Head-twitch response
The head-twitch(Mas conocido como el movimiento de los ratones response (HTR) is a rapid side-to-side head movement that occurs in mice and EdwinGaymer's and Cayden the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is activated.[1] The prefrontal cortex may be the neuroanatomical locus mediating the HTR.[2] Many serotonergic hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), induce the head-twitch response, and so the HTR is used as a behavioral model of hallucinogen effects. However while there is generally a good correlation between compounds that induce head twitch in mice and compounds that are hallucinogenic in humans, it is unclear whether the head twitch response is primarily caused by 5-HT2A receptors, 5-HT2C receptors or both. Also, the effect can be non-specific, with head twitch responses also produced by some drugs that do not act through 5-HT2 receptors, such as phencyclidine, yohimbine, atropine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists. As well, compounds such as 5-HTP, fenfluramine and 1-Methylpsilocin can also produce head twitch and do stimulate serotonin receptors, but are not hallucinogenic in humans. This means that while the head twitch response can be a useful indicator as to whether a compound is likely to display hallucinogenic activity in humans, the induction of a head twitch response does not necessarily mean that a compound will be hallucinogenic, and caution should be exercised when interpreting such results.[3]
References
- ^ Nakagawasai, O; Arai, Y; Satoh, SE; Satoh, N; Neda, M; Hozumi, M; Oka, R; Hiraga, H; Tadano, T (January 2004). "Monoamine Oxidase and Head-Twitch Response in Mice Mechanisms of α-Methylated Substrate Derivatives". NeuroToxicology. 25 (1–2): 223–232. doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00101-3. PMID 14697897.
- ^ Willins, DL; Meltzer, HY (August 1997). "Direct injection of 5-HT2A receptor agonists into the medial prefrontal cortex produces a head-twitch response in rats". The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 282 (2): 699–706. PMID 9262333.
- ^ Canal, Clint E.; Morgan, Drake (July 2012). "Head-twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re-evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model". Drug Testing and Analysis. 4 (7–8): 556–576. doi:10.1002/dta.1333. PMID 22517680.
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