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2016 Summer Olympics

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"2016 Olympics" redirects here. For the Winter Youth Olympics, see 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.
"Rio 2016" redirects here. For the 2016 Paralympic Games, see 2016 Summer Paralympics.
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2016 Summer Olympics

The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016), officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and as Rio 2016, is a major international multi-sport event due to be celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games, as governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The host city of the Games will be Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, announced at the 121st IOC Session held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 2, 2009. The games will open on August 5, 2016 and the closing ceremony will be on August 21, 2016. Rio de Janeiro won the bid with 66 votes. The other finalist was Madrid, Spain.

There will be 35 competition venues mainly in Barra da Tijuca, but also in three other zones: Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracanã. It will become the first South American, and Lusophone city to ever host the summer Olympic Games and the third staged in the southern hemisphere, after the 1956 and 2000 Olympics, both held in Australia.

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics
The then-President Lula (center with flag of Brazil), Brazilian footballer Pelé (hugging) and then-governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro Sérgio Cabral (right) when, in 2009, Rio was announced as host.

The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games was officially launched on May 16, 2007.[1] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by September 13, 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files, containing answers to a 25-question IOC form, were to be submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on June 4, 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo (which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics). The IOC did not promote Doha to the Candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, due to their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut.[2]

Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on September 2, one month before elections.[3]

There are many restrictions barring the bidding cities from communicating with or influencing directly the 115 voting members. Cities cannot invite any IOC members to visit them and they cannot send them anything that can be construed as a gift. However, bidding cities invest large sums in their PR and media programs in an attempt to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support, support from sports media and general international media. Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid, was recently quoted as saying "Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign."[4]

The final voting was held on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen with Chicago and Rio de Janeiro perceived as favourites to land the games. Chicago and Tokyo were eliminated after the first and second rounds of voting, respectively, while Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid heading into the final round. The lead held and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host, becoming the first city in South America to host an Olympic Games.

2016 Summer Olympics bidding results[5]
City NOC Round 1 Round 2 Round 3
Rio de Janeiro  Brazil 26 46 66
Madrid  Spain 28 29 32
Tokyo  Japan 22 20 —
Chicago  United States 18 — —

Development and preparation

Main article: 2016 Summer Olympic development
Map of Rio de Janeiro showing the competition venues for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Engenhão (João Havelange Stadium), site of athletic events.
Maracanã Stadium, site of the opening and closing ceremonies, in addition to the finals of football.

On June 26, 2011 it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This comes just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[6] Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[7]

Venues and infrastructure

Main article: Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics

Barra da Tijuca will host most of the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. The rest will be located in three other zones: Copacabana Beach, Maracanã and Deodoro; Barra da Tijuca will also house the Olympic Village.

Rio's historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha.[8] It covers 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aims to redevelop the port area increasing the city center's attractiveness and enhancing Rio’s competitiveness position in the global economy. The urban renovation involves: 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path; 15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants.

Security

Since the award of the 2016 Olympics to Rio de Janeiro, the city's crime problems have received more attention. A police helicopter was shot down over a favela during one of the city's many drug wars, and the pilot was killed in the incident.[9] Rio's mayor has admitted that there are "big issues" facing the city in securing the Games from violence. However, he also said that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[10] The governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring on the day following the IOC session that chose the city to host the 2012 Olympic Games.

The IOC, however, has expressed optimism regarding the ability of the city and the nation of Brazil to address these concerns, saying that seven years is enough time for Rio de Janeiro to clean up its crime problem.[11] IOC spokesman Mark Adams told The Associated Press, "we have confidence in their capacity to deliver a safe Games in seven years. Security is of course a very important aspect of any Olympic Games no matter where it is in the world. This is of course entirely under the national, regional and city authorities."[12][13][14] Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of Brazil, noted that the city has hosted other high-profile events without major incidents, for example the 2007 Pan American Games.[15]

Rio de Janeiro is planning to pacify local neighbourhoods, or favelas. Community-based Police Pacification Units (UPPs) will be used to build trust in individual communities through the use of street patrols and civic work.[16] Moreover, The Regional Institute of Public Safety reported that the homicide rate of Rio de Janeiro for the first five months of 2012 was at its lowest in the past 21 years, with 10.9 homicides for every 100,000 habitants.[17][18] Nonetheless, despite the decline in homicides and human rights abuses, Human Rights Watch urged Brazil to investigate extrajudicial killings.[19]

Concerns over completion

Maracanãzinho Gymnasium, site of volleyball.
Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, site of rowing and canoeing.
BRT map to the Olympics.
Bus Rapid Transit in Rio de Janeiro International Airport. The system connects the airport with the Olympic areas.
Rio de Janeiro Metro map, including the connection with the Olympic area in Barra da Tijuca.
Rio de Janeiro Metro.

On 9 May 2014, the London Evening Standard reported IOC vice-president John Coates calling Brazil’s preparations "the worst I’ve experienced" and went on to claim that construction and infrastructure projects were severely behind schedule. "The IOC has formed a special task force to try to speed up preparations but the situation is critical on the ground," the paper quoted him as saying, concluding that such an intervention was "unprecedented".[20] Coates' concerns had previously been reported elsewhere in the media.[21][22]

Emergency host cities

In the same article, the London Evening Standard claims that "an informal approach" had been made by the IOC to see whether, in case of Rio not being ready in time, London could act as an emergency host city, quoting an unnamed source as saying: "At a comparable planning stage in 2004 Athens had done 40 per cent of preparations on infrastructure, stadiums and so on. London had done 60 per cent. Brazil has done 10 per cent — and they have just two years left. So the IOC is thinking, ‘What’s our plan B?’. Obviously, the answer would be to come back to London. It’s very unlikely but it would be the logical thing to do." The Standard also reported, however, that the idea had been officially dismissed by a spokeswoman for the IOC, calling it a "non-starter and unfeasible".[20]

In June 2014, before starting the 2014 FIFA World Cup, reports citing confidential meetings between the IOC and Madrid authorities arose in Spanish media pointing towards the possibility of hosting the games in Madrid.[23][24][25]

While highly unusual, a move of the Games to another host city would not be unprecedented. The 1908 Summer Olympics were originally scheduled to take place in Rome, Italy, but were then held in London after an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 had put Italy under severe financial strain. The 1976 Winter Olympics were originally awarded to Denver, USA but then were held in Innsbruck, Austria due to Colorado voters declining to publicly fund the Games.

Financing

Phase I – Applicant City

Revenue Federal Government State Government Total
Public Funds R$3,022,097.88 R$3,279,984.98 R$6,302,082.86
Private Funds - - R$2,804,822.16
General Total - - R$9,106,905.02

Phase II – Candidate City

Public revenues
Revenue Public funds
Federal government R$47,402,531.75
State government R$3,617,556.00
Municipal government R$4,995,620.93
General Total R$56,015,708.68
Private revenues
Revenue Private funds
EBX R$13,000,000.00
Eike Batista R$10,000,000.00
Bradesco R$3,500,000.00
Odebrecht R$3,300,000.00
Embratel R$3,000,000.00
TAM Airlines¹ R$1,233,726.00
General Total R$34,033,726.00

¹TAM Airlines contributed with R$1,233,726.00 in the form of discounts in air tickets.

Note: The residual balance was used to fund the first months of operation of Rio 2016 Organizing Committee.[26]

Investment

Olympics/City Investment Public Private
Olympic Park R$5.6 billion R$1.46 billion R$4.18 billion
Public Transport R$24 billion R$13.7 billion R$10.3 billion
General Total R$29.6 billion - -

Note: The total investment in Olympic park and public transport in Rio to the 2016 Summer Olympics.[27]

Ticketing

The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, and all will be sold in Brazilian Reals (R$). A total of 7.5 million tickets will be sold; 200,000 tickets less compared to the 2012 Summer Olympics, because the size of many arenas is smaller. Ticket prices range from R$40 for many events to R$4.600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets will be available for R$70 or less.[28][29] The street events could be watched along the route for free.

Torch relay

Main article: 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay

The torch relay will visit 250 Brazilian cities (including all the 26 states capitals and the Brazilian Federal District, and the last part to be held in Rio de Janeiro city).

Opening ceremony

Main articles: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

The opening ceremony will take place in the Maracanã Stadium on August 5, 2016.

Closing ceremony

Main articles: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers

The closing ceremony will also take place at the Maracanã Stadium on August 21, 2016.

The Games

Football venues for the 2016 Summer Olympics

Sports

There were two open spots for sports and initially seven sports began the bidding for inclusion in the 2016 program. Baseball and softball, which were dropped from the program in 2005, karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all applied to be included. Leaders of the seven sports held presentations in front of the IOC executive board in June 2009.[30]

In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens—a seven-man version of rugby union—by a majority vote, thus removing baseball, roller sports, and squash from contention. Among the remaining three—golf, karate, and softball, the board approved golf as a result of consultation. The final decision regarding the remaining two sports was made on October 9, 2009, the final day of the 121st IOC Session. A new system was in place at this session; a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.[31][32] International Golf Federation executive director Antony Scanlon said that the top players, including Tiger Woods and Annika Sörenstam, would show their continued support of golf's Olympic involvement by participating in the events.[33]

In May 2012, the International Sailing Federation announced that windsurfing would be removed from the 2016 Olympic sailing program and replaced by kitesurfing.[34] This decision was reversed in November.[35]

In January 2013, representatives for the IOC announced that the commission would be forced to review the status of cycling events following Lance Armstrong's admission to the use of performance-enhancing drugs amid accusations that senior members of the Union Cycliste Internationale —the governing body of cycling— had participated in a cover-up of widespread blood doping within the sport.[36]

In contrast to the exception during the 2012 Olympics, the International Gymnastics Federation announced that these Games will have a gala event for gymnastics.[37]

The 2016 Summer Olympic program features 28 sports and a total of 41 disciplines and 306 events.

Participating National Olympic Committees

The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.[38] As host nation Brazil has also received automatic entry for some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.[39][40] As of April 20, 2015, 72 out of the current 205 NOCs have qualified at least one athlete.

Template:2016 Summer Olympics Participating National Olympic Committees

Calendar

All dates are Brasília Time (UTC–3)

Template:2016 Summer Olympics calendar

Event times

Swimming heats will be held beginning at 13:00 BRT (UTC−3). Swimming finals will be held from 22:00. to 00:00 BRT. Some beach volleyball matches will begin at midnight BRT.[41] Meanwhile, each track and field morning session will include at least one final. There will be at least one final during each of the six morning sessions in the stadium. Eight stadium events will hold morning session finals, a first at the Olympics since 1988. The first is the women’s 10,000m on the first day of track and field competition on Friday, Aug. 12, one week after the Opening Ceremony. The others are the men’s discus (Aug. 13), women’s 3000m steeplechase and hammer throw (Aug. 15), men’s triple jump and women’s discus (Aug. 16), men’s 3000m steeplechase (Aug. 17) and men’s 400m hurdles (Aug. 18).The men's 100m finals will begin at 22h35 BRT on August 14. The women’s 100m final is the night before at 22:35 BRT. The men’s 200m final is Thursday, Aug. 18, at 22:30 BRT. The women’s 200m final is Aug. 17 at 22:30. BRT. The men’s 4x100m relay final is Friday, Aug. 19, at 22h35. BRT.[42][43]

Records

Medal count

Marketing

Main article: 2016 Summer Olympics marketing

The Rio 2016 logo was designed by Tatil Design, a Brazilian company, and unveiled on December 31, 2010.[44] The logo represents three figures, in the yellow, green, and blue of the Brazilian flag, joined at the arms and in a triple embrace, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. The logo was based on four concepts: contagious energy, harmonious diversity, exuberant nature, and Olympic spirit. The Rio firm Tatil designed the winning entry for the logo in a competition involving 139 agencies.[45] According to former IOC President Jacques Rogge, the logo captures the vision of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil for these Games. The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance.[46]

Official mascot

Main article: Vinicius and Tom

The official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on November 24, 2014. The Olympic mascot is called Vinicius and is named after musician Vinicius de Moraes. The Paralympic mascot is called Tom, named after the musician Tom Jobim. The Olympic mascot represents Brazilian wildlife, primarily carrying design traits of mammals. The agility of cats, sway of monkeys and grace of birds. He can stretch his arms and legs as much as he wants. The mascots' fictional backstories state that they were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games. Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots are intended to reflect the diversity of Brazil's culture and people. The names of the mascots were determined by a public vote won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes, whose results were announced on December 14, 2014. The other choices were Oba and Eba and Tiba Tuque and Esquindim.[47][48]

Broadcasting

Main article: List of 2016 Summer Olympics broadcasters

In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights to the 2016 Summer Olympics to Grupo Globo. Replacing Rede Record (who made a blunder coverage to the 2012 Summer Olympics), the deal covers free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, pay TV, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sub-licensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes, and later the sub-partial rights were sold to SBT as well. IOC board member Richard Carrión described the agreement as "unprecedented", touting that "by working with Brazil’s leading media organizations, we are confident that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how, when and where they follow the Olympic Games."[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ "2016 Bid Process Launched". International Olympic Committee. May 16, 2007.
  2. ^ "Four on 2016 Olympics short-list". BBC News. June 4, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  3. ^ "Olympic News - Official Source of Olympic News". Olympic.org. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  4. ^ Rings Around the World Communicate magazine, April 2009
  5. ^ GamesBids.com Past Olympic Host Cities Selection List
  6. ^ Another Exec Quits Rio Olympics
  7. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  8. ^ Porto Maravilha Rio de Janeiro City Hall. Retrieved on August 10, 2012. Template:Pt icon.
  9. ^ "Rio gang violence amid Olympics safety concerns". Presstv.ir. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  10. ^ "Rio's mayor expresses safety concerns for 2016 Olympics , ksdk.com , St. Louis, MO". ksdk.com. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  11. ^ Wilson, Stephen (October 20, 2009). "IOC confident in Rio despite new wave of violence". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Olympic Newsdesk — IOC Confident in Rio; Obama Addresses Critics". Aroundtherings.com. October 21, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  13. ^ [2][dead link‍]
  14. ^ "IOC show confidence in Brazil efforts". ESPN. October 20, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  15. ^ "The Daily Advance". The Daily Advance. Retrieved March 15, 2010. [dead link‍]
  16. ^ "Pacifying Rio's Favelas". latintelligence.com. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
  17. ^ Knott, Tracey (June 29, 2012). "Rio de Janeiro Homicides Reach 21-Year Low". InSight Crime. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  18. ^ "Homicidios en Río de Janeiro llegan a su nivel más bajo desde 1991". La Nueva Provincia (in Spanish). June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  19. ^ Stone, Hannah (June 19, 2012). "Human Rights Watch Praises, Criticizes Rio Govt". InSight Crime. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  20. ^ a b Moore-Bridger, Benedict (9 May 2014). "Could Rio games come to London? Olympic bosses make secret plea to use 2012 venues". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  21. ^ Gibson, Owen (29 April 2014). "Rio 2016 Olympic preparations damned as 'worst ever' by IOC". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  22. ^ "Rio's Olympic preparations 'worst' ever, says IOC's Coate". Reuters. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  23. ^ "Juegos Olímpicos - Madrid sustituiría a Río 2016". Eurosport.com. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  24. ^ "¿Baraja el COI que Madrid celebre los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016?". El Imparcial. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  25. ^ "La ciudad de Madrid se postula como candidata preferida para sustituir a Río de Janeiro como sede de las Juegos Olímpicos 2016". Extraconfidencial.com. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  26. ^ http://www.rio2016.com/en/transparency/frequently-asked-questions
  27. ^ 2016 Olympics Template:Pt icon
  28. ^ "Prijzen tickets Olympische Spelen 2016 in Rio bekend". olympischespelenrio.nl. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  29. ^ "Olympic Games ticket prices September 2014" (PDF). Rio 2016. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  30. ^ "Golf among seven sports seeking inclusion in 2016 Games". ESPN. April 25, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  31. ^ "Olympic Leaders Approve Golf and Rugby for 2016 Summer Games". Fox News. August 13, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
  32. ^ "Olympics 2016: IOC Approves Golf And Rugby Sevens To Be Included In Rio De Janeiro Games". News.sky.com. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  33. ^ http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=37197
  34. ^ "Kiteboarding to replace windsurfing at 2016 Rio Olympics". BBC News. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  35. ^ "Windsurfing restored to Brazil 2016 Olympics". BBC News. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  36. ^ "Armstrong confession could see cycling out of Olympics". ABC.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  37. ^ "Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique : ACRO". Fig-gymnastics.com. May 23, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  38. ^ "Rio Olympics gets 1st qualified athletes". USA Today. The Associated Press. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  39. ^ "UCI and IOC agree qualification quotas for Rio 2016". Reuters. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  40. ^ Anderson, Gary (2 February 2014). "Weightlifting qualification criteria for Rio 2016 approved by IOC". Inside the Games. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  41. ^ http://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2014/12/05/swimming-beach-volleyball-will-be-on-late-in-rio
  42. ^ http://www.iaaf.org/news/press-release/athletics-timetable-rio-2016-olympics
  43. ^ http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=946d16c3-1d8c-4565-8d41-4f390aaea721.pdf&urlSlug=athletics-timetable-rio-2016-olympic-games
  44. ^ Nudd, Tim (August 14, 2012). "Hated the London 2012 Logo? You Might Like Rio 2016 Better Brazil's Tatíl Design tells story of its creation". Adweek. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  45. ^ "2016 Summer Olympics Logo: Design and History". Famouslogos.us. July 28, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  46. ^ Rio 2016: Another Olympic logo. Another controversy - Steve Douglas - The Logo Factory - January 3, 2011
  47. ^ "Rio 2016: Olympic and Paralympic mascots launched". Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  48. ^ "Rio 2016 mascots inspired by animals and plants of Brazil". Reuters. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  49. ^ "IOC reaches agreement for 2014 & 2016 broadcast rights in Brazil". Olympic.org. August 27, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
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Preceded by Summer Olympic Games
Rio de Janeiro
XXXI Olympiad (2016) 		Succeeded by
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