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Spillover of the Syrian civil war

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Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
Part of the Syrian Civil War and Arab Winter

Current military situation, as of August 27, 2019:
(For a clickable version of the map without shaded areas, see here for Syria, here for Iraq, here for Lebanon, and here for all 3 in one map)
Date17 June 2011 – present (13 years, 5 months and 1 week)
Location
Syrian borders and Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Lebanon, Libya
Result Ongoing

The spillover of the Syrian Civil War is a collection of events in which the Syrian Civil War has impacted countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Since the first small protests during the Arab Spring, the increasingly violent Syrian Civil War has been both a proxy for the major Arab powers and Iran, and a potential launching point for a wider regional war. Fears of the latter were realized when the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, a Sunni Muslim militant group and former al-Qaeda affiliate, established itself in Syria in 2013, and by mid-2014, had combined both the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi insurgency into a single conflict.[1][2][3]

Iraq

Main articles: Anbar campaign (2013–14), Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), and Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
See also: Iraq War (2014–present)

For much of 2012, the Iraqi government had turned a blind eye to the Sunni and Salafist militias crossing the border into Syria. This toleration ended when Salafist militias connected to al-Qaeda ambushed a convoy filled with unarmed Syrian soldiers at Akashat on the Syrian side of the border. This led to greater fighting throughout the country, Operation al-Shabah in May 2013 in which the Iraqi Army failed to wipe these militias out and the consolidation of several of them with ISIL. Anbar Province became a battle zone and an airstrike in April 2014 was of little use, because in June 2014 ISIL launched an offensive in northern Iraq, taking large swaths of the country and threatening Baghdad itself. In response, Iran reportedly deployed its Quds force in Iraq,[4] thus turning the conflict into a full-scale war.

Iraqi-Syrian border incidents

Main article: Akashat ambush

The Akashat ambush was a well planned assault against a Syrian Army convoy defended by Iraqi soldiers that took place on 4 March 2013, as the group was travelling in the province of Anbar, next to the border with Syria. The Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the ambush on March 11.[5] 51 Syrian soldiers killed in the clashes.[6]
Another 9 Iraqi soldiers were killed as well from insurgent fire. The attackers carried unknown casualties.[citation needed]

Since January of 2014, The Islamic State has mutated and grown into a massive pseudo country which has taken over much of Iraq and Syria and erased the border between the two countries in a new, multinational war.

Lebanon

Further information: Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon and Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War has led to incidents of sectarian violence in northern Lebanon between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government, and armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli.[7] Fighting between rebels and government forces has spilled into Lebanon on several occasions. The Syrian Air Force has conducted air strikes on targets in Lebanon, while rebels have launched rockets on Hezbollah targets.[8] Fighting between supporters of the Sunni sheikh Ahmed Al-Assir, who is against Hezbollah's involvement in Syria, and the Lebanese army has killed at least 15 of its soldiers.[9]

Lebanese–Syrian border

Main article: Lebanese–Syrian border clashes

At the beginning of summer 2012, two Hezbollah fighters were killed in a clash with Syrian rebels who were on Lebanese territory.[10] On 17 September, Syrian Ground-attack aircraft fired three missiles 500 metres (1,600 ft) over the border into Lebanese territory near Arsal. It was suggested that the jets were chasing rebels in the vicinity. The attack prompted Lebanese president Michel Sleiman to launch an investigation, whilst not publicly blaming Syria for the incident.[11]

On 22 September 2012, a group of armed members of the Free Syrian Army attacked a border post near Arsal. This was reported to be the second incursion within a week. The group were chased off into the hills by the Lebanese Army, who detained and later released some rebels due to pressure from dignified locals. Michel Sleiman praised the actions taken by the military as maintaining Lebanon's position being “neutral from the conflicts of others". He called on border residents to “stand beside their army and assist its members.” Syria has repeatedly called for an intensified crackdown on rebels that it claims are hiding in Lebanese border towns.[12][13]

On 11 October 2012, four shells fired by the Syrian military hit Masharih al-Qaa, where previous shelling incidents have caused fatalities. Lebanon's position of ignoring the attacks and dissociating itself from the conflict remained unchanged.[citation needed] In October 2012 Hassan Nasrallah denied Hezbollah members were fighting alongside the Syrian army, but that Lebanese in Syria were only protecting Lebanese inhabited villages from the Free Syrian Army.[14]

In August 2014, the Syrian air force bombed the Lebanese side of the border.[15] In December of that year, they used barrel bombs on suspected rebel installations northwest of Arsal.[16]

Lebanon vs. ISIL and al-Nusra Front

Main article: Battle of Arsal

Starting in June 2014, Hezbollah began battling with Islamists along the Lebanese border, who had crossed into Lebanon several times and threatened to throw the country into full-scale war.

From 2–5 August 2014, the Lebanese Army clashed with Syrian gunmen in the town of Arsal, which left over a hundred soldiers on both sides dead.[17]

On 21 August 2014, the al-Nusra Front invaded Lebanon near Arsal and the Bekaa Valley town of Al-Fakiha, following a battle between them and Hezbullah seven Hezbollah fighters and 32 Syrian rebels died in clashes around the Syrian village of Nahleh, just over the border from Arsal.[18]

Dozens of hostages were taken back to Syria during the abovementioned battle of Arsal. After fruitless negotiations, the Lebanese cabinet voted to authorize the army to invade Syria to free them on 4 September 2014,[19] something that they have yet to do. There was another attempted invasion of Lebanon by a joint ISIL-Nusra force in early October, which was beaten back by Hezbullah,[20] and in January of 2015.

Hezbullah vs. ISIL

IN June of 2015, the terrorist Army Hezbullah claimed that it was in the midst of a major battle with ISIL, which it claimed had invaded Lebanon and seized territory.[21]

Turkey

Main article: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

With a thousand-mile border with Syria and Iraq, There have been a number of incidents involving this nation with various factions in the conflicts south of the border.

Turkey-Syria border clashes

Main article: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War § Border clashes

Openly supporting the overthrow of Bashir al-Assad Turkey permitted the establishment of a "jihadist highway" where rebels of all stripes, including ISIL, were permitted to cross both supplies and personnel South of the border.[22] There were various incidents including the shooting down of a Syrian Air Force jet by Turkey, and a February 2015 raid by the Turkish army to evacuate a tiny exclave in Syria.

2011 incidents

Further information: December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash

During the 5 December 2011 night, about 35 armed fighters tried to cross the border of Syria from Turkey, but were engaged immediately by the Syrian border forces who inflicted several wounds to them and were able to repel them back to Turkey. Once they were back on Turkish soil, the Turkish army allegedly picked them up in trucks and took care of the injured fighters. A further attempt happened during the night of 12 December, when 15 infiltrators tried again to cross the border. They were unsuccessful and two of them were killed by Syrian border patrols.[citation needed]

F4 jet incident

On 22 June 2012, Syrian air defenses shot down a Turkish F-4 Phantom fighter jet,[23] and both pilots were killed.[24] The incident significantly raised tensions between the two countries.[25] Syria stated that it had shot the fighter down using anti-aircraft artillery near the village of Om al-Tuyour, while it was flying over Syrian territorial waters one kilometer away from land.[26] Turkey's foreign minister stated the jet was shot down in international airspace after accidentally entering Syrian airspace, while it was on a training flight to test Turkey's radar capabilities.[27] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan vowed retaliation, saying: "The rules of engagement of the Turkish Armed Forces have changed ... Turkey will support Syrian people in every way until they get rid of the bloody dictator and his gang."[28] Ankara acknowledged that the jet had flown over Syria for a short time, but they said such temporary overflights were common, had not led to an attack before, and alleged that Syrian helicopters had violated Turkish airspace five times without being attacked and that a second, search-and-rescue jet had been fired at.[28] Assad later expressed regret over the incident.[29] In August 2012, reports appeared in some Turkish newspapers claiming that the Turkish General Staff had deliberately misinformed the Turkish government about the fighter's location when it was shot down. The reports said that a NATO command post at Izmir and a British base in Cyprus had confirmed that the fighter was shot down inside Syrian waters and that radar intelligence from U.S. forces had disproved any "accidentally entered Syrian waters" flightpath error. The General Staff denied the claims.[30]

February 2013 bombing

Earlier, on 11 February 2013, the border near Reyhanlı was the scene of a deadly attack, when an explosion killed 17 people and injured 30 more.[31]

May 2013 border bombing

Main article: May 2013 Reyhanli bombing

On 11 May 2013, two car bombs exploded in the town of Reyhanlı, Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 51 people were killed and 140 injured in the attack.[32] The attack was the deadliest single act of terrorism to occur on Turkish soil.[33][34]

In response to the attacks, the Turkish government sent large numbers of air and ground forces to increase the already heavy military presence in the area.[35]

By 12 May 2013, nine Turkish citizens, alleged to have links to the Syrian intelligence agency, had been detained.[36] On 21 May 2013, the Turkish authorities charged the prime suspect, the state-run Anatolia news agency reported. Four other suspects were also charged. 12 people had been charged in total. All suspects were Turkish nationals that Ankara believes were backed by the Syrian government.[37]

On 30 September 2013, some websites claimed that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the al-Qaeda group operating in Iraq and Syria, accepted responsibility for the attack, threatening further attacks against Turkey.[38][39][40][41][42][43]

2013 helicopter incident

On September 2013, Turkish jets shot down a Syrian helicopter on the Syrian-Turkish border.[44] According to Turkish official statement, Turkish warplanes made the intercept after Syrian Mi-17 helicopter had crossed into Turkish airspace and the government warned it had taken all necessary measures to defend itself against any further such violations. Syrian army acknowledged the helicopter had strayed into Turkish airspace for a short time, while monitoring "terrorists" moving across the border into Syria, but said it was an accident and that the aircraft was on its way back when it was shot down.[44] In a statement carried by Syrian state news agency SANA, it accused Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan's government of trying to increase tensions between the two countries.[44]

Turkey and ISIL

Main article: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War § Turkey and ISIL

Turkey had been allegedly supporting ISIL throughout its many incarnations as a lesser evil against the Assad government.[45][46][47] This to some extent began to change with the 2013 Reyhanlı bombings and a retaliatory airstrike in January 2014. ISIL shook this off and began its conquest of northern Iraq, followed by consolidation of territories in Northern Syria. In the summer of 2014 it began taking over the border area with Turkey, leading to hundreds of thousands of refugees coming north along the border, riots,[48] the use of teargas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition, as well the end of the truce with the PKK.

A vote to authorize military action was passed by the Turkish parliament on October 2, 2014. However, it had no follow-through and further rioting[49] ensued through much of Turkey's cities as the government demanded more and more conditions to join in the war. The riots intensified and several dozen protesters have been killed.[citation needed]

ISIL has also conducted operations within Turkish territory. On October 17, 2014, in Urfa, they kidnapped Abu Issa, a top Syrian rebel commander; however, they failed to smuggle him to Syria.[50] Press TV reporter Serena Shim also claimed that Islamist fighters had been smuggled from Turkey to Syria in trucks belonging to the World Food Programme and other aid groups. She was accused of spying by Turkish officials and died in a car accident days later.[51] On November 28, 2014 ISIL troops allegedly launched a raid on Kobani from a base in Turkey.[52]

Siege of the Süleyman Shah Tomb

On 22 February 2015, The Turkish army invaded Syria via Kobani and drove to the Süleyman Shah Tomb, which was dismantled and brought back to Turkey. The 40 guards, who were due to return home months before, were also rescued. About 100 military vehicles, including 39 tanks, were involved along with 572 military personnel, one of which was killed in an accident.[53]

Thirty to thirty-six Turkish soldiers were stationed there to guard the tomb. An attack on the tomb, considered Turkish territory under a 1921 Franco-Turkish agreement, was under threat earlier in the year, prompting the government to declare that it would retaliate against any such attack, and would serve as a casus belli.

The Syrian government said the raid was[54] an act of "flagrant aggression" and that it would hold Ankara responsible for its repercussions.

2014 Kurdish protests in Turkey

Main article: 2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey

Jordanian-Syrian border

Main article: October 2012 Jordanian–Syrian border clash

There have been a few incidents.[55] Jordan hosts nearly 600,000 registered Syrian refugees—although Jordanian officials say the real number is far higher.

On 22 October 2012, a Jordanian soldier died in a gunfight between Jordanian troops and Islamic militants attempting to cross the border into Syria. Sameeh Maaytah, the Information Minister of Jordan, said the soldier was the first member of the Jordanian military to be killed in clashes connected to the civil war in Syria.[56]

In April 2014, the Jordanian Air Force launched an airstrike on soldiers trying to illegally cross the border from Syria. Since then, attempted militant infiltration into Jordan has become commonplace.[57] Some of this was due to the return of Jordanian citizens who, as Jihadists, went to fight in Syria for a while and decided to go home for various reasons.[58] According to reports, there are over 2000 Jordanian Jihadis fighting in Syria. Over a hundred have been arrested and charged for crossing the border to fight, which is illegal in Jordan.

Heavy shelling aimed at Daraa in Syria has accidentally hit the Jordanian side of the border from time to time, usually causing only light or no damage.[59] However, on June 25, 2015, one of these killed one person and wounded a dozen.[60]

Syrian-Israeli ceasefire line

Main article: Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian Civil War

In late 2012, border tensions between Israel and Syria escalated. On 25 September 2012, several mortar shells landed in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, landing in an open area adjacent to the border fence.[61] Overall, throughout October and early November, several Syrian mortar and light artillery shells hit the Golan Heights. One mortar round may have been responsible for a brushfire that erupted in the area. On 3 November, three Syrian tanks entered the demilitarized zone in the central Golan Heights as a number of mortar shells were fired into the area.[62] On 5 November, an Israeli army jeep was damaged by Syrian army gunfire as it patrolled the border.[63] On 11 November, after a Syrian 120mm mortar round hit the eastern Golan Heights, the Israeli army responded by firing an electro-optic anti-tank missile in the direction of a Syrian mortar crew, but they deliberately missed them, intending it as a warning shot.[64] On 12 November, another Syrian mortar shell struck the Golan Heights, and Israeli tanks deployed along the border responded by targeting two Syrian mortar launchers. A direct hit was confirmed.[65] A shell fired from Syria, where insurgents and government troops are locked in fierce fighting, exploded in the Israeli-occupied part of the Golan Heights plateau on Sunday, 14 July 2013.[citation needed]

On 22 and 23 June 2015 two ambulances transporting wounded Syrian rebels were attacked by Druze protesters in Israel. One of the injured persons was killed in the incident.[66] The attacks followed an interview with a rebel who had been treated in Israel and promised to come back to Syria to fight against Druze minority.[67]

Distant spillover locations

Egypt (Sinai peninsula)

Main article: Sinai insurgency

Libya

Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya

The takeover of the city of Derna in Cyrenaica, Libya by the self-declared Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took place in late 2014. On November 2014, Wilayat Darnah (the province of Darnah)[68] or Wilayat Barqah (Province of Eastern Libya) was declared an integral part the so-called "Islamic State". ISIL has now taken complete control of the eastern Libyan coastal city with a population of 100,000.[69]

ISIL in Libya posted a video online on 15 February 2015 depicting the killing of 21 Egyptian Copts. The video bore similarities to previous videos showing the "execution" of Western and Japanese hostages, including the orange jumpsuits worn by the victims and the method of killing by decapitation.[70] Egypt responded to the video by launching airstrikes against targets in Derna.[71][72]

Yemen

Further information: Yemeni Civil War (2015)

Kuwait

Further information: 2015 Kuwait mosque bombing

On 26 June 2015, ISIL agents blew up a Shiite mosque in Kuwait City killing dozens and injuring hundreds.[73]

See also

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