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Pakatan Rakyat

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Pakatan Rakyat
People's Pact
ڤاكتن رعية
人民联盟
Rénmín Liánméng
பக்காத்தான் ராக்யாட்
AbbreviationPR
General ChiefAnwar Ibrahim
Leader of the OppositionLee Hsien Loong
PKR PresidentWan Azizah Wan Ismail
DAP Secretary-GeneralLim Guan Eng
PAS PresidentAbdul Hadi Awang
Founded1 April 2008
Preceded byBarisan Alternatif
HeadquartersPetaling Jaya, Malaysia (PKR)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (DAP & PAS)
NewspaperSuara Keadilan
The Rocket
Harakah
MembershipPeople's Justice Party (PKR)
Democratic Action Party (DAP)
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) (in Peninsular Malaysia only, East Malaysia (2008-2015))
IdeologySocial liberalism,
Social democracy,
Social justice
Political positionCentre-left
ColoursOrange and white
SloganBerpadu, Berubah, Berkat
Dewan Negara:
8 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:
86 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:
239 / 576
Website
pakatanrakyat.my
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Malaysia
Head of State
Legislature
Executive
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Elections
Political parties
List of political parties in Malaysia
Federalism
Ideologies and concepts

Race and politics

The Pakatan Rakyat or PR (People's Pact / People's Alliance) is an informal Malaysian political coalition. It currently controls three state governments while in opposition to the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level.

The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP), and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) on 1 April 2008, after the 12th Malaysian general election, having previously formed the Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front) in the 10th general election. On 20 April 2010, the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) officially joined as a member of the Pakatan Rakyat after being expelled from Barisan Nasional, but quit the coalition on 6 May 2011.[1]

The former three parties had worked together in the 12th Malaysian general election, in which they gained control of five state assemblies and made significant gains at the federal level, denying the BN a two-thirds majority in the federal parliament. Between 2008 and 2013, the coalition administered Selangor, Kedah, Penang and Kelantan states. Perak was also under Pakatan control, but in February 2009, three Pakatan state assembly members switched allegiances to independent members who supported BN, causing a constitutional crisis that, following the judgement of the federal court, resulted in BN taking power.

In the recent 2013 general election, Pakatan Rakyat managed to increase its share in Parliament by an additional seven seats and won the popular vote for the first time. Pakatan Rakyat also gained two-thirds majorities in the state legislative assemblies in Penang and Selangor, though it lost its hold on Kedah to BN.

Pakatan Rakyat is collectively led and managed by all constituent parties, with no official leader. Each political party in People's Alliance has its own ideology; PKR promotes its ideals that revolves around social justice and anti-corruption, PAS with its aim to establish Malaysia as a nation based on Islamic legal theory and DAP with its secular, multiracial, social democratic ideals.

In 2015, the alliance in East Malaysia bricks down with either DAP and PKR cut off their partnership with PAS (in Sabah and Sarawak) or the other way around (Labuan) due to their dissagrement in implementing Hudud law in PAS-lead government of Kelantan.[2]

History

The Pakatan Rakyat is a maturing development of the concept, of Barisan Alternatif (English: Alternative Front), that was created during the election campaign of the 10th Malaysian General Election in 1999. Barisan Alternative was the banner and policy position document which a group of Malaysian opposition political parties (DAP, KeADILan, PAS and PRM) endorsed and coalesced around for that election.

In the 2008 general election (12th Malaysian General Election), PKR, DAP, and PAS had also won 41, 73, and 86 seats, respectively, in various state assemblies.

As of 2009, Pakatan Rakyat remains an informal coalition yet unregistered with the Malaysian Registrar of Societies (ROS). They claim that Malaysian law only allows the registration of a coalition comprising seven parties or more.

In October 2009, the ROS stated that Pakatan Rakyat could formally register as a coalition, as "The condition does not apply to political parties as they enjoy a national status. Only [a] state-level organisation aspiring to become a national entity needs to have seven members from the states".[3] On 9 October 2009, Lim Kit Siang announced that Pakatan would seek to register itself as a formal coalition in light of this clarification.[4] On 4 November 2009, Pakatan Rakyat officials told the press that they had submitted a formal application to the ROS, naming Zaid as the chairman of the alliance.[5] PKR MP and Information Chief Tian Chua publicly denied this, saying the coalition had not yet decided on a constitution, logo, or leadership structure. In February 2010, Pakatan Rakyat claimed it had made a fresh application to ROS as "Pakatan Rakyat Malaysia" because the name "Pakatan Rakyat" is still being registered and processed under Zaid Ibrahim's name as the pro-tem chairman.[6]

By law, the ROS cannot consider any other application that has the same phrase in it, and has asked Pakatan Rakyat to file a fresh application. In November 2011, Pakatan Rakyat appointed PAS central committee member Kamaruddin Jaafar to make a fresh application, but RoS director-general Abdul Rahman Othman claimed Kamaruddin had never approached his department. Abdul Rahman said that the ROS has no problem in approving Pakatan's registration and that he could not refuse a request made by any MP.[7]

Zaid had issued a statement on Pakatan Rakyat's ideology, stating that in government, it would introduce anti-discrimination laws, set up a social safety net, establish a new education policy aimed at producing competitive graduates, especially among the Malays and Bumiputra, repeal the Internal Security Act and Printing Presses and Publications Act, amend the Official Secrets Act and Sedition Act to limit the government's power, and reform law enforcement institutions like the courts, the Royal Malaysian Police, and the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission. Zaid also said that the proposed anti-discrimination law would not require the repeal or amendment of Article 153 of the Constitution.[8] Zaid has also request Dato' Nik Aziz to become the chairman of Pakatan Rakyat instead of Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) or Hadi Awang (PAS). In November 2010, after a six-month leave from PKR over undisclosed reasons, Zaid Ibrahim quit PKR, causing the People's Coalition to remain as an informal coalition.

In the 2013 general election (13th Malaysian General Election), the still unregistered Pakatan Rakyat won a popular majority nation-wide, but due to large variations in the number of electors in different parliamentary seats, lost to the Barisan Nasional, which won 133 of the 222 federal seats and 275 of the 505 state seats.[9][10]

Policies

Main article: Buku Jingga
Full-length profile of man in ancient Egyptian clothing. He has red-brown skin and wears a helmet with tall yellow plumes.
Buku Jingga, containing various policies of the government (Pakatan Rakyat) to the people.

Pakatan Rakyat basic framework policies are:

  • Transparent and genuine democracy
  1. Constitutional nation and rule of law
  2. Separation of power
  3. Free, clean, and fair election system
  • Driving a high performance, sustainable, and equitable economy
  1. High-skill economy
  2. Decentralisation and empowerment of the states' economic management
  3. Affirmative policy based on requirements
  4. Labour
  5. Social protection network
  6. Housing
  7. Infrastructure and public facilities
  8. Environment
  • Social justice and human development
  1. Solidarity and social justice
  2. Religion
  3. Education
  4. Women and family institutions
  5. Youth
  6. Security
  7. Health
  8. Culture
  • Federal–State relationship and foreign policy
  1. Federal system
  2. Sabah and Sarawak
  3. Foreign policy

Pakatan Rakyat further their policy through the introduction of "Orange Book", also known as Buku Jingga, which outlining the policies together with Pakatan.

Component parties

People's Pact General Chief: Anwar Ibrahim
Leader of the Opposition: Vacant

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Main article: List of members of the Dewan Negara

Senators

  1. Johari Mat (PAS) – selected by Kelantan State Legislative Assembly
  2. Khairiah Mohamed (PAS) – selected by Kelantan State Legislative Assembly
  1. Ariffin Omar (DAP) – selected by Penang State Legislative Assembly
  2. Syed Shahir Syed Mohamud (PKR) – selected by Penang State Legislative Assembly
  1. Syed Husin Ali (PKR) – selected by Selangor State Legislative Assembly
  2. Chandra Mohan S. Thambirajah (DAP) – selected by Selangor State Legislative Assembly

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 13th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 13th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–)

Pakatan Rakyat state governments

General election results

Election Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
2008
82 / 222
 3,796,464 46.75% Increase61 seats; Opposition coalition Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2013
89 / 222
 5,623,984 50.87% Increase7 seats; Opposition coalition Anwar Ibrahim

State election results

State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Penang State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Malacca State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Total won / Total contested
2008
1 / 15
21 / 36
39 / 45
8 / 32
29 / 40
31 / 59
4 / 42
36 / 56
15 / 36
5 / 28
6 / 56
1 / 60
196 / 510
2011
15 / 71
15 / 69
2013
2 / 15
15 / 36
33 / 45
15 / 32
30 / 40
28 / 59
12 / 42
44 / 56
14 / 36
7 / 28
18 / 56
11 / 60
229 / 511

References

  1. ^ SNAP quits Pakatan
  2. ^ http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/03/28/sarawak-dap-quitting-pakatan-merely-affirms-its-intention-says-sabah-dap-chief/
  3. ^ "ROS: Pakatan can register as a single party". Malaysiakini. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  4. ^ "Pakatan Rakyat to register as a coalition". The Malaysian Insider. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  5. ^ "Zaid to helm Pakatan Rakyat". Malaysiakini. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  6. ^ Ghazali, Rahmah (5 November 2009). "No decision on 'Zaid to lead Pakatan', yet". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  7. ^ Loo, Susan (10 November 2011). "RoS denies Pakatan filed new bid to register". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  8. ^ Lau, Leslie (10 August 2009). "Zaid outlines blueprint for Pakatan government". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  9. ^ "What's Malay for gerrymandering?". The Economist. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  10. ^ http://keputusan.spr.gov.my/#home
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