8
2005	Hire, or the Anger of Jeanne	Régine Deforges	(In French). ISBN 2-213-62497-6
2006	Rogue Angel Series	Alex Archer	A series of action/adventure novels, the main character of which is the successor to Joan of Arc.
2006	Johanna (In German.)	Felicitas Hoppe	Postmodern novel rejecting any endeavor to fictionalize Joan of Arc. ISBN 978-3-596-16743-2
2008	"The Magician: Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel"	Michael Scott	Fantasy novel in which Joan of Arc features prominently. She is an immortal living in modern day Paris. It is explained that she was rescued from her execution by the warrior Scathach.
2013	Fate/Apocrypha	Yuichiro Higashide	Joan of Arc is summoned as a Ruler-class Servant by the Grail

Operas, oratorios, and vocal works

Date	Title	Composer	Genre	Notes
1789	Giovanna d'Arco	Gaetano Andreozzi	opera	Libretto by Antonio Simeone Sografi. Premiere given at the Teatro Nuovo Eretenio in Vicenza on 27 June 1789.
1790	Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans	Rodolphe Kreutzer	opéra comique	Libretto by Pierre Jean Baptiste Choudard Desforges. Premiere given at the Comédie-Italienne in Paris on 10 May 1790.
1821	Giovanna d'Arco	Salvatore Viganò	ballet	Plot influenced by Schiller. Premiered at La Scala on 3 March 1821.
1821	Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans	Michele Carafa	opéra comique	Libretto by Emmanuel Théaulon and Armand Dartois after Schiller. Premiere given at the Théâtre Feydeau on 10 March 1821.
1825	Giovanna d'Arco	Giuseppe Nicolini	opera	Libretto by Apostolo Zeno. Premiere given at the Teatro Regio di Torino on 22 January 1825.
1827	Giovanna d'Arco	Nicola Vaccai	opera	Libretto by Gaetano Rossi. Premiere given at La Fenice on 17 February 1827.
1830	Giovanna d'Arco	Giovanni Pacini	opera	Gaetano Barbieri after Schiller. Premiere given at La Scala on 14 March 1830.
1837	Joan of Arc	Michael William Balfe	opera	London, 1837
1845	Giovanna d'Arco	Giuseppe Verdi	opera	Libretto by Temistocle Solera after Schiller. Premiere given at La Scala on 15 February 1845.
1865	Jeanne d'Arc	Gilbert Duprez	opera	Libretto by Joseph Méry after Schiller. Premiere given in Paris on 24 October 1865.
1873–1877	Jeanne d'Arc	Text by Jules Barbier with music by Charles Gounod.	drama in 5 acts	(Incidental music for Barbier's play)
1878	The Maid of Orleans	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky	opera	Plot influenced by Schiller.
1913	Giovanna d'Arco, op.135	Marco Enrico Bossi	oratorio	Libretto by Luigi Orsini after Schiller.
1921	Giovanna d'Arco	Alberto Pestalozza	Marionette opera	Libretto by the composer after Schiller. Premiered in Turin on 17 September 1921
1939	Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher	Text by Paul Claudel with music by Arthur Honegger	dramatic oratorio	This deeply religious portrayal ends with the founder of the Inquisition accusing Joan's judges of heresy.
1943	Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna	Music and libretto by Walter Braunfels	Opera	The libretto is based on the actual French and Latin documents of the trial of Joan of Arc in their German translation.
1950	The Triumph of St. Joan	An opera in 3 Acts by Norman Dello Joio	Opera	Later adapted by the composer into an opera for television (1956), a one act opera (1959), and a symphony (1951).
1953	Ballade des Dames du temps jadis	Musical adaptation by Georges Brassens of a poem by François Villon	Art song	Though little known outside France, Brassens set a number of complex poems to music and often performed them himself.
1956	Le triomphe de Jeanne	Henri Tomasi	opera-oratorio	Libretto by the composer and Philippe Soupault after Schiller. Premiere given at the Théâtre-Cirque in Rouen on 23 June 1956.
1966	Choruses from The Lark, play by Jean Anouilh	music by Leonard Bernstein	set of choral pieces	Part of Bernstein's incidental score for a production of the play in an adaptation by Lillian Hellman.
1971	The Survival of St. Joan	Text by James Lineberger; music by Hank Ruffin and Gary Ruffin	rock opera	Deals with a legend of Joan escaping burning and kept in the home of a shepherd.
1989	Mistero e processo di Giovanna d'Arco	Roberto De Simone	Melodrama	Libretto by the composer after Schiller. Premiered at the Teatro Verdi in Pisa on 26 October 1989.
1994	Voices of Light	Richard Einhorn	choral orchestral work	Inspired by the 1928 film The Passion of Joan of Arc, frequently performed during screenings of the film; uses sacred texts as well as texts by various medieval mystics, including Hildegard of Bingen.
1997	Jeanne, the Joan of Arc Musical	text by Vincent de Tourdonnet; music by Peter Sipos	musical theatre	Based on historical research. Translated into French by Antonine Maillet renamed "Jeanne la Pucelle".

Images

Date	Title	Artist	Location	Notes	Image
10 May 1429	untitled	Clément de Fauquembergue	Sketch in the margin of the register of the Parlement of Paris by Clément de Fauquembergue, 1429, drawn on the day that news arrived in Paris of the French victory at Orléans. Though Fauquembergue never saw her in person, this is the only extant depiction from her lifetime.
c. 1450	Le Champion des Dames	Martin Lefranc		Miniature portrait in an illustrated manuscript in an anachronistic Biblical setting, with long hair, wearing armor and a long robe.
c. 1460	Chronique de Charles VII	Jean Chartier		Miniature portrait in an illustrated manuscript, similar portrayal to Le Champion des Dames.
1484	Vigiles du Roi Charles VII			Miniature portrait in an illuminated manuscript, similar portrayal to Le Champion des Dames.
late 15th century	untitled		Hermitage of Notre-Dame de Bermont, France	Fresco of two young women: one a peasant girl at prayer, the other dressed in male attire: possible depictions of Joan of Arc rediscovered underneath a later work. Joan of Arc was known to pray often at the site.
1505	untitled			Joan of Arc depicted on horseback in an illustration from a 1505 manuscript
1557	Portrait of the Town Council of Orléans			Joan of Arc wears a robe with slashed sleeves and a plume (symbolic of victory in war) and holds a sword. This became a model for many later portraits.
1620	Joan of Arc at Prayer	Peter Paul Rubens	North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC
1824	Jeanne d'Arc interrogated in prison by the cardinal of Winchester	Paul Delaroche	Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen	oil on canvas 277 x 217 cm
1833	Jeanne d'Arc, in the presence of Charles VII, answers questions from churchmen about her visions and revelations	Louvre, Paris	Gillot Saint-Èvre	170 x 140 cm
1854	Jeanne at the coronation of Charles VII	Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
1865	Joan of Arc at Prayer	John Everett Millais	Private collection
1879	Jeanne d'Arc	Jules Bastien-Lepage	Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York	oil on canvas 100" x 110"
1886	Jeanne in adoration before the Virgin	Eugène Grandin, based on a work by Momet	Mehun-sur-Yèvre
1880–1890	Jeanne d'Arc hears her voices	Eugène Carrière	Musée d'Orsay, Paris
1886–1890	Jeanne d'Arc, shepherdess	Jules-Eugène Lenepveu	Panthéon, Paris
1886–1890	Jeanne d'Arc in armor before Orléans	Jules-Eugène Lenepveu	Panthéon, Paris
1886–1890	Jeanne d'Arc in Rheims at the time of king Charles VII's coronation	Jules-Eugène Lenepveu	Panthéon, Paris
1886–1890	Jeanne at the stake	Jules-Eugène Lenepveu	Panthéon, Paris
c. 1870	Jeanne d'Arc arriving at Orléans	Jean-Jacques Scherrer	Musée Jeanne-d'Arc, Rouen
?	The departure of Jeanne d'Arc	Jean-Jacques Scherrer	Musée Jeanne-d'Arc, Vaucouleurs	oil on canvas 430 x 320 cm
?	Joan of Arc at Vaucouleurs	C. R. Walter	Musée Jeanne-d'Arc, Chinon

Sculpture

Date	Artist	Location	Notes
1852	François Rude	Paris, Jardin du Luxembourg	Standing figure.
1855	Denis Foyatier, with bas relief pedestal by Vital Dubray	Orléans, place du Martroi	Bronze equestrian statue.
1874	Emmanuel Frémiet	Philadelphia, Fairmount Park	Equestrian statue. Made from a plaster mold commissioned in 1874 by Napoleon III and originally located in Paris; a copy of the Paris statue was commissioned by Philadelphia, but Frémiet sent the original, as he had replaced the Paris statue with a revised one. [9]. [10], [11]
1882	Frederic Leroux	Compiègne, France
1889	Paul DuBois	Rheims, France	Equestrian statue.
1891	Marius Mercié	Domrémy-la-Pucelle, France
1892	Louis-Ernest Barrias	Bonsecours, France	Standing figure in white marble and gold leaf. In 1990 the original was moved to the church basilica and its gold leaf was removed. A copy in gold leaf now occupies the site where the original once stood.
1895	Paul DuBois	Paris, Place St. Augustin	Equestrian Statue located in front of the Eglise St. Augustin. Copies were placed in other cities in France, such as Rheims and Strasbourg.
1899	Emmanuel Frémiet	Paris, Place des Pyramides	Equestrian statue. Originally commissioned in 1874 by Napoleon III; this is a revised version of the statue Frémiet made at that time.
1900	Prosper d'Épinay	Rheims, France	Standing figure. Donated to Rheims cathedral in 1909.
1907	Emmanuel Frémiet	State Library of Victoria, Australia	Equestrian statue, replica of the Emmanuel Frémiet statue in Paris.
1915	Anna Hyatt Huntington	New York City, Riverside Park at 93rd Street	Equestrian statue. This was the first public statue in the city to be dedicated to a woman (as opposed to idealized concepts such as Liberty and Victory). Information from the New York Public Art Curriculum site: [12]. A replica of this statue can also be found in Gloucester, Massachusetts
1915	Paul Manship	Smithsonian American Art Museum	Medal, showing an equestrian figure on the obverse and a figure at the stake on the reverse.
After 1921		Matane, Quebec, church of St. Joan of Arc	Standing figure.
1922	Paul DuBois	Washington, D.C., Meridian Hill Park	Bronze copy of the statue by DuBois at Rheims Cathedral.
1920		St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans, Louisiana	Standing figure. It was donated to the Cathedral by "The Sodality of Saint Joan of Arc."
cast 1924	Emmanuel Frémiet	Portland, Oregon, Laurelhurst neighborhood	Equestrian statue. It was erected as a tribute to the fallen soldiers of World War I and is a replica of the Frémiet statue at Place des Pyramides in Paris. [13]
1947		Laval (Quebec)	Standing figure.
?	Lanson	Jargeau, Franceplace du Martroy	Standing figure
?	?	Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica - Montreal, Quebec	Standing figure, to the left of the altar.
1972	Emmanuel Frémiet	Decatur Street, French Market - New Orleans, Louisiana	Equestrian statue. It was a gift from the People of France to the City of New Orleans and is a replica of the Frémiet statue at Place des Pyramides in Paris.

Films

Date	Title	Country	Notes	Ref
1898	Jeanne d'Arc	France	short film directed by Georges Hatot	[14]
1899	Jeanne d'Arc	France	short film directed by George Méliès starring Jeanne d'Alcy	[15]
1908	Jeanne d'Arc	France	directed by Albert Capellani, starring Léontine Massart	[16]
1908	Giovanna d'Arco	Italy	directed by Mario Caserini starring Maria Gasperini, based on Schiller's play	[17]
1913	Giovanna d'Arco	Italy	directed by Ubaldo Maria Del Colle starring Maria Jacobini	[18]
1917	Joan the Woman	USA	directed by Cecil B. DeMille, starring Geraldine Farrar, with a framework set in the trenches of World War I	[19]
1927	Saint Joan	USA	Directed by Widgey R. Newman, starring Sybil Thorndike. Based on a scene from Shaw's play.	[20]
1928	The Passion of Joan of Arc	France	Directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer, starring Renée Jeanne Falconetti. Review for the 2002 DVD release:[21]. Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of the silent era, it was initially banned in Britain.	[22]
1929	The Marvelous Life of Joan of Arc	France	directed by Marco de Gastines, starring Simone Genevois	[23]
1935	Das Mädchen Johanna	Germany	directed by Gustav Ucicky, starring Angela Salloker	[24]
1944	De Jeanne d'Arc à Philippe Pétain	France	documentary narrated by Sacha Guitry	[25]
1948	Joan of Arc	USA	directed by Victor Fleming, starring Ingrid Bergman, based on the Maxwell Anderson play Joan of Lorraine	[26]
1952	Joan of Arc (Hallmark)	USA	An episode of the Hallmark Hall of Fame	[27]
1954	Giovanna d'Arco al rogo	Italy	directed by Roberto Rossellini, starring Ingrid Bergman, based on the oratorio by Paul Claudel and Arthur Honegger	[28]
1954	Destinies	France	a film in sketches directed by Jean Delannoy, starring Michèle Morgan	[29]
1956	Jehanne	France	short film directed by Robert Enrico	[30]
1957	Saint Joan	USA	directed by Otto Preminger, starring Jean Seberg, based on the George Bernard Shaw play	[31]
1957	The Story of Mankind	USA	directed by Irwin Allen, featuring Hedy Lamarr in one sequence as Joan of Arc. The film is based on a book by Hendrik Willem van Loon.	[32]
1957	The Lark	USA	live TV production in English of L'Alouette, starring Julie Harris, who also played the role on Broadway	[33]
1958	Saint Joan	UK	TV adaptation of Shaw's play, starring Siobhan McKenna	[34]
1960	Jeanne D'Arc auf dem Scheiterhaufen	Germany	movie for television starring Margot Trooger, another version of the Honegger oratorio	[35]
1961	Jeanne au Vitrail	France	short film directed by Claude Antoine
1962	Procès de Jeanne d'Arc	France	directed by Robert Bresson, starring Florence Delay	[36]
1962	Histoire de Jeanne	France	short film directed by Francis Lacassin
1966	Fall Jeanne d'Arc, Der	Germany	TV movie directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring Kathrin Schmid	[37]
1967	Saint Joan	United States	NBC television adaptation of Shaw's play, starring Geneviève Bujold
1968	St. Joan	UK	another television adaptation of Shaw's play, starring Janet Suzman
1970	Nachalo - The Début	USSR	directed by Gleb Panfilov, starring Inna Churikova, satiric comedy
1983	Joan of Arc	UK	directed by Gina Newson with commentary by Marina Warner
1989	Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure	USA	Jane Wiedlin portrayed Joan of Arc, one of many historic figures transported to late-1980s Southern California in this time travel comedy. Memorable lines include "Who was Joan of Arc?" "Noah's wife?" and "Welcome aboard, Miss of Arc!"	[38]
1989	Giovanna d'Arco	Italy	Verdi's opera directed by Werner Herzog starring Susan Dunn, based on Schiller's play	[39]
1989	Johanna D'Arc of Mongolia	West Germany, France	Sprawling epic directed by Ulrike Ottinger, entered into the 39th Berlin International Film Festival	[40]
1990	Jeanne d'Ark - visjon gjennom eld	Norway	television movie written by Juni Dahr and John Morrow	[41]
1993	Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher	Japan	TV movie of the Honegger-Claudel oratorio (in French), starring Marthe Keller	[42]
1994	Jeanne la Pucelle	France	directed by Jacques Rivette, starring Sandrine Bonnaire	[43]
1999	The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc	USA	directed by Luc Besson, starring Milla Jovovich	[44]
1999	Joan of Arc	USA	television mini-series starring Leelee Sobieski	[45]
1999	Wired Angel	USA	experimental feature directed by Sam Wells, music by Joe Renzetti	[46]
2004	Jeanne d'Arc	France	television production in ballet directed by Laurent Preyale	[47]
2011	Jeanne	Germany	experimental feature directed by Shahram Varza, premiere São Paulo International Film Festival 2011
2013	Frozen	USA	A picture of her wearing armour appears in the song 'Do you want to build a snowman?' In popular culture Advertising Benetton's 1988 "United Superstars of Benetton" print and billboard campaign, a model posing as Joan is paired with a model posing as Marilyn Monroe Kimberly-Clark's 2010 TV campaign for Poise adult underwear, Whoopi Goldberg plays Joan Music Date Title Artist/Group Notes 1970 Songs of Love and Hate (album) Leonard Cohen Contains a song (released as a single in 1971) titled "Joan of Arc", and lyrics in the song "Last Year's Man" that refer to her: "I met a lady, she was playing with her soldiers in the dark, oh one by one she had to tell them that her name was Joan of Arc." 1981 Architecture & Morality (album) Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Contains two songs about Joan of Arc titled "Joan of Arc" and "Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)", both were released as singles. 1984 "Eu Não Matei Joana d'Arc" (song) Camisa de Vênus Name of song means "I did not kill Joan of Arc". Humorous song where a man says that he never had an affair with Joan of Arc and is innocent in her death. 1986 "Bigmouth Strikes Again" (song) The Smiths Includes the lyrics, "And now I know how Joan of Arc felt, as the flames rose to her Roman nose and her Walkman started to melt," and "And now I know how Joan of Arc felt, as the flames rose to her Roman nose and her hearing aid started to melt." 1993 Houdini (album) The Melvins Contains a song titled "Joan of Arc". 1994 Voices of Light (album) Richard Einhorn An oratorio inspired by the silent film The Passion of Joan of Arc. The libretto is based on excerpts from a variety of ancient writings, most of it from Medieval female mystics. formed 1995 Joan of Arc The name of an indie rock band from Chicago 1998 "Joan of Arc (7")" (single) Low (band) Released on Tugboat Records first release 1998 Janne Da Arc Japanese rock band named after the character in the manga Devilman by Go Nagai 1999 "She’s So High" (song) Tal Bachman Includes the lyrics, "She's so high/ like Cleopatra, Joan of Arc, or Aphrodite", which speaks of the focus woman as being as smart as Cleopatra, as brave as Joan of Arc, and as beautiful as Aphrodite. 2000 "The Hall of the Olden Dreams"(Album) Dark Moor An album released from a Spanish power metal band. The album contains a song titled "Maid of Orleans", which is about life of Joan of Arc. 2002 "Did Anybody Sleep With Joan of Arc?" (song) Elton John (music), Bernie Taupin (lyrics) A summary of Joan of Arc's life. "Free & Easy" (song) Ayumi Hamasaki Japanese singer and songwriter, based the lyrics and music video for her single on her interpretation of Joan of Arc’s feelings. She also produced a photobook entitled "Hamasaki Republic - Free & Easy" where she was dressed as a warrior, a nun, and a knight. 2003 "Cadence" (song) Anberlin Includes the lyrics "Burning like Joan of Arc to See You", appearing on the band's debut album Blueprints for the Black Market. 2004 A Lifetime of Temporary Relief (album) Low (band) Minnesota-based indie rock band released two versions of their song "Joan of Arc." 2005 Plague Angel (album) Marduk Black metal band from Sweden, have a song entitled "Everything Bleeds", which is about Jeanne d'Arc. 2005 Aerial (album) Kate Bush Sings about Joan of Arc in "Joanni." 2005 Jeanne d'Arc (album) Thy Majestie Concept album about Joan of Arc by a power metal band from Italy. 2005 Jeanne d'Arc (album) Tangerine Dream Musical tribute to Joan of Arc performed on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the French Cathedral in Berlin. 2006 "World of Stone" (song) Blackmore's Night The song is about Joan of Arc, appearing on their 5th studio album, The Village Lanterne. 2006 Joan of Arc (album) Tony Conrad Joan of Arc is a 2006 album by mimimalist composer Tony Conrad. The piece, which lasts unbroken for over an hour, was originally written by Conrad as a soundtrack to accompany Piero Heliczer's eponymousshort film. 2006 "The Martyr's Lounge" (song) Ellis Paul Includes the lyrics, "JFK, Joan of Arc / sit in the corner, kissing in the dark". 2008 The Historical Conquests of Josh Ritter (album) Josh Ritter The song "To the Dogs or Whoever" (the album's opening track) mentions Joan of Arc and other historical women 2008 Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder (album) Cradle of Filth A concept album about the life of Joan of Arc's companion-in-arms Gilles de Rais, in which she is a central character. 2008 "Lenders In The Temple" (song) Conor Oberst Includes the lyrics "So watch your back, the Ides of March, Cut your hair like Joan of Arc" 2010 Teenage Dream (album) Katy Perry Includes the lyrics "She could be a Joan of Arc" 2013 "Joan of Arc" (song) Arcade Fire The seventh track in Arcade Fire's fourth studio album Reflektor. 2013 "Miley Cyrus vs Joan of Arc" (song) Epic Rap Battles of History Singer and actress Miley Cyrus (Michelle Glavan) battles French folk heroine Joan of Arc (Jessi Smiles). 2015 "Joan of Arc" (song) Madonna The eight song on the album Rebel Heart by Madonna. Television Date Series Notes Ref 1972–1978 Maude The theme song includes the line 'Joan of Arc with the Lord to guide her/she was a sister who really cooked.' [48] 1979 M*A*S*H in "Are You Now, Margaret?", Hawkeye references Joan of Arc 1995–1998 Wishbone episode "Bone of Arc" is based on Mark Twain's Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc [49] 1998 Histeria! episode "Great Heroes of France", voiced by Laraine Newman [50] 2001 Witchblade in "Parallax", Sara learns Joan of Arc wielded the Witchblade [51] 2002 The Simpsons "Tales from the Public Domain" features Lisa as Joan of Arc 2002–2003 Clone High Joan of Arc was a character [52] 2003–2005 Joan of Arcadia a girl speaks with God and uses His influence to do good [53] [54] 2004 Wonderfalls series theme inspired by Joan of Arc [55] 2006–2007 Heroes features a character named St. Joan 2011 Deadliest Warrior episode "Joan of Arc vs. William the Conqueror [56] [57] 2013 Horrible Histories (TV series) Series 5 features a song about Joan of Arc Video games and computer games Date Game Notes 1989 Joan of Arc - Siege and the Sword / Jeanne d'Arc Historically based war strategy and action game by Brøderbund for Amiga, ST and PC. 1992 World Heroes series NeoGeo fighting game. The character Janne D'Arc, a beautiful French swordwoman with pyrokinetic powers, is very much inspired by Joan of Arc. 1995 Soul Edge Fighting game released by Namco about a sword full of evil spirits. The character Sophitia Alexandra shares a similar story to Joan of Arc. Although they both eventually met and bonds each other in Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate 1999 Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings The central character in one of the major campaigns in which she is depicted as a peasant at first but follows a historically driven plot leading to her capture and death. 2000 Perfect Dark Nintendo 64 game. Whilst in no way is the game about Joan, the central character Joanna Dark's name is a play on Jeanne d'Arc. 2001 Civilization III The Leader of France's civilization is Joan of Arc. 2002 La Pucelle: Tactics PlayStation game. The title is an allusion to Joan of Arc. Most of the character and place names within the game are French, but the game scenario is unrelated fantasy. 2004 Wars and Warriors: Joan of Arc PC game, title character. 2006 Age of Empires: The Age of Kings Nintendo DS game major playable character. 2006 Jeanne d'Arc PSP game, title character in a fantasy universe loosely based on the historical story. 2006, 2008 Yggdra Union Game Boy Advance/PSP game. Minor character Monica, a peasant girl who receives divine inspiration and rises up to defend her country from invasion, is based on Joan of Arc. 2007 Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War PS3 game, Xbox 360 game, major character and leader of the French troops. 2008 Atlantica Online PC MMORPG, Hero Mercenary, evolved form of "Lady Knight" Mercenary 2009 Assassin's Creed II PS3/Xbox 360/PC action game. It is revealed that she had the 25th Piece of Eden, the Sword, and the Templars burned her alive to gain possession of it. 2010 Bayonetta PS3/Xbox 360 game contains a character named Jeanne who acts as Bayonetta's rival. She also possesses some references to the real life Joan of Arc, with her trademark red outfit being the product of the fictional Italian fashion brand D'arc. 2012 Warriors Orochi 3 PS3/Xbox 360 hack and slash game, Joan's Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War incarnation appears as a special guest character and is involved in the plot to save the world from destruction. In Ultimate update game, this is where Joan and Sophitia met and shares their bonds each other. 2013 Angel Master (エンジェルマスター, Enjeru Masutā) This iOS and Android card action game contains a character named Jeanne d'Arc (ジャンヌ・ダルク, Jan'nu Daruku), who is one of the game's three main characters. Comics and animation Date Title Format Notes Ref 1973 Belladonna Feature film Portrays Jeanne as a witch, as she was portrayed by her detractors, but sympathetically so. 1995 Jeanne Comic Three volume work set in the Hundred Years' War whose central character's life parallels that of Joan of Arc. By Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, based on story by Chōjun Ōtani 1995–1996 D'arc: Histoire de Jeanne D'arc Comic Two volume fantasy retelling the story of Joan of Arc. Art by Katsuya Kondō and story by Ken'ichi Sakemi. 1995–present Witchblade Comic, TV series Joan of Arc is a blade wielder. [58] 1998–2000 Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne Comic and Animation The reincarnation of Joan of Arc, the gymnastic champion Maron Kusakabe, is the main character. She uses her God-given powers and arsenal of push-pins to trap demons who hide in works of art. Arina Tanemura, writer (comic edition). [59][60][61] 1998–2000 Histeria! Animation WB animated series that parodies a variety of figures from history. Joan of Arc is a regular character, voiced by Laraine Newman. She constantly extinguishes fires that spring up around her. She talks with a Valley Girl accent and introduces herself as "like, I'm Joan, Joan of Arc". [62] 1998–2004 Shaman King Animation The leader of the group X-Laws, Iron Maiden Jeanne, is a French girl who receives a divine revelation while praying in church that she must purge an evil force or the world will be destroyed. March 17, 2002 The Simpsons Animation In episode "Tales from the Public Domain," Lisa Simpson plays Joan of Arc and Milhouse plays the Dauphin, after Homer reads about her in a children's book. However, when Homer gets to the part where she was burned at the stake, Lisa says, "Was she killed?" and Marge runs in and says, "Just then, Sir Lancelot rode up on his white horse and saved Joan of Arc! They got married and lived in a spaceship!" She then tore the page out, ate it, and says, "Easier to chew than that Bambi video!" Episode synopsis: [63]. [64] 2002–2003 Clone High Animation Joan of Arc's clone appeared in the traditionally animated show. [65] 2003 Digimon Animation The seventh movie of the Digimon series features a Digimon named d'Arcmon who is a female angel and soldier leading the "human-type" Digimon on Wondering Island. She uses a special sword attack called "La Pucelle." She later is revealed only to be a disguised form of Murmuxmon. [66] 2003 Yu-Gi-Oh! Animation, TCG In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card game there is a monster card named St. Joan (Saint Jeanne in Japan). It is summoned by fusing The Forgiving Maiden (Compassionate Nun) and Marie the Fallen One (Fallen Angel Marie). In the anime Yu-Gi-Oh Serenity Wheeler (Shizuka Kawai) used it when she, Tristan Taylor (Hiroto Honda), and Duke Devlin (Ryuji Otogi) were forced to face Nesbitt (Soichiro Ota). With power ups from other cards it was able to destroy Nesbitt's last monster, the Perfect Machine King, and win the duel in episode 107 "Mechanical Mayhem Part 2" ("Saint Jeanne's Trinity Attack"). 2003 Ashita no Nadja Animation Nadja, Kennosuke, and Georg are treasure hunting for Joan of Arc's treasure. It turns out to be a seed that she planted that bloomed and spread into a field of flowers. She is briefly shown planting it in a flashback. [67] 2003–2009 Hetalia: Axis Powers Comic and Animation Joan of Arc is shown briefly in episode 10, during a brief flashback to the Hundred Years' War. She also is shown in the webcomic and in volume 1. However, she is referred to as "that kid" (あのこ) in-story. England teases France for "relying on a girl". [68] 2005 Top 10: The Forty-Niners Comic One of the officers, named Joanna Dark, dresses in chainmail and uses holy powers. 2006 Aflame Inferno manhwa Joan of Arc appears as a character in the series. 2007-09 Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunally manga Joan of Arc appears as the "Witch of Orleans" and gives C.C. her Geass. Her personality is different from real life. Portions of this page were translated from the French Wikipedia. 2008-ongoing Aria the Scarlet Ammo manga A character of the series is Jeanne d'Arc 30th who is a descendent of the original Joan of Arc. 2009-ongoing Drifters Comic Joan of Arc appears as an "Ends", a villainous group of fallen historical figures who wish to destroy the world and exterminate humankind. In the series, Joan is an insane warrior who has exchanged her humanity for the supernatural ability to manipulate fire. 2009-ongoing Afterschool Charisma Comic Currently at four volumes, this series takes place at an exclusive school called St. Kleio Academy that is mostly attended by clones of famous people. Joan of Arc's clone appears along with clones of other important people such as Napoleon Bonaparte, Queen Elizabeth I, Florence Nightingale, Marie Curie, Ikkyu, Sigmund Freud and others. 2009-ongoing Makai Ouji: Devils and Realist Comic and Animation Portrayed as the former lover of Gilles de Rais and as an angel, having been purified, suggesting that she was once evil. 2010–present Times Like This webcomic In this time-travel series, Joan is rescued during her execution and brought to modern Texas to live out her full life as a secondary character in the series. 2011 Puella Magi Madoka Magica Anime In Episode 11 it is revealed that she was a magical girl, along with Cleopatra and other famous women in history. 2012 Family Guy Animation In the Season 10 Episode 19 "Mr. and Mrs. Stewie", Joan of Arc is depicted as obnoxious and annoying in a cutaway after Stewie notes that women always turn out to be nightmares. 2013 Rooster Teeth Productions RWBY Animation In the series, the leader of Team JNPR, Jaune Arc (voiced by Miles Luna), wielder of the Crocea Mors, is derived of the legend of Joan of Arc. His characterization and history is not very like Joan of Arc. Other than his name's similarity, his rival is Cardin Winchester, an allusion to the Cardinal of Winchester who presided over Joan of Arc's trial. 2013 Hetalia: Axis Powers animation In an episode (episode 15 of hetalia: beautiful world), the reincarnation of Jeanne de arc appears and visits Mout-saint Michel. The character France, sees her and gives her a tour while discussing events and the story of Jeanne de arc. Later in the episode she is seen discussing with her mother about her strange encounter while America overhears the conversation. 2013 Makai Ouji: Devils and Realist Animation Portrayed as the former lover of Gilles de Rais and as an angel, having been purified, suggesting that she was once evil.
2013	Rage of Bahamut: Genesis	Animation	In the series, she's the "chosen one" by the gods to destroy Bahamut; a giant dragon.

In philately

Date	Country	Yvert n°
1929	France	257
1946	France	768
1968	France	1579
1979	France	2051
1996	France	3002
2012	France	4654

Other representations

Joan of Arc's short haircut had a profound effect on women's hairstyles in the twentieth century. In 1909, the Paris hairdresser Antoine took Joan of Arc as the inspiration for the bob, which ended centuries of taboo against women who cut their hair. The style became popular in the 1920s and was associated with liberated women. Nearly all subsequent Western hair fashions are designed for women who cut their hair at least occasionally. Such haircut is still known in French as coupe à la Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc's haircut).

During the Cristero War in 1927, a group of female Cristeros named themselves after Joan of Arc. They obtained money, supplies, and intelligence for the male combatants. They often smuggled weapons into war zones and cared for the wounded. By the end of the war they had 35,000 participants.

Several people have been seen as modern versions of Joan of Arc:

• Malalai of Maiwand, called the "Afghan Joan of Arc"
• Tringe Smajl Martini, referred to as "The Albanian Joan of Arc"
• Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, referred to as "The Joan of Arc of Kabylie"
• Ani Pachen, referred to as "The Tibetan Joan of Arc"
• Sarah Taylor, referred to as "The Tennessee Joan of Arc"
• Triệu Thị Trinh, referred to as "The Vietnamese Joan of Arc"

See also

• History of film
• Middle Ages in film

Notes

1. ^ Pernoud 1999, p. 243.
2. ^ Pernoud 1999, p. 239.
3. ^ Pernoud 1999, pp. 240, 246.

References

• Nadia Margolis, Joan of Arc in History, Literature, and Film (New York: Garland, 1990).
• Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1999).

External links

• International Joan of Arc Society film list
• Médailles Jeanne d’Arc. French site containing pictures and descriptions of Medallions devoted to Joan of Arc.