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Christopher Lloyd

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Christopher Lloyd
Lloyd at the Phoenix Comicon, May 2015
Born
Christopher Allen Lloyd

(1938-10-22) October 22, 1938 (age 86)
Occupation(s)Actor, voice actor
Years active1972–present
Spouses
  • Catherine Boyd (1959–1971)
  • Kay Tornborg (1974–1987)
  • Carol Ann Vanek (1988–1991)
  • Jane Walker Wood (1992–2005)
RelativesSam Lloyd (nephew)

Christopher Allen Lloyd[1] (born October 22, 1938)[2] is an American actor best known for his roles as Emmett "Doc" Brown in the Back to the Future trilogy, Jim Ignatowski in the television series Taxi, Uncle Fester in The Addams Family and its sequel Addams Family Values, and Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Lloyd has won three Primetime Emmy Awards and an Independent Spirit Award, and has been nominated for two Saturn Awards and a Daytime Emmy Award. He has also done voiceover work in animation, usually cast as villains due to his distinctive voice.

Early life

Lloyd was born in Stamford, Connecticut, on October 22, 1938, the son of Samuel R. Lloyd, a lawyer, and his wife Ruth (née Lapham), a singer and sister of San Francisco mayor Roger Lapham.[citation needed] He is the youngest of four girls and three boys, one of whom, Samuel Lloyd, was an actor in the 1950s and 1960s.[2] Lloyd's maternal grandfather, Lewis Lapham, was one of the founders of the Texaco oil company,[3] and Lloyd is also a descendant of Mayflower passengers, including John Howland.[1] Lloyd was raised in New Canaan, Connecticut.[2]

Career

Lloyd began his career apprenticing at summer theaters in Mount Kisco, New York, and Hyannis, Massachusetts.[4] He took acting classes in New York City at age 19—some at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre with Sanford Meisner[2]—and he recalled making his New York theater debut in Fernando Arrabal's play And They Put Handcuffs on the Flowers, saying, "I was a replacement and it was my first sort of job in New York."[2] He made his Broadway debut in the short-lived Red, White and Maddox (1969), and went on to Off-Broadway roles in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Kaspar,[5] The Harlot and the Hunted, The Seagull,[6] Total Eclipse,[7] Macbeth, In the Boom Boom Room, Cracks, Professional Resident Company, What Every Woman Knows, The Father, King Lear, and Power Failure. He returned to Broadway for the musical Happy End.[2] He performed in Andrej Wajda's adaptation of Dostoyefsky's The Possessed at Yale Repertory Theater,[8] and in Jay Broad's premiere of White Pelican at the P.A.F. Playhouse in Huntington Station, New York, on Long Island.[9]

Lloyd as a senior at Staples High School, Westport, Connecticut, 1958

In 1977, he said of his training at the Neighborhood Playhouse under Meisner, "My work up to then had been very uneven. I would be good one night, dull the next. Meisner made me aware of how to be consistent in using the best that I have to offer. But I guess nobody can teach you the knack, or whatever it is, that helps you come to life on stage."[10]

His first movie role was as a psychiatric patient in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.[11] He is perhaps best known for his roles as "Reverend" Jim Ignatowski, the ex-hippie cabbie on the TV sitcom Taxi, for which he won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series;[12] and the eccentric inventor Emmett "Doc" Brown in the Back to the Future trilogy of science-fiction films, for which he was nominated for a Saturn Award. In 1986, he played the reviled Professor B.O. Beanes in the television series Amazing Stories. Other roles include Klingon Commander Kruge in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (on suggestion of fellow actor and friend Leonard Nimoy), Professor Plum in Clue, Professor Dimple in an episode of Road to Avonlea (for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series); the villain Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit; a wacky sound-effects man named Zoltan in Radioland Murders; and Uncle Fester in the movie adaptations of The Addams Family.

Lloyd portrayed the star character in the point-and-click adventure game Toonstruck, released in November 1996. In 1999, he was reunited onscreen with Michael J. Fox in an episode of Spin City entitled "Back to the Future IV — Judgment Day", in which Lloyd plays Owen Kingston—the former mentor of Fox's character, Mike Flaherty's—who stops by City Hall to see him, only to proclaim himself God. That same year, Lloyd starred in the movie remake of the 1960s series My Favorite Martian. He starred in the television series Deadly Games in the mid-1990s, and was a regular in the TV series Stacked in the mid-2000s. In 2003 he guest starred in three of the 13 produced episodes of Tremors: The Series as the character Cletus Poffenburger. In November 2007, Lloyd was reunited onscreen with his former Taxi co-star Judd Hirsch in the season-four episode "Graphic" of the TV series Numb3rs. He played Ebenezer Scrooge in a 2008 production of A Christmas Carol at the Kodak Theatre with John Goodman and Jane Leeves.[citation needed] In 2009, he appeared in a comedic trailer for a faux horror film entitled Gobstopper, in which he played Willy Wonka as a horror-movie-style villain.[13] In October 2009, he did a two-man show with comic performer Joe Gallois in several Midwest cities.[citation needed]

In the summer of 2010, he starred as Willy Loman in a Weston Playhouse production of Death of a Salesman.[14] That September, he reprised his role as Doctor Emmett Brown in Back to the Future: The Game, an episodic adventure game series developed by Telltale Games.[15] On January 21, 2011, he appeared in the episode "The Firefly" of the J. J. Abrams television series Fringe.[16] That August, he reprised the role of Dr. Emmett Brown (from Back to the Future) as part of an advertising campaign for Garbarino,[17] an Argentine appliance company, and also as part of the Nike Company's "Back For the Future" campaign for the benefit of The Michael J. Fox Foundation. In 2012 and 2013, Lloyd reprised the role of Brown in two episodes of the stopmotion series Robot Chicken. He was a guest star on the 100th episode of the USA Network sitcom Psych as Martin Khan in 2013.

In May 2013, Lloyd appeared as the narrator and the character Azdak in the Bertold Brecht play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, produced by the Classic Stage Company in New York.[18]

Personal life

Lloyd has been married four times. First to Catharine Dallas Dixon Boyd, on June 6, 1959. His brother, Samuel Lloyd III, was head usher.[4] The couple divorced in 1971 after 12 years of marriage.[19] Second to actress Kay Tornborg, from 1974 to 1987.[20] Third to Carol Ann Vanek, from the late 1980s to 1991.[21] Fourth to Jane Walker Wood, screenwriter (Bob the Butler), from 1992 to 2005.[19][22]

After his divorce from Wood, in Montecito, California, Lloyd bought a smaller house on March 23, 2007, and that May listed his 8.07-acre old estate for over $11m; although the price was later dropped to $6.5m. Wood and he had bought the house in 1997 for $1.6m. This home, which was on the market at the time, was destroyed in the Tea Fire of November 2008 in Montecito, California.[23]

On May 1, 2010, he appeared at an outdoor screening of Back to the Future held by the Tampa Theatre at The River Tower Park in Tampa, Florida, where he participated in a question-and-answer session.[24]

Lloyd's philanthropist mother, Ruth Lapham Lloyd, died in 1984 at age 88. Her surviving children at the time aside from Christopher were Donald L. Mygatt, Antoinette L. Mygatt Lucas, Samuel Lloyd III, Ruth Lloyd Scott Ax, and Adele L. Kinney.[25] Lloyd's nephew, Sam Lloyd, is best known for playing Ted Buckland, the lawyer on Scrubs.

Filmography

Film

Year Film Role Notes
1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Max Taber
1977 Another Man, Another Chance Jesse James Uncredited
1977 Three Warriors Steve Chaffey
1978 Lacy and the Mississippi Queen Jennings Television film
1978 Goin' South Deputy Towfield
1979 The Fantastic Seven Skip Hartman Television film
1979 Butch and Sundance: The Early Days Bill Tod Carver
1979 The Lady in Red Frognose
1979 The Onion Field Jailhouse lawyer
1980 The Black Marble Arnold's Collector
1980 Schizoid Gilbert
1981 The Legend of the Lone Ranger Maj. Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish
1981 The Postman Always Rings Twice The Salesman
1981 National Lampoon's Movie Madness Samuel Starkman Segment: "Municipalians"
1982 Money on the Side Sergeant Stampone Television film
1983 Mr. Mom Larry
1983 September Gun Jack Brian Television film
1983 To Be or Not to Be S.S. Captain Schultz
1984 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Klingon Commander Kruge
1984 Old Friends Jerry Forbes Television film
1984 The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension John Bigbooté
1984 National Lampoon's Joy of Sex Coach Hindenberg
1984 The Cowboy and the Ballerina Woody Television film
1985 Back to the Future Dr. Emmett Brown
1985 Clue Professor Plum
1986 Miracles Harry
1987 Walk Like a Man Reggie Shand / Henry Shand
1987 The Legend of the White Horse Jim Marvin
1987 Tales from the Hollywood Hills: Pat Hobby Teamed with Genius Pat Hobby Television film
1988 Track 29 Henry Henry
1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit Judge Doom
1988 Eight Men Out Bill Burns
1989 The Dream Team Henry Sikorsky
1989 Back to the Future Part II Dr. Emmett Brown
1990 Back to the Future Part III Dr. Emmett Brown
1990 Why Me? Bruno Daley
1990 DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp Merlock (voice)
1991 Back to the Future: The Ride Dr. Emmett Brown Simulator ride
1991 Suburban Commando Charlie Wilcox
1991 The Addams Family Uncle Fester/Gordon Craven
1992 T Bone 'N' Weasel William "Weasel" Weasler Television film
1992 Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster Frank Iarossi Television film
1993 Twenty Bucks Jimmy
1993 Dennis the Menace Switchblade Sam
1993 Addams Family Values Uncle Fester Addams
1994 Angels in the Outfield Al "The Boss" Angel
1994 Camp Nowhere Dennis Van Welker
1994 Radioland Murders Zoltan
1994 In Search of Dr. Seuss Mr. Hunch Television film
1994 The Pagemaster Mr. Dewey / The Pagemaster
1995 Mr. Payback: An Interactive Movie Ed Jarvis Short film
1995 Rent-a-Kid Lawrence 'Larry' Kayvey Television film
1995 Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead Pieces
1996 Cadillac Ranch[citation needed] Wood Grimes
1996 The Right to Remain Silent Johnny Benjamin Television film
1997 Quicksilver Highway Aaron Quicksilver Television film
1997 Changing Habits Theo Teagarden
1997 Anastasia Grigori Rasputin (voice)
1997 Angels in the Endzone Al "The Boss" Angel Television film
1998 The Real Blonde Ernst
1998 The Animated Adventures of Tom Sawyer Judge Thatcher (voice) Direct-to-video
1998 The Ransom of Red Chief Sam Howard Television film
1999 My Favorite Martian Uncle Martin
1999 Alice in Wonderland The White Knight Television film
1999 Baby Geniuses Heep
1999 Convergence[citation needed] Morley Allen
1999 Man on the Moon Himself Cameo
1999 It Came from the Sky Jarvis Moody Television film
1999 Dinner at Fred's Dad
2001 Wit Dr. Harvey Kelekian Television film
2001 Chasing Destiny Jet James Television film
2001 Happy Birthday Attorney Bum
2001 When Good Ghouls Go Bad Uncle Fred Walker Television film
2001 Kids World[citation needed] Leo
2002 Interstate 60: Episodes of the Road Ray
2002 Wish You Were Dead Bruce
2002 Hey Arnold!: The Movie Coroner (voice)
2002 The Big Time Doc Powers Television film
2003 Haunted Lighthouse Cap'n Jack Short film
2004 Admissions Stewart Worthy
2005 Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie Seymour S. Sassafrass (voice) Direct-to-video
2005 Bad Girls from Valley High Mr. Chauncey
2005 Detectives Anderson in Launderette Television film
2005 Enfants terribles Reverend Burr
2006 A Perfect Day Michael Television film
2007 Flakes Willie B
2008 The Simpsons Ride Dr. Emmett Brown (voice) Simulator ride
2008 Fly Me to the Moon Grandpa (voice)
2008 The Tale of Despereaux Hovis (voice)
2009 Call of the Wild 'Grandpa' Bill Hale
2009 Santa Buddies Stan Cruge Direct-to-video
2010 Snowmen The Caretaker
2010 Jack and the Beanstalk Headmaster
2010 Piranha 3D Mr. Goodman
2011 Family Practice Robert Passion Foote Television film
2011 InSight Shep
2011 Love, Wedding, Marriage Dr. George
2011 Adventures of Serial Buddies Dr. Von Gearheart
2011 Snowflake, the White Gorilla Dr. Archibald Pepper (voice) English dub
2011 The Chateau Meroux[citation needed] Nathan
2012 Cadaver Cadaver Short film
2012 Dorothy and the Witches of Oz Wizard of Oz Television film
2012 Foodfight! Mr. Clipboard (voice)
2012 Piranha 3DD Mr. Goodman
2012 Delhi Safari Pigeon (voice) English dub
2012 The Axe Boat Tom Field Short film
2012 The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure Lero Sombrero
2012 Dead Before Dawn Horus Galloway
2012 Excuse Me for Living Lars
2012 Anything But Christmas Harry Television film
2012 The Narrative of Victor Karloch Victor Karloch (voice) Short film
2012 Sid the Science Kid: The Movie Dr. Bonanodon (voice)
2012 Last Call Pete
2013 Jungle Master Dr. Wells (voice)
2013 Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Conspiracy Grandpa Jack
2013 The Coin William Short film
2013 Freedom Force Professor (voice)
2014 Blood Lake: Attack of the Killer Lampreys Mayor Akerman Television film
2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Dr. Emmett Brown Cameo
2014 Zodiac: Signs of the Apocalypse Harry Setag Television film
2014 Sin City: A Dame to Kill For Kroenig
2014 Pirate's Code: The Adventures of Mickey Matson Grandpa Jack
2014 The One I Wrote for You Pop
2015 88 Cyrus
2015 The Boat Builder Abner Post-production
2016 I Am Not a Serial Killer Filming
2016 Robert Robert's great grandfather Post-production

Television

Year Film Role Notes
1976 The Adams Chronicles Tsar Alexandre Episode: "Chapter VIII: John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State"
1978–1983 Taxi Reverend Jim Ignatowski 84 episodes
1978 The Word Hans Bogardus Television miniseries
1978–1979 Barney Miller Arnold Scully / Vincent Carew 2 episodes
1982 Best of the West The Calico Kid 3 episodes
1982 American Playhouse Paul Episode: "Pilgrim, Farewell"
1984 Cheers Philip Semenko 2 episodes
1985 Street Hawk Anthony Corrido Episode: "Pilot"
1986 Amazing Stories Professor B.O. Beanes Episode: "Go to the Head of the Class"
1990 The Earth Day Special Dr. Emmett Brown[26] Television special
1992 Road to Avonlea Alistair Dimple Episode: "Another Point of View"
1991–1992 Back to the Future: The Animated Series Dr. Emmett Brown (Live action segments) 13 episodes
1995 Fallen Angels The Continental Op Episode: "Fly Paper"
1995–1997 Deadly Games Jordan Kenneth Lloyd/Sebastian Jackal 13 episodes
1999 Spin City Owen Kingston Episode: "Back to the Future IV"
2001 The Tick Mr. Fishladder Uncredited
Episode: "Pilot"
2002–present Cyberchase Hacker (voice)
2002 Malcolm in the Middle Walter Episode: "Family Reunion"
2003 Ed Burt Kiffle Episode: "The Move"
2003 Tremors Dr. Cletus Poffenberger 3 episodes
2004 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Snail (voice) Episode: "Dumb Luck"
2004 I Dream Professor Toone 4 episodes
2004–2005 Clubhouse Lou Russo 11 episodes
2005 The West Wing Professor Lawrence Lessig Episode: "The Wake Up Call"
2005 King of the Hill Smitty (voice) Episode: "Care-Takin' Care of Business"
2005–2006 Stacked Harold March 19 episodes
2006 Masters of Horror Everett Neely Episode: "Valerie on the Stairs"
2007 Numbers Ross Moore Episode: "Graphic"
2008 Live from Lincoln Center King Pellinore Episode: "Camelot"
2008 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Carmine Episode: "Vanishing Act"
2009 Meteor Professor Daniel Lehman 2 episodes
2009 Knights of Bloodsteel Tesselink 2 episodes
2009 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Santa Claus John #2 Uncredited
Episode: "A Very Sunny Christmas"
2010 Chuck Dr. Leo Dreyfus Episode: "Chuck versus the Tooth"
2011 Fringe Roscoe Joyce Episode: "The Firefly"
2011–2013 Robot Chicken Dr. Emmett Brown (voice) 2 episodes
2012 R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour Grandpa Episode: "Grampires: Part 1"
2013 Raising Hope Dennis Powers Episode: " Credit Where Credit Is Due"
2013 Psych Martin Kahn Episode: "100 Clues"
2014 The Michael J. Fox Show Principal McTavish Episode: "Health"
2014–2015 Granite Flats Professor Stanfield Hargraves 12 episodes
2014 Over the Garden Wall Woodsman (voice) 4 episodes
2015 The Simpsons Reverend Jim Ignatowski (voice) Episode: "My Fare Lady"

Video games

Year Title Role
1994 Rescue the Scientists Lieutenant Jack Tempus
1996 Toonstruck Drew Blanc
2004 Back to the Future Video Slots Dr. Emmett Brown
2010–2011 Back to the Future: The Game Dr. Emmett Brown (voice)
2015 King's Quest King Graham (voice)
2015 Lego Dimensions Dr. Emmett Brown (voice)

Awards

Year Award Category Production / Role Result
1972–73 Obie Award One of 12 recipients for "distinguished performances"[27] Won
1973 Drama Desk Award Best Performance Kaspar
1982 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series[12] Taxi Won
1983 Taxi
1986 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor Back to the Future Nominated
1990 Best Supporting Actor Who Framed Roger Rabbit
1992 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series[12] Road to Avonlea Won
1994 Independent Spirit Awards Best Supporting Male Twenty Bucks
2008 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Cyberchase Nominated
2013 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Ensemble (shared with the entire cast)[28] The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure
2015 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Cyberchase

References

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference rootsweb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lovece, Frank (December 2, 1991). "Christopher Lloyd Is as Mysterious as Character". Newspaper Enterprise Association via The Daily News (Bowling Green, Kentucky). {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ "Lewis H. Lapham, Financier, 76, Dies; Retired Leather Merchant Was a Founder of Texas Corporation, an Oil Concern". The New York Times. June 11, 1934. Retrieved February 4, 2013. The near relatives who survive [include] ... two daughters, Mrs. Elinor Ford of Washington, D.C., and Mrs. Samuel Lloyd of Stamford, Conn., and two sons [including] Roger D. Lapham of San Francisco, president of the American Hawaiian Steamship Company....
  4. ^ a b "Catharine Boyd Attended by Six at Her Marriage". The New York Times. June 7, 1959. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract; full article via subscription or fee.
  5. ^ Barnes, Clive (February 16, 1973). "Theater: Handke's 'Kaspar' Is Staged in Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  6. ^ Barnes, Clive (January 24, 1974). "Theater: Good 'Seagull'; Chekhov Play Staged by the Roundabout". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  7. ^ Barnes, Clive (February 25, 1974). "Stage: 'Total Eclipse' by the Chelsea". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  8. ^ Gussow, Mel (October 12, 1974). "Stage: 'The Possessed,' Clear Vision of Torment". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  9. ^ Delatiner, Barbara (April 25, 1976). "New Lines, Old Trouper". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  10. ^ Berkvist, Rober (June 24, 1977). "New Face: Christopher Lloyd; A Real 'Happy End'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  11. ^ Harris, Will (October 12, 2012). "Christopher Lloyd on playing a vampire, a taxi driver, a toon, and more". The A.V Club. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c "Emmys > Christopher Lloyd: Awards & Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  13. ^ "Cast & Crew". GobstopperMovie.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  14. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (2010-08-25). "Christopher Lloyd stars in 'Death of a Salesman'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  15. ^ Snider, Mike (September 1, 2010). "Telltale Games times 'Back to the Future' project". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  16. ^ Tucker, Ken (2011-01-21). "The return of 'Fringe' recap: 'The Firefly' glowed with love, loss, and Christopher Lloyd". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  17. ^ "Campaña publicitaria del Doc Emmet Brown es un éxito en YouTube / Advertising campaign with "Doc" Emmett Brown is a hit on YouTube". La Gaceta. Tucumán, Argentina. September 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  18. ^ Isherwood, Charles (May 30, 2013). "A Little Groucho Marx, a Little King Solomon". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  19. ^ a b "Ex-wife sues actor Lloyd for unpaid alimony". The Post and Courier. September 26, 2002. p. 2-A.
  20. ^ Hillier, Bevin (March 22, 1987). "Always on Sunday: The Making of a Flea-Market Fanatic". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ Podolsky, J. D. (July 8, 1991). "Passages". People (magazine).
  22. ^ "Actor Christopher Lloyd lists house in Montecito, CA for $11,275,000, buys a smaller one nearby". Berg Properties. May 29, 2007. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Stars' Homes Destroyed & Threatened By Montecito Fire". Access Hollywood. November 14, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-31. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Spears, Steve (April 28, 2010). "'Doc Brown' is in Tampa Bay? Whoa, that's heavy: Christopher Lloyd hitting sci-fi and movie fests". Tampa Bay Times. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. ^ "Ruth Lapham Lloyd, 88, Dies; Aided Metropolitan Museum". The New York Times. October 12, 1984. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  26. ^ A Matter of Time: The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon Page 300
  27. ^ "'The Hot I Baltimore' Shares Obie Award With 'River Niger'". The New York Times. May 23, 1973. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Abstract. Full article via subscription or fee.
  28. ^ "RAZZIES Nominations". Razzies.com. Retrieved 2013-04-05.

Further reading

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