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Nanosheet

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A nanosheet is a two-dimensional nanostructure with thickness in a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm.[1][2] A typical example of nanosheet is graphene, the thinnest two-dimensional material (0.34 nm) in the world.[3] It only consists of single layer of carbon atoms with hexagonal lattices.

Synthesis

TEM image of PbO nanosheets with highly symmetric edge length. The edges of PbO nanosheets are surrounded with Au NPs seeds.

The most commonly used nanosheet synthesis methods use a bottom-up approach, e.g., pre-organization and polymerization at interfaces like Langmuir–Blodgett films,[4] solution phase synthesis and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).[5] For example, CdTe (cadmium telluride) nanosheets could be synthesized by precipitating and aging CdTe nanoparticles in deionized water.[6] The formation of free-floating CdTe nanosheets was due to directional hydrophobic attraction and anisotropic electrostatic interactions caused by dipole moment and small positive charges. Molecular simulations through a coarse-grained model with parameters from semi-empirical quantum mechanics calculations can be used to prove the experimental process.

Ultrathin single-crystal PbS (lead sulfur) sheets with micro scale in x-, y- dimensions can be obtained using a hot colloidal synthesis method.[7] Compounds with linear chloroalkanes like 1,2-dichloroethane containing chlorine were used during the formation of PbS sheets. PbS ultrathin sheets probably resulted from the oriented attachment of the PbS nanoparticles in a two-dimensional fashion. The highly reactive facets were preferentially consumed in the growth process that led to the sheet-like PbS crystal growth.

Nanosheets can also be prepared at room temperature. For instance, hexagonal PbO (lead oxide)) nanosheets were synthesized using gold nanoparticles as seeds under room temperature.[8] The size of the PbO nanosheet can be tuned by gold NPs and Pb2+
 concentration in the growth solution. No organic surfactants were employed in the synthesis process. Oriented attachment, in which the sheets form by aggregation of small nanoparticles that each has a net dipole moment,[9] and ostwald ripening[10] are the two main reasons for the formation of the PbO nanosheets.

Carbon nanosheets have been produced using industrial hemp bast fibres with a technique that involves heating the fibres at over 350F (180C) for 24 hours. The result is then subjected to intense heat causing the fibers to exfoliate into a carbon nanosheet. This has been used to create an electrode for a supercapacitor with electrochemical qualities ‘on a par with’ devices made using graphene.[11]

Metal nanosheets have also been synthesized, including palladium,[12] rhodium,[13] and gold.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Coleman, J. N.; Lotya, M.; O'Neill, A.; Bergin, S. D.; King, P. J.; Khan, U.; Young, K.; Gaucher, A.; et al. (2011). "Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials". Science. 331 (6017): 568–571. doi:10.1126/science.1194975. PMID 21292974.
  2. ^ Guo, Shaojun; Dong, Shaojun (2011). "Graphene nanosheet: synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (5): 2644–2672. doi:10.1039/C0CS00079E. PMID 21283849.
  3. ^ Geim, A. K. (2009). "Graphene: status and prospects". Science. 324 (5934): 1530–1534. doi:10.1126/science.1158877. PMID 19541989.
  4. ^ Synthesis of a Covalent Monolayer Sheet by Photochemical Anthracene Dimerization at the Air/Water Interface and its Mechanical Characterization by AFM Indentation; P. Payamyar, K. Kaja, C. Ruiz‐Vargas, A. Stemmer, D. J Murray, C. J Johnson, B. T. King, F. Schiffmann, J. VandeVondele, A. Renn, S. Götzinger, P. Ceroni, A. Schütz, L.‐T. Lee, Z. Zheng, J. Sakamoto, A. D. Schlüter, Adv. Mater 2014, 26, 2052–2058. doi:10.1002/adma.201304705
  5. ^ Sreekanth, Kandammathe Valiyaveedu; Zeng, Shuwen; Shang, Jingzhi; Yong, Ken-Tye; Yu, Ting (2012). "Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating". Scientific Reports. 2. doi:10.1038/srep00737. PMC 3471096. PMID 23071901.
  6. ^ Tang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Glotzer, S. C.; Kotov, N. A. (2006). "Self-assembly of CdTe nanocrystals into free-floating sheets". Science. 314 (5797): 274–278. doi:10.1126/science.1128045. PMID 17038616.
  7. ^ Schliehe, C.; Juarez, B. H.; Pelletier, M.; Jander, S.; Greshnykh, D.; Nagel, M.; Meyer, A.; Foerster, S.; et al. (2010). "Ultrathin PbS sheets by two-dimensional oriented attachment". Science. 329 (5991): 550–553. doi:10.1126/science.1188035. PMID 20671184.
  8. ^ Zeng, Shuwen; Liang, Yennan; Lu, Haifei; Wang, Libo; Dinh, Xuan-Quyen; Yu, Xia; Ho, Ho-Pui; Hu, Xiao; Yong, Ken-Tye (2012). "Synthesis of symmetrical hexagonal-shape PbO nanosheets using gold nanoparticles". Materials Letters. 67: 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.09.048.
  9. ^ Talapin, Dmitri V.; Shevchenko, Elena V.; Murray, Christopher B.; Titov, Alexey V.; Král, Petr (2007). "Dipole-dipole interactions in nanoparticle superlattices". Nano Letters. 7 (5): 1213–1219. doi:10.1021/nl070058c. PMID 17397231.
  10. ^ Yang, Weiyou; Gao, Fengmei; Wei, Guodong; An, Linan (2010). "Ostwald Ripening Growth of Silicon Nitride Nanoplates". Crystal Growth & Design. 10: 29–31. doi:10.1021/cg901148q.
  11. ^ "Could hemp nanosheets topple graphene for making the ideal supercapacitor?". http://www.acs.org/. American Chemistry Socity. Retrieved 14 August 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  12. ^ Yin, Xi; Liu, Xinhong; Pan, Yung-Tin; Walsh, Kathleen; Yang, Hong (November 4, 2014). "Hanoi Tower-like Multilayered Ultrathin Palladium Nanosheets". Nano Letters. doi:10.1021/nl503879a.
  13. ^ http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140117/ncomms4093/full/ncomms4093.html
  14. ^ http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp0520998
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