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Masjid al-Haram

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Al-Masjid al-Haram
The Sacred Masjid
Religion
Location
LocationMecca, present-day Saudi Arabia[1]
AdministrationSaudi Arabian government
Specifications
Capacity900,000 worshippers (increased to 4,000,000 worshippers during the Hajj period)
Minaret(s)9
Minaret height89 m (292 ft)
Website
www.gph.gov.sa
Part of a series on
Islam
Beliefs
Practices
History
Culture and society
Related topics

Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (Template:Lang-ar, The Sacred Mosque or The Grand Mosque)[2] is the largest mosque in the world and surrounds Islam's holiest place, the Kaaba,[3] in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Muslims face in the direction of the Kaaba while performing obligatory daily prayers. One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Hajj pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime if able to do so, including circumambulation of the Kaaba.

The current structure covers an area of 356,800 square metres (88.2 acres) including the outdoor and indoor praying spaces and can accommodate up to two million worshippers during the Hajj period, one of the largest annual gatherings of people in the world. Unlike many other mosques which are segregated, men and women can worship at al-Masjid al-Haram together.

History

Mecca in 1850, during the Ottoman period
Mecca in 1910

Pre-Islamic era

The Quran states that Ibrahim (Abraham), together with his son Ismail (Ishmael), raised the foundations of a house [Quran 2:127] that is identified by most commentators as the Kaaba. Allah had shown Ibrahim the exact site, very near to the Well of Zamzam, where Ibrahim and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba's construction in circa 2130 BCE. After Ibrahim had built the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays. According to a saying attributed to Muhammad, the Black Stone had "descended from Paradise whiter than milk but the sins of the sons of Adam had made it black". The Black Stone is believed to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Ibrahim.

After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Ibrahim received a revelation, in which Allah told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away, on camel and on foot.[Quran 22:27] Going by the dates attributed to the patriarchs, Ishmael is believed to have been born around 2150 BCE, with Isaac being born a hundred years later.

Therefore, Islamic scholars have generally assumed that the Kaaba was constructed by Ibrahim around 2130 BC. The Kaaba is, therefore, believed by Muslims to be more than a millennium older than Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, which is believed to have been finished in 1007 BCE These dates remain consistent with the Muslim belief that the Kaaba is the first and thus oldest mosque in history.

In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (Asatir) claims that Ishmael and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca. "The Secrets of Moses" or Asatir book was suggested by some opinion to have been compiled in the 10th century, while another opinion in 1927 suggested that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.

First Islamic era

Upon Muhammad's victorious return to Mecca in 630, he and his son-in-law, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, broke the idols in and around the Kaaba and ended its pagan use. This began the Islamic rule over the Kaaba and the building of al-Masjid al-Haram around it.[citation needed]

The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692. Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret. The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets.[citation needed]

Ottomans

In 1570, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.

During the heavy rains and flash floods of 1621 and 1629, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage.[4] In 1629, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with stones from Mecca and the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to 7) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries.

Saudis

The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (Al-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Masjid via roofing and enclosements. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were demolished.

The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is accessed through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988.

The third Saudi extension (1988–2005) saw the building of more minarets, the erecting of a King's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself. These developments have taken place simultaneously with those in Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah. This third extension has also resulted in 18 more gates, three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns. Other modern developments include the addition of heated floors, air conditioning, escalators and a drainage system.

Current expansion project

File:Masjidil Haram Februari-2014.jpg
Al-Masjid al-Haram on the expansion project seen from Ajyad

In 2007, the mosque underwent a fourth extension project which is estimated to last until 2020. King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz planned to increase the mosque's capacity to 2 million; however, the King passed away in 2015. His successor is likely to continue renovations.[2][5]

Northern expansion of the mosque began in August 2011 and is expected to be completed in 1.5 years. The area of the mosque will be expanded from the current 356,000 m2 (3,830,000 sq ft) to 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft). A new gate named after King Abdullah will be built together with two new minarets, bringing their total to 11. The cost of the project is $10.6 billion and after completion the mosque will house over 2.5 million worshipers. The Mataaf (the circumambulation areas around the Kaaba) will also see expansion and all closed spaces will be air conditioned.[6]

File:Mataaf expansion 2014 2.jpg
A view of the ongoing construction in the mataaf and the temporary structure for tawaf surrounding the Kaabah in August 2014

Religious significance

The importance of the mosque is twofold. It not only serves as the common direction towards which Muslims pray, but is also the main location for pilgrimages.

Qibla

Main article: Qibla

The Qibla—the direction that Muslims turn to in their prayers (salat)—is toward the Kaaba and symbolizes unity in worshiping one Allah (God). At one point the direction of the Qibla was toward Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) (and is therefore called the First of the Two Qiblas),[citation needed] however, this only lasted for seventeen months, after which the Qibla became oriented towards the Kaaba in Mecca. According to accounts from Muhammad's companions, the change happened very suddenly during the noon prayer at Medina in the Masjid al-Qiblatain.

Pilgrimage

Main articles: Hajj and Umrah
Al-Masjid al-Haram panorama during Hajj, 2007

The Haram is the focal point of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages[7] that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, about 3 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.

Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah.

The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Ibrahim (Abraham).

Symbolic structures

Kaaba

See also: Kaaba
File:Masjidalharam.JPG
Pilgrims circumambulating the Kaaba

The Kaaba (Template:Lang-ar) is a cuboid-shaped building in the center of al-Masjid al-Haram and is one of the most sacred sites in Islam.[8] All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are. This is called facing the Qibla.

The Hajj requires pilgrims to walk seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction. This circumambulation, the Tawaaf, is also performed by pilgrims during the Umrah (lesser pilgrimage).[8][9][10]

Black Stone

Muslim pilgrims jostle for a chance to kiss the Black Stone

The Black Stone (Template:Lang-ar al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba.[11] It was set intact into the Kaaba 's wall by Muhammad in the year 605, five years before his first revelation. Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba. Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented dark rock, polished smooth by the hands of millions of pilgrims.

Many of the pilgrims, if possible, stop and kiss the Black Stone, emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records it having received from Muhammad.[12] If they cannot reach it, they point to it on each of their seven circuits around the Kaaba .[7]

Maqām Ibrahim

The Maqām Ibrahim (Abraham's place of standing) is a rock that reportedly has an imprint of Abraham's foot, which is kept in a crystal dome next to the Kaaba. This rock was identified by most Islamic scholars as the one behind which Muhammad prayed when he circumambulated the Kaaba.[13] Several traditions existed to explain how Abraham's footprint miraculously appeared in the stone, including one suggesting it appeared when Abraham stood on the stone while building the Kaaba; when the walls became too high, Abraham stood on the maqām, which miraculously rose up to let him continue building and also miraculously went down in order to allow Ishmael to hand him stones.[13] Other traditions held that the footprint appeared when the wife of Ishmael washed Abraham's head, or alternatively when Abraham stood atop it in order to summon the people to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca.[13]

Al-Safa and Al-Marwa

See also: Al-Safa_and_Al-Marwah
Mount Al-Safa in al-Masjid al-Haram

Al-Safa and Al-Marwah (Template:Lang-ar Aṣ-Ṣafā, المروة Al-Marwah) are two hills, now located in al-Masjid al-Haram. In Islamic tradition, Abraham's wife Hagar ran between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah looking for water for her infant son Ishmael until God eventually revealed her the Zamzam. Muslims also travel back and forth seven times during the ritual pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah as a remembrance to her.

Al-Safa – from which the ritual walking (Template:Lang-ar saʿy) begins – is located approximately half a mile from the Kaaba. Al-Marwah is located about 100 m (330 ft) from the Kaaba. The distance between Al-Safa and Al-Marwah is approximately 450 m (1,480 ft)

Zamzam Well

An area with taps supplying Zamzam
A halaqa underway at the western part of the main complex.

The Zamzam Well (Template:Lang-ar) is a well located 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba.[14] It began circa 2150 BCE when Abraham's infant son Ishmael was thirsty and kept crying for water.

Administration

There are mainly two groups of people in terms of spiritual leadership in the mosque. These are imams and muadhins.

Imam is a clerk who lead prayer in the masjid. There are several imams and a lead imam of al-Masjid al-Haram. Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais is the current chief of imam of al-Masjid al-Haram.

Muadhin performs Adhan (call to prayer) and Iqamah duties in al-Masjid al-Haram. Several families share these duties including Mulla, Shaker, Rayes, Al-Abbas, Hadrawi, Basnawi, Khouj, Marouf and Faydah.[citation needed] Some of these families held this position for hundreds of years; for example, the al-Abbas.[citation needed] There are 16 Muadhins at the mosque, and during Ramadan an additional six are appointed.[citation needed] Apart from Adhan, a Muadhin also supports Imams by repeating the Arkaan, they say in a loud voice.

Former Imams[citation needed]
Current Imams[citation needed]
  • Sheikh Minister Dr. Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais (عبد الرحمن السديس), Former Chief of Imams at al-Masjid al-Haram, & Current President of Haramain.
  • Sheikh Justice Dr. Saud Al-Shuraim (سعود بن إبراهيم الشريم), Former Deputy Chief Imams at al-Masjid al-Haram, Current Head of Imams.
  • Sheikh Dr. Abdullah Awad Al Juhany (عبدالله عواد الجهني), Lecturer of Quran and Sunnah Faculty at Umm al-Qura University. Appointed in July 2007.
  • Sheikh Dr. Maher Al Mueaqly (ماهر المعيقلي), Professor at King Abdullah Saood Islamic University. Appointed in July 2007.
  • Sheikh Dr. Khalid Al Ghamdi (خالد الغامدي), Judge of Da'awah and Usool Ad-Deen Faculty at Umm al-Qura University. Appointed after Hajj 2008.
  • Sheikh Justice Dr. Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid (صالح بن حميد), President & Supreme Advisor in the Saudi Royal Diwan.
  • Sheikh Dr. Usaama bin Abdullah al Khayyat (أسامة بن عبدالله خياط), Senior Dean and Professor of Higher Islamic Studies at Umm al-Qura University.
  • Sheikh Dr. Saleh Al-Talib (صالح ال طالب), Appointed in 2003, Deputy Assistance Imam.
  • Sheikh Dr. Faisal Jamil Ghazzawi, Assistant Professor and Chairman of Qiraat Department at Umm al-Qura University.
  • Sheikh Dr. Bandar Baleelah. Assistant Professor at The Islamic University of Taif.- Appointed in 2013.
Former Muadhins[citation needed]
Current Muadhins[citation needed]

Controversies

Main article: Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room not only for the expansion of al-Masjid al-Haram, but for new malls and hotels.[15] Some examples are:[16][17]

  • Bayt Al-Mawlid, the house where Muhammad was born, demolished and rebuilt as a library.
  • Dar Al-Arqam, the first Islamic school where Muhammad taught, was flattened to lay marble tiles.
  • The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms.
  • Dome which served as a canopy over the Well of Zamzam demolished.
  • Some Ottoman porticos at al-Masjid al-Haram demolished and the remaining under threat.
  • House of Muhammed in Medina where he lived after the migration from Mecca.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Location of Masjid al-Haram". Google Maps. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b Saudi Arabia starts major expansion of Grand Masjid in Mecca
  3. ^ "The 40 Steps Towards the Grave of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه و آله و صحبه وسلم . The Virtues of Madinah. #1 | Muwatta.com - The People of Madina". muwatta.com. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  4. ^ James Wynbrandt (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. Infobase Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  5. ^ Ambitious new architecture plan for Al-Masjid Al-Haram
  6. ^ "Historic Masjid Al-Haram Extension Launched". onislam. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  7. ^ a b Mohammed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Mamdouh Mohammed. ISBN 0-915957-54-X. Cite error: The named reference "AtoZ" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Wensinck, A. J; Ka`ba. Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. 317
  9. ^ "In pictures: Hajj pilgrimage". BBC News. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  10. ^ "As Hajj begins, more changes and challenges in store". altmuslim.
  11. ^ Shaykh Safi-Ar-Rahman Al-Mubarkpuri (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Prophet. Dar-As-Salam Publications. ISBN 1-59144-071-8.
  12. ^ Elliott, Jeri (1992). Your Door to Arabia. Lower Hutt, N.Z.: R. Eberhardt. ISBN 0-473-01546-3.
  13. ^ a b c M.J. Kister, "Maḳām Ibrāhīm," p. 105, The Encyclopaedia of Islam (new ed.), vol. VI (Mahk-Mid), eds. Bosworth et al., Brill: 1991, pp. 104-107.
  14. ^ "Zamzam Studies and Research Centre". Saudi Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2005.
  15. ^ Laessing, Ulf (18 November 2010). "Mecca goes Upmarket". Reuters. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  16. ^ Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas". The Independent.
  17. ^ Abou-Ragheb, Laith (12 July 2005). "Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah". Center for Islamic Pluralism. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
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