Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2006-08-03
T.M. Stevens
T.M. Stevens is a Bass guitarist who's worked with many artists, including Steve Vai on his Sex And Religion album, with Aina on the Days Of Rising Doom album, Little Steven on the Freedom - No Compromise album, Victor Wooten on the Soul Circus album, Neil Zaza, Cindy Lauper on the A Night To Remember album, and The Pretenders on the Get Close album.
Hopefully you guys can fill in the other details from his main website. He's also a member of a Japanese rock band called 03, pronounced Zero San. They're on the Avex label. Unfortunately they don't have a wikipedia article on them.
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_Religion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_%28band%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_-_No_Compromise
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Circus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_P_Funk_members
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Zaza
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_%28album%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretenders
65.165.15.130 00:27, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Anna Normandy
Macaroon Shindig
Lakshminarayana Sadasivuni
The Armory Wars
Martin Henriksson
Theoneworld
theoneworld known also as [One World Project] is a guide to the world based on a set of real journeys undertaken by two educationalis, Polish Ewa Lubinska and British Richard Rowland [[1]] and a cultural exchange project.
Sources
http://www.times.co.nz/cms/news/2006/03/printer_art100010948.php Website promotes cultural exchange] [http://www.newtextbookplace.com/articles/Linking_schools,_cultures_130.html Useful online resources for Linking schools, cultures] [http://www.comet.org.nz/newsletter/newsletter_latest.html EDUCATION MATTERS IN MANUKAU] [http://www.eventpolynesia.com/news&info/world/AW2_page_newsroom.htm Linking schools, cultures in the Pacific] [http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488124/704234 TV One Breakfast News, Friday April 21] [http://www.city.poznan.pl/mim/strony/oswiata/news.html?co=print&id=4025&instance=1014&lang=pl One World]
219.88.143.171 02:00, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
stushara.com
Hoe Strings
Athene Aquinas
User:172.177.141.227 02:20, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
In Hyuk Suh
In Hyuk Suh, founder of the World Kuk Sool Association, has studied martial arts for more than 50 years. Young Suh started at an early age of five, as is often done in martial arts families, under the tutelage of his grandfather, Myung Deuk Suh. Suh was well-noted for teaching three types of Korean martial arts; kwun sool: a kicking and hard punching style, yoo sool: a soft style with emphasis on joint-locking and throwing techniques, and yoo-kwun sool: a combination of the two which could be either hard or soft but never used force against force, before the dissolution of the Korean courts. About midway through the Korean War Myung Deuk Suh was fatally wounded, but due to his foresight the young Suh’s training would continue. Letters of introduction, plus his grandfather’s reputation as a master instructor of the Korean Royal Court, opened many doors that otherwise would have remained firmly shut. Now the heir to the Suh family’s martial legacy began to visit and to learn from many different instructors, and by the time he was 20 years old, In-hyuk Suh had traveled to hundreds of Buddhist temples and private martial art teachers. Korean temples became a safe haven for a number of Korean artifacts during the Japanese occupation, including martial arts manuals. During this intensive training period, Suh met an old Buddhist monk named Hae Dong Seu Nim (Great Monk of the East Sea). This monk became Suh’s second most influential teacher, disclosing special breathing skills, meditation techniques and esoteric knowledge about internal power or ki. Equipped with knowledge from his grandfather and subsequent masters, In Hyuk Suh began to assemble his knowledge of martial arts into a cohesive and comprehensive martial arts system. In 1958 In Hyuk Suh founded the martial art of Kuk Sool Won and in 1961 founded the World Kuk Sool Association. Sense that time Kuk Sool Won has grown well beyond 1.3 million members with over 800 school in 27 countries. Additionally, Kuk Sool Won has been mentioned in over 300 articles and featured on more than 60 martial art magazine front covers throughout the world.
“Any distinction or honor granted to me or to any member of this organization is a credit to the organization as a whole, including all the individuals who make up this vast organization.”
--In Hyuk Suh
Sources
140.158.80.19 02:26, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Michigan Prospect
The Michigan Prospect is a nonprofit free-market research and educational organization formed in 1992 and located in Okemos, Michigan. Lynn Jondahl is the Executive Director, and Olivia Maynard is the President.
The mission of the Michigan Prospect is "to connect citizens and government in order to advance a just and humane democratic society". From their site, "We were founded to develop progressive public policies by building a structure for public policy education and advocacy."
In practice, the Prospect is liberal in ideology. Though the Prospect is non-partisan, it frequently agrees with (or is agreed with by) liberals, much the same way the Mackinac Center for Public Policy does with conservatives. The Michigan Prospect and the Mackinac Center are frequent opponents on most issues.
External links
 | This organization-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
tialina
Biff Atlas
Elephant poulaion triples
David Boundy
jordan andreu
All Day
All Day is a christian worship song written by Hillsong United's Marty Sampson. It's lyrics portray the message that christians should never care about what people say about their faith, and that we should follow God "All Day."
Verse 1: I don't care what they say about me It's all right, all right I don't care they think about me It's all right, they'll get it one day
Pre-Chorus I love you, I'll follow you You are my, my life I will read my Bible and pray I will follow you all day
Verse 2: I don't care what it costs anymore Cos' you gave it all and I'm following you I don't care what it takes anymore No matter what happens I'm going your way
Pre-Chorus
Chorus: All Day All Day now All Day I'll follow You
Verse 1
Pre-Chorus
Chorus
Bridge: Anyone around can see Just how good you've been to me For all my friends that don't know you I pray that you would save them too
Chorus
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Sampson
70.50.136.19 04:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
John Raymond Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken
KILBRACKEN, 3rd Baron (established UK 1909), was born John Raymond Godley on 17 October 1920; educated at Eton, then at Balliol College Oxford (MA). Address: Killegar, Carrigallen, County Leitrim, Ireland. Career: sat in House of Lords (Lib) 1951-66 and (Lab) 1966-99; served in World War II in the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (pilot) 1940 - 46, Lt. Cdr 1945, was awareded DSC (1945); treasure hunter, jourrnalist and author; Books: Tell Me The Next One (1950), The Master Forger (1951), Living Like A Lord (1954), A Peer Behind The Curtain (1959), Shamrocks & Unicorns (1962), Van Meegeren (1967), Bring Back My Stringbag (1979), The Easy Way to Bird Recognition (1982) The Easy Way to Tree Recognition (1983), The Easy Way to Wild Flower Recognition (1984); Recreations, chess, birdwatching. Married Sue Heazlewood in 1981. Lives at Killegar, the family seat in Ireland with younger son, the poet Sean Godley. Sean Godley is considered one of the most exciting young writers in Ireland today and won First Prize for a Short Poem at Writer's Week, in Listowel, County Kerry in May 2006.
Sources
DeBrett's Peerage, Who's Who, Longford Leader Newspaper,
195.93.21.65 04:54, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Jeremy Cross
Alex Glover, the Man, the Legend
Alex Glover is simply the greatest creature to ever grace the terrace of planet Earth. God obviously put him here to move mountains, rock worlds, and alter egos. He may very well be be one of the most influential men in history, third only to Jesus and John Lennon.
Sources
The Book of Knowledge - Unknown Author
24.45.91.76 05:04, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Peter Dermigny
dorkus
Miri Indian Association
The Miri Indian Association is based in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. It represents People of Indian Origin (PIO) in Miri. This covers all the Indian sub-races such as Tamils, Punjabis, Malayalis, Gujaratis, Bengalis. All the religions (Sikhs, Christians, Hindus, Muslims,Buddhish and Bahais)are also represented in the Miri Indian Association. It is currently led by it President, Karambir Singh. The Indians in Miri is an very active organisation despite the small number of Indians in Miri. Currently it is estimated there are 500 Indians in Miri.
Sources
The Registrar of Societies Malaysia, Miri Branch. - Office Contact telephone: +6085415087
Kshs 05:10, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Annabelle Hodgetts
Miri Indian Association
The Miri Indian Association is based in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. It represents People of Indian Origin (PIO) in Miri. This covers all the Indian sub-races such as Tamils, Punjabis, Malayalis, Gujaratis, Bengalis. All the religions (Sikhs, Christians, Hindus, Muslims,Buddhish and Bahais)are also represented in the Miri Indian Association. It is currently led by it President, Karambir Singh. The Indians in Miri is an very active organisation despite the small number of Indians in Miri. Currently it is estimated there are 500 Indians in Miri.
Sources
The Registrar of Societies Malaysia, Miri Branch. - Office Contact telephone: +6085415087
Kshs 05:16, 2 August 2006 (UTC) Bold text
Number of Elephants in Africa
Turbidimeter
Jamcracker Service Delivery Network - Enabling the On Demand World
The Wrangler
The Wrangler is the walk Randal uses in Clerks by Kevin Smith.
Sources
Clerks(1994)
69.242.151.155 06:40, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
reason why tsunami easily occur in indonesia?
Pinhas Kehati
An Israeli Rabbi who is famous for writing a modern commentary on the Mishna. It has been widely accepted in the Jewish community.
The commentary is written in Modern Israeli Hebrew and based on classical and contemporary works. It is designed to make the Mishnah widely accessible to a wide spectrum of learners of all ages and all levels of experience in Torah study. It is popularly referred to as "The Kehati". Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. There are a few editions out there but most are printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's. Some current versions include full size, pocket and a full English translation (without Bartenura).
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah
External links
134.173.120.22 08:54, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Killoe
Killoe is a parish in County Longford situated about 6 miles north of Longford Town. Bordered by Newtownforbes, Drumlish, Ballinamuck, Ballinalee, Edgeworthstown and Longford, Killoe is the largest parish in the county. The villages of Ennybegs and Cullyfad are situated in the parish.
Sources
www.iol.ie/~longcomm/killoe.htm
136.206.1.20 09:20, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Korshi Dosoo
Thomas Bird
Thatti Noor
Thatti Noor is a small village in Tehsil Bhalwal of District Sargodha. It is located just a KM away from Lahore-Islamabad Motorway M-2 on the right side of Motorway when travelling from islamabad to Lahore.
Sources
203.82.63.3 10:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
James Gillespie's High School
James Gillespie's High School is a state comprehensive school in Edinburgh's Bruntsfield area run by Edinburgh City Council.
Sources
195.92.40.49 10:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Thatti Noor
Thatti Noor is a small village in Tehsil Bhalwal of District Sargodha. It is located just a KM away from Lahore-Islamabad Motorway M-2 on the right side of Motorway when travelling from islamabad to Lahore.
Sources
www.thezee.com
203.82.63.3 10:14, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
mackam
Visit London
Visit London is a private company limited by guarantee. It was established in 1963 and it is the official tourist organisation for London. Visit London employs approximately 70 staff and is based in More London off London's Tooley Street.
Visit London is funded by partnership subscriptions and commercial activity. It receives public funding from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport via the Mayor of London and the London Development Agency and the Association of London Government.
Visit London's role
* Promote and market London to leisure and business visitors. * Advocate quality improvements to tourism infrastructure and services. * Work to maximise the benefits of tourism for Londoners and the local economy. * Visit London works closely with a number of key partners.
Visit London's key activity
* Public affairs - tourism strategy, developmental issues, research. * Marketing - campaigns and marketing strategy, Visit London publications, trade shows. * Partnership - activity and opportunities. * Travel trade - publications and exhibitions. * Press - Visit London and London news, press photo library. * Visit London's offices are based near London Bridge.
Sources
http://www.lda.gov.uk/server/show/conGlossary.102
217.158.27.252 10:24, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Melkia
Melkia is a term for a title over goods, very commonly property, that is governed by Moslem law and common in Morocco. Such goods have not had "clear title" established by the appropriate secular authorities, and as such can belong by inheritance to many unspecified heirs. In Moslem countries, the documents of Melkia, known as adoul documents given that they are governed by "adoul", wisemen in Arabic, are judicially valid and recognised, but are often imprecise as to precise location, land surface, composition, contiguity and/or boundary limits of buildings and land.
Sources
http://www.maroc-loc.com/en_faq.htm http://www.marrakech-immobilier.net/uk/info_acquisition.php#dt http://www.marrakech-connexion.com/+Juridique-et-fiscalite+.html?&lang=en
84.72.0.250 10:35, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Clearing Account
Mobile360
Ollie Russian
Bass player in bands Meanwhile, Back In Communist Russia... and Lux Luther.
Writer for Drowned In Sound
Radio plugger for Alan James PR, representing bands such as Klaxons and The Pipettes
Previously founded and promoted Club Seal with G-Man at Islington Bar Academy.
DJs with G-Man at Frog, KoKo, Barfly, etc. when not snogging the face off Colin Roberts. Official DJ for The Mystery Jets.
Likes monkeys
Sources
http://www.drownedinsound.com/content/view/4949 http://www.drownedinsound.com/content/view/11312 http://www.arabstrap.co.uk/content/eng/press.html http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:bi8a1gAhnNoJ:nightshift.oxfordmusic.net/2005/sep/sep.pdf+Ollie+russian+lux+luther&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=8 http://www.ajpr.co.uk
213.161.86.25 11:17, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Presqu'île crater
Presqu'ile Meteorite Crater: • Age (ma): <500 • Diameter: 24 Km • Location: Quebec, Canada. N 49° 43' W 74° 48' • Shock Metamorphism: Shatter cones best developed in massive, fine-grained rhyodacites, up to 60 cm long (Higgins and Tait, 1990). Neither PDF in quartz or other minerals nor evidence of microbrecciation has been found at this impact site. • Dating Method: No reliable age, the age estimate is based on the high degree of erosion (see text).
The 7 km diameter remnant of the Presqu’ile Meteorite Crater is displayed as the circled Lac de la Presqu’ile at the bottom and just to left of center of this landsat image (Note 1). An estimated 3000 m of vertical erosion has taken place in this area over the eons and has completely erased the original crater structure. The target rocks are Precambrian, crystalline Archean aged tonalite and metabasalts of the Abitibi greenstone belt. The documented gravity and aeromagnetic fields in this region are dominated by signatures related to the Presqu’ile tonalite intrusion, and show no evidence of a cryptic circular structure (MERQ, 1982; MRN, 1976, 1978).
The age of the impact is difficult to establish, though it is clearly post-metamorphic (approximately 2.7 Ga) and pre-glacial. The low relief of the region (illustrated in this image of the impact remnant lake taken from the north west) in addition to the absence of high-pressure shock metamorphism from the floor of the crater (that would be produced by a structure of this size) indicates a prolonged post-impact and preglacial erosion event. Together this data suggests a minimum age for the impact event of several hundred million years (Note 2).
Shatter-cones are evidence of a nearby meteorite impact. The only other way to produce these geological features is by large explosions such as a nuclear explosion. The shatter cone in this image (right) is one example found near the Presque'ile structure (Note 3).
Poorly exposed segments of shatter cones are exposed at three points on Lac de la Presqu’ile in Obatogamau basalts or basalt xenoliths in tonalite. The “X” indicators mark the areas where shatter cones were recovered from within the lake area. This image of Lac de la Presqu’ile was taken from the east approximately 1000’ above the ground.
Another source of shatter cones was discovered in the area to the east of the impact remnant lake, directly under where I took this image. This six km diameter circle of shatter cones is used to determine the original size of the crater. If the lake is taken as the center of the impact and considering that shatter cones die out at 0.5 X diameter (Robertson, 1975) then the crater probably had an original diameter of 24 km (Note 2).
The town of Chaplais is visible in the background of this view of the impact remnant lake taken from the south east. Presqu’ile is classified as a complex meteorite crater due to the 24 km estimated diameter. For terrestrial craters the transition between simple and complex classification is 4 km in crystalline rocks.
This crater was one of the most fascinating geological sites that I had explored from the air. Reflecting on the extent of the surface erosion that had occurred in this area, the original land surface was probably hundreds of feet ABOVE the altitude where my airplane was flying when I took these images!! The island-like peninsula in the lake is probably the shattered basement rock remnant which originally was several tens of meters under the central peak of the crater.
NOTES:
The Isle Rouleau Meteorite Crater is visible in the upper right corner of the landsat image. The crater central peak remnant is a small island in the south end of Lake Mistassini. “A possible new impact structure near Lac de la Presqu’ile, Quebec, Canada” by Michael Higgins and Larry Tait, Meteoritics 25, 235-236,1990. Image courtesy of Denis W. Roy, MIAC (miac.uqac.ca).
195.229.242.86 11:26, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Eduardo A. Quisumbing
Eduardo A. Quisumbing, a foremost botanist, Dr. Quisumbing is pioneer in the study of Philippine medicinal plants where he made tremendous contribution. His book Medicinal Plants in Philippines is the forerunner of all researches on medicinal plants in the country. He was author of more than 129 scientific articles published here and abroad. While Director of the National Museum, Dr. Quisumbing undertook restoration of the Herbarium which was completely destroyed during the war.
Dr. Quisumbing was recipient of the Distinguished Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to the field of systematic botany; Diploma of Merit on Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal, Malaysian Orchid Society (1966); Gold Medal, American Orchid Society and 1975 PhilAAS Most Outstanding Award.
Sources
http://web.archive.org/web/20040625015801/www.nast.dost.gov.ph/profiles/quisumbing.htm
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
mosquitograss
Symbol: DAVI2 Group: Monocot Family: Poaceae Growth Habit: Graminoid Duration: Annual U.S. Nativity: Introduced
More Information:
* Plant Classification * Plant Source & Reference
Plant Synonyms: Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
AGVI10 Agropyron villosum (L.) Link HAVI5 Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur
Plant Distribution by State: Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy State Distributional Map for Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy © Image generated using gd 1.8
See county distributions for the following states by clicking on them below or on the map. PA
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy occures in the following states: Pennsylvania
Related Taxa:
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
View 334 genera in Poaceae, 1 species in Dasypyrum
Classification:
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report.
Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Subclass Commelinidae – Order Cyperales – Family Poaceae – Grass family Genus Dasypyrum (Coss. & Durieu) T. Dur. – mosquitograss Species Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy – mosquitograss
The species Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy (2n=14, VV genomes, Syn. Haynaldia villosa Schur) has been considered as a potential resource for wheat improvement because of marked variabilities of its drought tolencence, resistance to several diseases, such as powdery mildew, stem and leaf rusts[1-4] and favourable protein composition[5]. Hybridization of D. villosum with diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of wheat have been investigated[4,6-12] and found them to be difficult and usually have low degrees of crossability, especially with hexaploid wheat[4,9,12]. The low crossability of D.villosum with hexaploid wheat limited seriously its utilization directed for bread wheat breeding. Therefore, Sears[13] suggested a method, in which a bridging species of intermediate chromosome number, such as the AABB wheat, due to its ease of crossing with D.villosum, was used to transfer the desirable genes from D.villosum into hexaploid wheat. Consenquently, a large number of amphidiploid between T.turgidum or T.durum and D.villosum were obtained[3-5,14] by induced or spontaneous chromosome doubling of the intergeneric hybrid (ABV). Studies on breeding of the primary 6x amphidiploid T.durum-D.villosum demonstrated that it may have greater potential as a commercial crop in the future than primary 6x triticale[3,4]. However, it must require a great deal of painstaking and very time consuming efforts due to its cytological instability, seed shrievelling and rachis fragility. The procedure of making hybrid between primary 6x amphidiploid and bread wheat may be one way of using D. villosum germplasm for both the improvement of bread wheat and the breeding of 6x amphidiploid as a commercial crop through either the alien gene transfer by the homoeologous pairing among the A, B, D and V chromosomes, or substitution of D for V chromosomes in hybrid progenies. Most of the possible chromosome addition lines of D.villosum to hexaploid and tetraploid wheat have been produced[1,13]. But at present not enough knowledge about the genetics of the F1 hybrid between the primary amphidiploid of T.durum-D.villosum and 6x wheat was obtained. For this reason, present study was carried out to investigate the chromosome pairing during meiosis of T.durum-D.villosum amphidiploid×wheat F1 hybrids, and the distribution of chromosomes in their selfing and test-cross progenies.
Dasypyrum
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy mosquitograss
Symbol: DAVI2 Group: Monocot Family: Poaceae Growth Habit: Graminoid Duration: Annual U.S. Nativity: Introduced
More Information:
* Plant Classification * Plant Source & Reference
Plant Synonyms: Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
AGVI10 Agropyron villosum (L.) Link HAVI5 Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur
Plant Distribution by State: Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy State Distributional Map for Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy © Image generated using gd 1.8
See county distributions for the following states by clicking on them below or on the map. PA
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy occures in the following states: Pennsylvania
Related Taxa:
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
View 334 genera in Poaceae, 1 species in Dasypyrum
Classification:
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report.
Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Subclass Commelinidae – Order Cyperales – Family Poaceae – Grass family Genus Dasypyrum (Coss. & Durieu) T. Dur. – mosquitograss Species Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy – mosquitograss
The species Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy (2n=14, VV genomes, Syn. Haynaldia villosa Schur) has been considered as a potential resource for wheat improvement because of marked variabilities of its drought tolencence, resistance to several diseases, such as powdery mildew, stem and leaf rusts[1-4] and favourable protein composition[5]. Hybridization of D. villosum with diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of wheat have been investigated[4,6-12] and found them to be difficult and usually have low degrees of crossability, especially with hexaploid wheat[4,9,12]. The low crossability of D.villosum with hexaploid wheat limited seriously its utilization directed for bread wheat breeding. Therefore, Sears[13] suggested a method, in which a bridging species of intermediate chromosome number, such as the AABB wheat, due to its ease of crossing with D.villosum, was used to transfer the desirable genes from D.villosum into hexaploid wheat. Consenquently, a large number of amphidiploid between T.turgidum or T.durum and D.villosum were obtained[3-5,14] by induced or spontaneous chromosome doubling of the intergeneric hybrid (ABV). Studies on breeding of the primary 6x amphidiploid T.durum-D.villosum demonstrated that it may have greater potential as a commercial crop in the future than primary 6x triticale[3,4]. However, it must require a great deal of painstaking and very time consuming efforts due to its cytological instability, seed shrievelling and rachis fragility. The procedure of making hybrid between primary 6x amphidiploid and bread wheat may be one way of using D. villosum germplasm for both the improvement of bread wheat and the breeding of 6x amphidiploid as a commercial crop through either the alien gene transfer by the homoeologous pairing among the A, B, D and V chromosomes, or substitution of D for V chromosomes in hybrid progenies. Most of the possible chromosome addition lines of D.villosum to hexaploid and tetraploid wheat have been produced[1,13]. But at present not enough knowledge about the genetics of the F1 hybrid between the primary amphidiploid of T.durum-D.villosum and 6x wheat was obtained. For this reason, present study was carried out to investigate the chromosome pairing during meiosis of T.durum-D.villosum amphidiploid×wheat F1 hybrids, and the distribution of chromosomes in their selfing and test-cross progenies.
Kazil
Kazil specialize in offering high quality, state-of-the-art telecommunication products and solutions to our members all around the world. These solutions will allow members to talk to each other totally free of charge anywhere in the world by using the Internet lines. Members can reach non-members too by making very affordable telephone calls to any regular phone or mobile phone.
By teaming up with one of the biggest communication providers, Kazil have a very stable and reliable platform that will ensure that the products and services you receive will be of world-class standards and second to none.
Not only do Kazil want its members to be able to enjoy fantastic telecommunication products that help them to reduce their phone bills greatly, but they also want to give them a fantastic Business Opportunity for life. They have therefore created a very simple, yet one of the most powerful Compensation Plans available in the Network Marketing industry.
Sources
Links
See Also
88.154.61.91 12:17, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Jessika Turic - Tale of a Mouse
History
Jessika Turic is a young girl whos country of origin is Hrvatska (Croatia) but situates in her country born Australia.
As a child Jessika was described as in intelligent yet cunning little girl. She ofteen was put down or hackled by fellow friends and students at school as it seemed she looked like a "mouse". As she grew older she began to come to terms with her appearance, of which she so many times tried to change (hair colour, plastic surgery etc.), and realised being called a mouse can be seen as a compliment as it is cute.
Sources
Legal Studies - Geof Bailey
202.173.204.44 12:19, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Jessika Turic - Tale of a Mouse
History
Jessika Turic is a young girl whos country of origin is Hrvatska (Croatia) but situates in her country born Australia.
As a child Jessika was described as in intelligent yet cunning little girl. She ofteen was put down or hackled by fellow friends and students at school as it seemed she looked like a "mouse". As she grew older she began to come to terms with her appearance, of which she so many times tried to change (hair colour, plastic surgery etc.), and realised being called a mouse can be seen as a compliment as it is cute.
Sources
Legal Studies - Geof Bailey
202.173.204.44 12:21, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Sources
213.66.103.23 12:45, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Martti Koskenniemi
Arts & Scraps
EFI - European Forest Institute
The European Forest Institute is an international independant centre for forestry research which is based in Joensuu, Finland. The institute was established by the European states, and in February 2006 the member states (which had ratified the convention) included:
- Austria - Bulgaria - Croatia - Denmark - Finland - Germany - Norway - Romania - Spain - Sweden
There are over 130 member organisations and institutions, which are based all over Europe, and 7 project centres.
EFI is described as offering "the best forest research contacts and acknowledged collaboration at the European level." - http://www.efi.int/organisation
Sources
http://www.efi.int/organisation
193.184.64.242 13:13, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Infant Jesus School
Michal Jan Tomas Holý
Michal Jan Tomas Holý is a swiss music producer born in 1979. His tracks explore various dance floor styles.
For a full discography, please refer to [discogs.com]http://www.discogs.com, using the aliases below:
Aliases used
-Mijatoho (drum & bass, jungle)
-Michal Ho (techno, house, minimal)
-Samim & Michal (house, techno, together with Samim Winiger)
-Nocturnal Overload (vocal house, together with Andrew Thompson)
-Headspin/Fakenoise (alternative pop, together with Andrew Thompson)
-L'Ami (electro jazz, together with Ajana Calugar)
Label appearances
-[Jerona Fruits]http://www.jeronafruits.com,
-Social Studies,
-[Stattmusik]http://www.stattmusik.ch,
-[Tuning Spork]http://www.tuningspork.com,
-[Pokerflat]http://www.pokerflat-recordings.com,
-[Get Physical]http://physical-music.com/,
-[Soma]http://www.somarecords.com/,
-[Freizeitglauben]http://www.freizeitglauben.de,
-Monostress Blue,
-Straight Ahead,
-and more...
Sources
http://www.de-bug.de/reviews/index.php?search=michal%20ho
http://www.contexterriorbookings.com/pressclips/samim/groovecharts_q106.jpg
http://www.contexterriorbookings.com/pressclips/samim/debug97.pdf
http://www.groove.de/reviews.php?id=1334
http://www.contexterriorbookings.com/artists.php?artistid=7
http://www.discogs.com/artist/Michal+Ho
http://www.discogs.com/artist/Samim+%26+Michal
http://www.discogs.com/artist/Mijatoho
http://www.discogs.com/artist/Nocturnal+Overload
http://www.discogs.com/artist/L%27Ami
80.254.164.242 13:28, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Saint Toribio Romo González
Saint Toribio Romo González was a Mexican martyr. Saint Toribio was a young priest in Santa Ana de Guadalupe, Jalisco. Father Romo was killed during an uprising against the church in Mexico known as the Cristero War on February 25, 1928.
Pope John Paul II canonized Father Romo in 2000 with 24 other Catholics who were martyred during the conflict.
Saint Toribio is known unofficially as a Saint of Mexican migrants crossing the border into the United States. Saint Toribio has been known to assist migrants who get lost in the desert, even giving them food and money and telling them where they can find work once safely in the United States. The Saint often tells the the migrants, unware of who he is, to look for him in Santa Ana de Guadalupe, Jalisco. His tomb in Santa Ana de Guadalupe has become a place of pilgrimage for migrant laborers before they start their attempt to cross the US/Mexican border.
Sources
http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/religion/stories/DN-immigrantsaint_22rel.ART.State.Edition1.224a1e6.html http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine/2003/april/Cultura/
70.126.11.65 13:28, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Nimish Hirawat
Matthew Dattilo
Matthew Dattilo (May 11, 1971 - ) is the producer/creator of the Matt's Today in History podcast. This podcast, the first to combine history with the short podcast format, was downloaded more than 150,000 times a month as of July, 2006. Dattilo began Matt's Today in History as an audio component of his Opaque Lucidity blog. It officially began life as a podcast on May 16, 2005. More than 225 episodes of the podcast have been produced.
Dattilo was born in Louisville Kentucky on May, 11, 1971. Raised in the nearby town of Jeffersonville, Indiana, he attended 12 years of parochial school before joining the US Navy in 1989. As a member of the Navy's Nuclear Power Progam, Dattilo graduated from Nuclear Field "A" School in November, 1990 and Naval Nuclear Power School in May, 1991. He was assigned to the Nuclear Power Training Unit (MTS-635 Sam Rayburn) for six months, but did not qualify as a Reactor Operator due to low final exam scores. He was assigned to the Environmental Works Projects Office on board Naval Station, Charleston, SC until his honorable discharge in 1993.
Dattilo majored in history at Indiana University's Southeast gateway campus in New Albany, Indiana, but did not graduate. He currently lives in Jeffersonville, Indiana with his wife of eight years, Kelli (Thompson) Dattilo. The couple have no children.
Sources
Interview with article subject, August 2, 2006 in Louisville, KY.
Number of episodes of MTIH double-checked at http://www.podcastalley.com
Mdattilo 13:58, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Loan-to-value ratio
Loan-to-value ratio
The Loan-to-value ratio (LTV or LVR) is ratio calculated by dividing total debt (mortgages) by the market value of an asset, which is then expressed as a percent.
Total Debt $250,000
LTV/LVR = -------------- X 100 = ---------- X 100 = 50%
Market Value $500,000
The loan to value ratio is used by property investors to determine how much equity is in a property.
If the the Loan to value ratio is higher than 80%, msny banks may require mortgage insurance to insure the loan. This insurance will be taken out by the bank, but the borrower will usually have to pay a mortgage insurance premium.
If a the loan to value ratio is lower than 60% many banks will lend simply on the asset (also known as a straight asset lend) and will not require employment checks, income verification, proof of savings, etc. These loans are called Self Cert Mortgage or low documentation loans (low doc loans).
Banks also use the Loan to value ratio to determine interst rates, with the general rule being the higher the LVT/LVR the higher the interest rate.
Sources
203.158.59.176 14:29, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Esala Perehara of the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy
Esala, the lunar month in the Singhalese calendar ushers in a period of festivities in Sri Lanka and it occurs during the months of July and August. This year [2006] the full moon day of Esala falls on 9th of July, but Esala festivities are being held in August owing to auspicious time changes
KANDY PEREHARA
Most of these festivals take the form of a Perehara, a procession conducted mostly with a religious fervor embodying the customs and culture of the land depicting the art forms of the people and will consist of whip crackers, drummers, dancers, stilt walkers, fire eaters, acrobats, and host of other artists and performers. Of course, a perehara of any significance will have a couple of caparisoned elephants. The "piece de resistance" of these pereharas is the festival of The Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, better known as the Kandy Perehara.
Origin of the Perehara
The origin of the perehara of the temple of the tooth dates back to the times of the King Kirthi Sri Megavanna, during whose regime the sacred tooth of the Buddha was smuggled out for safekeeping during the siege of Dantapura, the capital of Kalinga in India in the 4th century AD during the rein of King Guhasiva. His daughter Princess Hemamali carried the sacred object hidden in her coiffure accompanied by her consort Prince Dantha and on arrival in Sri Lanka presented it to the King, who had it deposited in a special building called the Dhammacakkageha at the Megagiri Vihara in the park Mahameghavana. The King was awed by the gift and decreed that so holy an object must receive due veneration, so it was carried through the streets of Anuradhapura once a year to enable the citizens to pay homage.
Possession of the Ruler
With the passage of time the custody of the Tooth relic became synonymous with the right to the Throne; like the "Crown Jewels" it became the proud possession of the Ruler. In the face of plundering invading South Indians, a change of capitols was forced, with the seat of Sinhala Monarchy relocating from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa, Yapahuwa, Dambadeniya, and finally to Kandy, where it is now deposited in the holy precinct of the Temple of the Tooth.
The Rituals
Through the years the tradition of the annual pageant has been performed as it is today, with the solemnity of the ancient religious rituals which begins with the "Kap" ceremony, when the stem of a tree that oozes latex is planted in the precinct of the temple. First the "Kumbal" perehara parades the inner courtyards of the temple. In the last days it ventures out into the streets of Kandy, with the route becoming longer with each night. Since the days of Kandyan kingdom, what was essentially a Buddhist ritual has included certain Hinduistic influences, such as the golden palanquins of the four Devales bringing up the rear of the perehara during the final five days of the Randoli Perehara. These devales, Natha (Guardian of the City), Vishnu (Protector of the Land), Skanda (God of Victory), Pattini (Goddess of Chastity) have now become an integral part of the perehara. The ancient protocol of the Perehara is strictly observed. The Kasa Karayas, whip crackers, announce the perehara is on and also clear the way. Next is the Peramuna Rala, who rides on his elephant and carries the Lekammittiya, a scroll that was the edict of the King authorizing the perehara. The temple attendants follow him, and then comes the Gajanayaka Nilame, the Keeper of the Elephants. Drummers and dancers intersperse these officials. The elite Ves dancers and the drummers precede the majestic tusker, caparisoned in all its finery, stately carrying the golden canopy which houses the Golden Casket containing the Tooth. The lay custodian chieftain, Diyawadana Nilame, follows with another set of dancers and drummers, followed by other chieftains who also march in the procession. The Golden anklets of Goddess Pattini, called Ran Salamba, and the golden Armour of the other deities, known as Maha Ran Ayuda, are also carried on elephants, in their respective segments of the perehara, along with a golden sword and a pitcher. The Final Randoli climaxes on the full moon night. At daybreak following the full moon the pereharas of the four devales proceed to the ford of the Mahaveli River for the water cutting ceremony, when the water in the pitchers from the last perehara will be emptied and refilled with water from the spot where the water is cut by the sword. Then the day perehara returns to the temple. The Diyawadana Nilame and the Basnayaka Nilames of the four devalayas and other Chieftains, the Chief Minister of the Province and other officials then visit the residency of the Head of State, The President, to report that the Perehara had been concluded successfully.
Other Festivities
Being an agricultural society, most of these festivals are connected with paddy cultivation and have been performed traditionally to offer merits to Gods and pray for timely rain and a plentiful harvest. Some take the form of New Rice offerings to various places of religious importance. Other Esala festivals take place in Kataragama for God Skanda, Ratnapura for Saman Deity, Unawatuna and Hikkaduwa for Devol Deity, and other major celebrations include Gatabaruwa on the outskirts of Singharaja Rain Forest and Nawagamuwa near Colombo.
Sources
This article has been pulished in the www at http://www.bootsnall.com/asiatravelguides/srilanka/sriesala01.shtml. This was written by me and has been updated with further informtion. Also check the web site http://www.sridaladamaligawa.lk/ also the chonicles "dalada Siritha", "Mahawamsaya" Asoka Weerasinghe 222.165.172.128 14:50, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Songs and Hymns of Zion
Songs and Hymns of Zion is the hymnal of the Laestadian Lutheran Church. With its first printing taking place in 1980. The original 1980 publication consisted of 131 songs and 119 hymns. 3 additional supplements have been published since.
Supplement #1 was published June 2000 with 16 additional songs and hymns.
Supplement #2 was published 2001 with 18 additional holiday songs and hymns.
Supplement #3 was published 2003 with 46 additional songs and hymns.
History
Previous Hymnals were published before 1980. (This is an unfinished historical account.)
Sources
Laestadian Lutheran Church Home page
71.215.195.125 14:53, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Adelheide Lewis
Adelheide Lewis is a blooming actress who loves to act. She has been in variouse films such as The Lost Throne of Arnor,The Curse of the Eden Diamonds, And her latest debute in a civil war drama Shadoes of the Forest. She is currently getting ready to film a time traveling drama that takes place in Egypt. Adelheide loves to read,run,and play the piano. She currently lives in Albany NY with her six siblings and parents. She's has been told that she has a perfect sense of humor and always has a smile for everyone. Adelheide dreams of becoming a actress, going to the olympics for running,and joining the Air National Guard.
Sources
I'm a freind of Adelheide's and wanted to write this article on her. Her birth certificate. Talking to her,and close freinds and family personaly.Seeing her movies. --72.92.181.53 15:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Olivia Anders
72.92.181.53 15:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
--72.92.181.53 15:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)--72.92.181.53 15:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Italic text
Marrow Failure
Background: Bone marrow, a spongy material found in the body's large bones, is home to the stem cells which produce blood cells. Each type of blood cell has a purpose: red cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white cells fight infection, and platelets make blood clot. Bone marrow failure means that the body can not produce enough of some or all of these types of cells. Aplastic anemia is a more general term that refers to conditions where blood counts are low because the bone marrow has become empty of blood forming cells. Bone marrow failure or aplastic anemia can be acquired or inherited.
The bone marrow failure syndromes include a group of disorders than can be either inherited or acquired. These diseases are disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell that can involve either one cell line or all of the cell lines (erythroid for red cells, myeloid for white blood cells, megakaryocytic for platelets). The lymphocytes, which are involved in lymphoproliferative disorders, are usually spared. The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes include Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenital, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and other genetic disorders. The most common cause of acquired bone marrow failure is aplastic anemia. Other diseases that can present in a manner similar to acquired bone marrow failure include myelodysplastic syndromes, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and large granular lymphocyte leukemia.
Pathophysiology: Bone marrow failure can be inherited or acquired. It can involve just 1 cell line or all 3 cell lines. The pathophysiology of these defects includes the following mechanisms of action: (1) a decrease in or damage to the hematopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment, resulting in hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow; (2) maturation defects, eg, vitamin B-12 or folate deficiency; and (3) differentiation defects, eg, myelodysplasia.
Generally, hematopoietic stem cells are damaged by a congenital defect or exposure to a noxious substance or factor. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are (1) an acquired stem cell injury from viruses, toxins, or chemicals that leads to a quantitative or qualitative abnormality; (2) abnormal humoral or cellular control of hematopoiesis; (3) an abnormal or hostile marrow microenvironment; (4) immunologic suppression of hematopoiesis (ie, mediated by antibodies, T cells [or cellularly], or lymphokines); and (5) mutations in genes, causing inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Identification of these relevant mutations has led to progress in defining the precise functions of the corresponding proteins in normal cells.
The genetic abnormalities in the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) have been identified in the following:
Fanconi anemia is inherited in either an autosomal recessive or X-linked fashion. Twelve Fanconi anemia (FANC) genes have been identified. These genes collaborate in a complicated pathway (FA pathway), which is responsible for the repair of DNA damage. One of these genes (FANCD1) is the breast/ovarian susceptibility gene (BRCA2).
Dyskeratosis congenita is inherited in an X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant, or autosomal recessive manner. Patients with the X-linked form have mutations in DKC1 at band Xq28, a gene that encodes for dyskenin, in a protein involved in the telomere maintenance pathway. Other patients have mutations in band 3q26 in TERC, a part of the telomerase complex, and still others have mutations in the telomerase reverse transcription (TERT) enzyme.
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the majority of patients have a mutation in the Shwachman Bodian Diamond syndrome gene (SBDS) located at band 7q11.
Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia is an autosomal recessive disorder with biallelic mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor, MPL, at the band 1p34 location.
Diamond-Blackfan anemia is an autosomal dominant disease in which 25% of patients were found to have a mutation in the gene for small ribosomal protein (RPS19) located at band 19q13.2.
Severe congenital neutropenia is associated with dominant mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELA2, located at band 19p13.3) in half of the patients, while a few patients have mutations in GFI-1.
Thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome has not been identified with any particular gene in this autosomal recessive disorder.
Frequency:
In the US: The prevalence of bone marrow failure resulting from hypoplastic or aplastic anemia is low in the United States and Europe (2-6 cases per million persons) compared to the prevalence of bone marrow failure resulting from acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma (27-35 cases per million persons). The frequency of myelodysplasia, on the other hand, has increased from 143 cases reported in 1973 to about 15,000 cases annually in United States. This is an underestimation of the actual prevalence, which is believed to be about 35,000-55,000 new cases a year.
Internationally: Bone marrow failure occurs more frequently in the East than in the West. In Japan and the Far East, the frequency is at least 3 times higher than in the United States and Europe. Mexico and Latin America also have high occurrence rates, which are attributed to the liberal use of chloramphenicol. Environmental factors and pervasive use of insecticides have been implicated as a cause of this disease. The incidence of myelodysplasia was recently estimated to be around 4-5/100,000 population/year in Germany and Sweden.
Mortality/Morbidity: Bone marrow failure resulting in failure to produce 1, 2, or all 3 cell lines of the blood results in increased morbidity and mortality of the patients involved.
Morbidity and mortality from pancytopenia are caused by low levels of mature blood cells. Severe anemia can cause high-output cardiac failure and fatigue. Neutropenia can predispose individuals to bacterial and fungal infections. Thrombocytopenia can cause spontaneous bleeding and hemorrhage. The severity and extent of cytopenia determine prognosis. Severe pancytopenia is a medical emergency, requiring rapid institution of definitive therapy (ie, early determination of supportive care and bone marrow transplant candidates).
Sources
http://www.childrenshospital.org/clinicalservices/Site1970/mainpageS1970P4.html http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic235.htm
217.52.206.20 15:35, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Riham
Michael McElhatton
Michael McElhatton is an Irish television and movie actor, probably best known for his portrayal of the recently released convicted convict "Rats Doyle" in the hit RTE television show, Paths to Freedom.
He also appeared in the movies "Intermission" and "I Went Down".
Sources
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0568385/
http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/person.jsp?id=32660
134.226.112.12 16:16, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Kannur University
Kannur University was established by the Act 22 of 1996 of Kerala Legislative Assembly. The University by the name “Malabar University” had come into existence even earlier by the promulgaton of an Ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9th November 1995. The University was inaugurated on 2nd March 1996 by the Hon. Chief Minister of Kerala. The objective of the Kannur University Act 1996 is to establish in the state of Kerala a teaching, residential and affiliating University so as to provide for the development of higher education in Kasargod and Kannur revenue Districts and the Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad District.
Kannur University is unique in the sense that it is a multi-campus university with campuses located at various locations under its jurisdiction. The Act envisages that the University shall establish, maintain, manage and develop campuses at Kannur, Kasargod, mananthavady, payyannur, Thalassery, kanhangad and such other places as are necessary for providing study and research facilities to promote advanced knowledge in Science and Technology and other relevant disciplines.
Sources
218.248.2.129 16:57, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
All Natural
Foods that are deemed "All natural", or "100 percent organic", "No artificial ingredients", and the like, do not have to meet any specific regulations to be placed on a food label. The only label that must be inspected for soil and processing qualities is "Certified Organic".
Sources
http://www.askdrsears.com/html/4/T043900.asp
24.91.174.96 17:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Portable Environment
A portable environment is a mobile overall structure within which a user, computer, or program operates. The portable environment contains the user’s preferences, personal data and programs. The portable close environment is a close environment, which can be run on a host computer without dependencies on the software and hardware of the hosted environment.
Sources
External links
Ryanmonti 17:24, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Azilla
Azilla is a lean, mean orc. He loves pie, but he tries to hide it by keeping the pies in his breast-like shoulderpads that are of the type Nightslayer Shoulderpads. It should also be said that he enjoys tickling Kraklos and other gnomes' genitals, and that he is very afraid of taurens. "What makes him so afraid for these boisterous cows?" you may ask yourself, but nobody really knows the answer. It can be the something that happened when he was a young little peon, or maybe one of the humonguous cows stepped on a gnome Azilla was busy tickling.
Azilla
Azilla is a lean, mean orc. He loves pie, but he tries to hide it by keeping the pies in his breast-like shoulderpads that are of the type Nightslayer Shoulderpads. It should also be said that he enjoys tickling Kraklos and other gnomes' genitals, and that he is very afraid of taurens. "What makes him so afraid for these boisterous cows?" you may ask yourself, but nobody really knows the answer. It can be the something that happened when he was a young little peon, or maybe one of the humonguous cows stepped on a gnome Azilla was busy tickling. 85.165.179.91 17:30, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Azilla - the orc that goes on and on without stopping
Azilla is a lean, mean orc. He loves pie, but he tries to hide it by keeping the pies in his breast-like shoulderpads that are of the type Nightslayer Shoulderpads. It should also be said that he enjoys tickling Kraklos and other gnomes' genitals, and that he is very afraid of taurens. "What makes him so afraid for these boisterous cows?" you may ask yourself, but nobody really knows the answer. It can be the something that happened when he was a young little peon, or maybe one of the humonguous cows stepped on a gnome Azilla was busy tickling.
Sources
www.thedominators.net/forum/index.php
85.165.179.91 17:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Simca 1300/1500-1301/1501
The Simca 1300, 1500, 1301 and 1501 were four models of a medium-sized front-engined, rear-wheel drive saloon and estate that was produced by French manufacturer Simca between 1963 and 1975. They were the cars that replaced the Simca Aronde, although it continued in production until 1964.
External Link
- Rootes / Talbot (Hillman, Humber, Matra, SIMCA, and Sunbeam) Resource ([4])
217.42.97.132 17:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Kesavadev.P
P. Kesavadev born (1904 - 1983)is the best known literary figure in Malayalam.He is regarded as a social reformist and a literary revolutionist in the history of Kerala. He created a milestone in the history of Malayalam literature, where the peasants, Beggars, farmers prostitutes etc became heroes and heroines.He is better known as an excellent orator, than a writer, and his speeches were so rich and unique in its content and presentations. He was imprisoned several times. From the knowledge he gathered through bitter life events and extensive traveling, he became a prolific writer. He was awarded Central Literary Award, Soviet Land Nehru Award, Keral Sahitya Academi Fellowship etc., ., His books and stories are text books in schools and Colleges in Kerala.His works are translated to other languages around the world.His wife Seethalekshmy Dev too is a novelist and only child Jothydev Kesavadev is a well known Physician in Kerala with a soical commitment,
Sources
http://www.kesavadev.net/en/index.html http://www.gods-own-country.info/great2.htm
jothy
Biff Atlas
Biff Atlas is a fictional character in Luigi's Mansion (released in 2001)He one oof many Gallery Ghost painted by the "starving aritst" Vincent Van Gore. Biff Atlas is a ghost that once was a professional body-builder that could lift enormous amounts. But once he enetered in contest and the giant weight fell on him and crushed him. He then moved to the ghost made house by King Boo and continues to lift weights in the Rec Room. The way to defeat him is to hit the punching bag and stun him he'll charge at you and you hit him with it again. By the 3rd time he'll be enraged and will charge at you, hit him once more and he falls to the ground, then, you suck.
Big Cheese
Big Cheese was first launched in London 1996 by a few friends looking for jobs. Then, the magazine was called Hey Tony. The magazine was mainly created to help promote the underground of alternative music. Many find this magazine offensive due to it’s bold interviews and reckless articles. Big Cheese may not be well known but they have had their fair share of music coverages incl. My Chemical Romance, The Used, Fall out Boy, Green Day, Lostprophets, Blink 182, The Distillers, Rancid, The Donnas and many more..
The magazine may not be well known but you can buy it in the UK, Europe and America. In the UK in such shops as WHSmiths, Virgin, HMV..
Sources
www.myspace.com/bigcheesemagazine
85.201.18.247 18:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Broughton Rangers
Broughton Rangers (formed in 1877) were a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football League (NRL).
They went on to win the Challenge Cup on two occassions in 1902 and 1911.
Sources
http://rl1908.com/History/1895.htm
82.11.78.111 18:36, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
The Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham
WHO WE ARE The Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham, established as a public charity in 1959, is dedicated to connecting people and resources with community needs and opportunities to make life better, today and tomorrow. More information is available at our website, www.foundationbirmingham.org.
Within our field
- Largest and oldest community foundation in Alabama - Ranked in top 100 in national survey of 700 community foundations for assets, grants made and gifts received - Certified in compliance with national standards for community foundations
We fulfill our mission through:
- Permanent endowment and annual grantmaking to benefit nonprofit organizations, primarily in Jefferson, Shelby, St. Clair, Blount and Walker counties. - Creation of important partner agencies such as the Nonprofit Resource Center of Alabama, Region 2020, the Housing Enterprise of Central Alabama and the Cultural Alliance of Greater Birmingham - Key initiatives to meet community needs, from the innovative Community School Program in the 1970s to the quality-of-life indicators report, "Community Counts" in 2005 and the current Blueprint for School Readiness - Superior tax benefits and a variety of gift vehicles to help you support favorite causes through current or estate giving. These include Scholarship Funds, Donor Advised Funds, Agency Endowment and Designated Funds, Planned Giving options, including Charitable Gift Annuities, and through the Charitable Real Estate Foundation, which accepts these non-standard assets to benefit The Community Foundation or any local charity.
Sources
www.foundationbirmingham.org www.cflocate.org Submitted by the Director of Communications for The Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham. 74.239.255.36 18:36, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Poly Square
The poly square is a tool used mainly by carpenters. It is an abbreviated or simplified steel square. The speed square is a 12 inch (30 cm) or 7 inch (17.5 cm) isosceles triangle in shape. It is made of steel aluminum or plastic. The smaller speed square has advantages of being carried in a back pocket while working. It does not have a rafter table like the steel square. At the intersection of the two sides of the triangle there is a pivot point which is clearly marked. The pivot point is placed on the edge of the board and the square is moved to the desired hip, valley, common rafter or degrees scale on the board. The intersection of the pivot point and where the readings coincide on the board determines the roof pitch or degree angle. The 12 inch square can be used to lay out stairs also, but it is uncommon. A framing square is normally used for stairs.
Poly Square
The poly square is a tool used mainly by carpenters. It is an abbreviated or simplified steel square. The poly square is a 12 inch (30 cm) or 7 inch (17.5 cm) isosceles triangle in shape. It is made of steel aluminum or plastic. The smaller poly square has advantages of being carried in a back pocket while working. It does not have a rafter table like the steel square. At the intersection of the two sides of the triangle there is a pivot point which is clearly marked. The pivot point is placed on the edge of the board and the square is moved to the desired hip, valley, common rafter or degrees scale on the board. The intersection of the pivot point and where the readings coincide on the board determines the roof pitch or degree angle. The 12 inch square can be used to lay out stairs also, but it is uncommon. A framing square is normally used for stairs.
Jack Butler: An upcoming, exciting Scottish fourpiece
Jack Butler is a collective individual. A creation of four personal beliefs, ideas and directions amalgamated into a coherent musical direction.
Initial intentions were never discussed nor debated but the partnerships culminated in a natural, organic process that combined elements of youthful excitement, obsessive zeal, intense diligence and a gleeful ridiculousness. This process spawned a concept of fresh/clean modernism in their music. Yet, to fully understand this process, one must first comprehend the creators background. Four kids, born into the backlash of the 80s, had an exact habitual agenda. A comfortable and at times tumultuous upbringing provided them individual influences and experiences that they would take subconsciously to their musical drawing board.
A combination of friendship and empathy in music began the collective, whilst a chance meeting completed it. Relentless immersion and a joyous endeavour speedily encompassed the collective. Then, as attitudes changed and musical styles developed, Jack Butler pursued a synthesis of self; a development of body, mind and soul. Thinking, alive and ready, Jack Butler began to walk...
Sources
http://www.myspace.com/jackbutlerpresents
85.210.61.153 18:57, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
White Shadows in the South Seas
White Shadows in the South Seas is a 1929 film, which won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography.
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography
212.248.151.71 19:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
George Matthews who is very very gay with a hedgehogwho was once called Spikey but had a sex change becuase she wanted to be accepted.
Sources
81.132.127.168 19:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Sources
66.59.167.15 19:08, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
With Byrd at the South Pole
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography
212.248.151.71 19:13, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Tabu: A Story of the South Seas
Tabu: A Story of the South Seas is a 1931 film which won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography.
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography
212.248.151.71 19:23, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Nokia Unlock
Unlocking Your Nokia Mobile Phone
Providers often supply certain mobile phone models at cheaper subsidized prices to their customers in the hope of luring them in for a long term contract. Unlocking your Nokia mobile phone is the process of allow your Nokia mobile phone to accept any providers simcard other than the one it was purchased from.
Reasons for unlocking your Nokia mobile phone vary and include: 1-Travelling: Instead of paying roaming charges, you can may unlock your mobile phone and use prepaid simcards in the destination country ! 2-Resale: Often mobile phone users change their phone's seasonally and tend to sell their older models. Unlocking your phone will add to the phone's value and sell-ability since it will now be usable by a wider user group base. 3-Change Provider: Once your Nokia mobile phone is unlocked you may use it with any provider.
There are numerous other benefits, the above listed are the most common and appealing reasons.
How to Unlock your Nokia Mobile phone
There are different methods for unlocking Nokia phones, mainly mail-in unlocks and remote unlocks.
Mail-in unlock involve mailing in your phone to a service center or unlock service to have them unlock it using special equipment. This is often a paid service.
Recently a remote method for unlocking nokia phone's has surfaced. Remote here implies no need to mail in your phone, or Do-it your self type of unlocking. Besides the obvious advantage remote unlocking offers by eliminating the need to mail in your phone to a service, it can also be done for free! Remote Unlocking your Nokia mobile phone is based on IMEI unlocking , or International Mobile Equipment Identity unlocking where an unlock code is generated based on your phone's IMEI. Once the code is generated you may enter it into your phone , following specific instructions. Upon entering the unlock code your Nokia mobile phone will accept any providers simcard!
Some centers charge a fee for this service, however some such as this one [5] provide this service for free!
Sources
69.70.29.178 19:26, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Zachry Miller
Transatlantic (film)
Transatlantic is a 1932 film which won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction.
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction#1930s
212.248.151.71 19:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Bourinot's Rules of order
he graduated from Toronto's Trinity University in 1857 and then settled in Ottawa in 1868 and in 1873 was appointed assistant clerk to the House of Commons becoming chief clerk in 1880 was born at Sydney, NS 24 Oct 1837
199.243.20.144 19:44, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Sean Spenrath
Sources
On April, 3 1988 a marvel was born that would rivel Leonardo Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, and of course David Swhimmer, from friends fame. However, his tools would not be a brush nor pencil, or tremendous acting skills; no to be quite frank it was his devilishly good looks that skyrocketed this renegade to fame. Also a little known fact not only is he tremedously good looking he happens to be a very talented athlete, as seen on, http://www.google.com/search?q=sean+spenrath&rls=com.microsoft:*&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1 Trivia: Sean Spenrath is actually a disquise for his alter egos Superman and Batman for he his so great that he is both at the same time.
24.109.166.208 20:01, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Nathan Orton
Nathan Orton is the younger brother of WWE Wrestler and Superstar Randy Orton.
Sources
80.41.90.88 20:04, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Becky Orton
Becky Orton is the younger sister of WWE Superstar and Wrestler Randy Orton.
Sources
80.41.90.88 20:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Renault Engines
1647cc, 4-cylinder OHV engine Applications:
- Renault 18 TS
- Renault 18 GTS
- Renault Fuego TS
- Renault Fuego GTS
Sources
217.42.97.132 20:25, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Jenny M.
Jenny Jenny Jenny. It takes many words to describe her, words that include "lovely", "cool", "ho-bag", "shizzlette", and "awesome". I mean come on, who doesn't like Jenny? She aspires to sleep with Tom Delonge and her cat. Joking about the cat. Her BEST FRIEND is Karen, who also aspires to sleep with Tom. Jenny was born in the 20th century, and lives somewhere on earth.
Sources
The Totally Meaningless Summer By Jenny M.
24.14.203.172 20:29, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict
The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict
PART I
by Alemseged Tesfai
I. Introduction
Two premises or assumptions have governed Ethio-Eritrean relations of the past sixty years. First is the notion carved into the minds of generations of Ethiopians by the Haileselassie regime that Eritrea is, by nature and logic, part of Ethiopia. The well known arguments of a common history, religion and culture is invoked here and Eritrea is defined as Ethiopia's natural "outlet to the sea".
The second premise, which is linked to and complements the first, regards Eritrea as economically weak and unviable, such that its very survival totally depends on Ethiopian resources. This line of thinking further depicts Eritrea as an ethnically, linguistically and regionally divided "Italian creation without the makings of a state"....
These two Ethiopian assumptions gained international currency in the 1940's, when leading Powers like the U.S. and Britain adopted them mainly to satisfy their own strategic needs and led the fledgling UN into passing a resolution federating Eritrea to Ethiopia "under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian crown".
The people of Eritrea were not consulted in this decision over their fate and, consequently, they spent the next forty years, thirty of these in armed struggle, fighting for independence. When in 1991 the EPLF led a united Eritrean people to their hard-earned freedom from Ethiopian rule, Ethiopia's fallacious premise that Eritrea forms an "inseparable part and parcel of Ethiopia" was finally defeated.
The economic argument too had, of course, no basis in Eritrean reality. As an Italian colony and a British occupied territory, Eritrea had a developed industrial and infrastructural base. These were systematically dismantled by successive Ethiopian administrations, such that, in the 1950-1960's, Eritrea became a big source of skilled manpower mainly to Ethiopia, but also to Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Sudan. Most of the Eritreans being expelled from Ethiopia to-day are the migrants of those years. To-day, Eritrea's natural resource, tourism and services potentials are showing signs of great future and promise.
In 1991, when the TPLF assumed power in Ethiopia, there was every reason to believe that the above mentioned Ethiopian fallacious assumptions would come to a final rest. Indeed, all the pronouncements of the TPLF leadership at the time left no room for doubt or apprehension in Eritrean minds that they were genuine. It appears, however, that there was more to these than met the eye.
In an interview he gave to the American writer, Paul Henze, in March 31 and April 1, 1990, Meles Zenawi, then head of the TPLF, expressed his feelings about post-independence Eritrea. He told him, first, that he did not expect Eritrean unity to hold, once the Derg was expelled from Eritrea. The main reason he gave for this was that Eritrea was a religiously divided nation and that he expected to see internal conflict once the enemy had gone. Second, he also expressed his unreserved preference to see, not an independent Eritrea, but one linked to Ethiopia in a federal arrangement. In explaining this, he told Paul Henze,
"We look at this from the viewpoint of the interests of Tigre, first, and then Ethiopia as a whole. We know that Tigre needs access to the sea and the only way is through Eritrea .... There are many Tigreans in Eritrea ..... They don92t want to be treated as foreigners there ... They have the same history. We are worried about Eritrea because we are not sure that differences among different groups can be kept under control". (Paul B. Henze, Conversations with Meles Zenawi, J3 26/002/92/3 31 March/ 1 April 1990).
The above comments, expressed slightly over a year before Eritrean independence are self-explanatory. Its public declarations notwithstanding, it appears from Meles's thinking that the TPLF had, itself, never been free from the old fallacies of Ethiopian ruling classes. One exception is that, the TPLF wanted Eritrea, not for Ethiopia as a whole, but, again according to Meles's own admission, to enhance the interests of Tigrai.
Since the start of the border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia, this hitherto hidden agenda has been consistently coming to the fore in Tigrayan propaganda literature and the utterances of the TPLF leadership. In fact, according to TPLF propaganda, the issue is no longer their allegations that "Eritrea occupied by force, Ethiopian territory at Badme". It is, rather, Eritrea's internal political and economic problems, which presumably, is to be "corrected" by the TPLF's declared war on Eritrea. In short the re-occupation of Eritrea or parts thereof is the real reason for the present conflict.
This paper will try to set the record straight by disproving the fallacy of "the economic argument" and proving, instead, that the border dispute is the direct result of the TPLF's expansionist policies and disposition. The first part of this paper deals with the most relevant aspects of the post-1991 cooperation agreements between Eritrea and Ethiopia. The second part will narrate, in summary form, the events that led to the border dispute at Badme. These are separate papers, but should be read together so that the real cause of the war may be firmly established.
II. A Commentary on Selected Aspects of Post-1991 Eritrean- Ethiopian Cooperation
A. A Selected Look at the Agreements
1. The Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation between the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) and the State of Eritrea signed in July 1993 is precisely a testimony to the spirit of friendship and cooperation that characterized, at the time, the relationship between the two states, governments and peoples. It foresaw activities of "mutual advantage" in practically every field with the ultimate aim of "gradual evolution of the two economies and societies into a higher level of integration in accordance with ".....the commitment of both countries to bring about regional economic integration and political cooperation" (Art.1).
The Agreement further called on the gradual elimination of all trade barriers between the two countries and the harmonization of customs policies, as well as the use by Ethiopia of Assab and Massawa as free ports (Art 4). The free movement of people and the harmonization of immigration laws was also agreed upon (Art.5). Cooperation in the financial and monetary fields (Art. 9); cooperation and consultations in "realizing common objectives" in matters of foreign policy (Art 10); cooperation at the national and regional levels in border areas (Art. 12); ....were all important parts of the Agreement.
2. Subsequent to this, several agreements were signed by respective joint ministerial committees set up in accordance with the July Agreement. One of these dealt with the harmonization of economic policies, signed in September 1993. This is where it was agreed that the Birr continue as a common currency until Eritrea issues its own money (Art. 1). Here too, the agreements were wide-ranging and quite forward-looking. The harmonization of "exchange rate policies..... with the aim of establishing uniform exchange rates" (Art. 1.1.); harmonization of interest rate structures (Art. 1.2.); the creation of common inflation-control mechanisms (1.3); synchronization of policies related to foreign exchange (1.4).... were all laid down.
In the field of trade (Art.3), the free movement of goods and services for local consumption in both countries was agreed upon, with the exception "of those goods in short supply whose movement depends on their supply availability and related trade policies...." (Art. 3.1). Goods imported from third countries were to move freely (Art. 3.2), but there was to be no re-exportation of goods and services originating from one contracting party to a third country. (Art. 3.3).
In the area of investment, besides the call for joint-investments, there was an agreement, in principle, that national investors of both countries have the same and equal treatment in both countries. (Art.4). Another Protocol Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Planning and Economic Development was signed on 27 September 1993, where the two parties agreed to "endeavour to coordinate planning in social policies and the usage of human, material and financial resources (Art. 2,3); the planning of strategic industries, railway, roads, ports, air transport, major financial institutions....", including the exchange of "social and economic statistics to coordinate their planning and development endeavours were all important. (Arts. 4,5).
The Protocol Agreement on the Free Movement of people and Establishment of Residence of 23 September 1993 is another important document. Here, it was agreed that visas would not be required for nationals of both countries to enter or leave Eritrea and Ethiopia. A valid passport or ID card was all that was required (Art.1). Unlimited residence to both nationals was granted without the requirement of work permits (Art. 2). Each country was to "allow citizens of the other to engage in commercial, business and other similar gainful activities in its territory. In furtherance of this objective, each contracting party undertakes to grant no less favourable treatment than that accorded to its own nationals" (Art.3). The only restriction appears in Article 4 where it was provided that "each country reserves the right of refusal to enter or remain in its territory to (sic) any citizen of the other country where it considers the entry or presence of such citizen undesirable."
Other agreements covered a wide-range of fields of cooperation, but for the purposes of this presentation, the above will suffice.
B. Who Benefited More from the Agreements?
The argument is often heard that the agreements favoured Eritrea more than they did Ethiopia. Let us look at some facts:
1. Ethiopia enjoyed full and unrestricted use of the port of Assab. Assab has been, by agreement and practice, its free port. The Ethiopian Shipping Lines handled its own cargo, paying the Eritrean authorities in Birr, for consignment fees it received in foreign currency. At the same time, the agreements allowed Ethiopia the use of the port of Massawa for its northern regions at negligible fees and payments - a transit charge of only 1.5%. In later years, the Ethiopians were asking that this charge be reduced further. In both of these port cities, but especially in Assab, the rate of employment for Ethiopians was high. In Assab, Ethiopia was privileged to open four schools operating under its own curriculum.
2 The Agreement on air services allowed Ethiopian Airlines to take Eritrea's quota of IATA flight space and privileges - "the fifth freedom rights" as they are called. Eritrea was a major region for the Airline, and Eritreans were some of its most frequent and faithful passengers.
3. Surface or land transport also worked heavily in favour of Ethiopia, as no embarkation or other charges were levied on Ethiopian trucks running to and from Massawa and Assab. One ought to keep in mind that Eritrea inherited totally dilapidated roads from years of disrepair and destruction by the Derg's military campaigns. The task of repairing them was entirely Eritrea's own responsibility.
4. In these three instances, Eritrea's benefits in financial terms were the various agreed revenues accruing to it from port activities and the fringe benefits thereof. This cannot compare with the privileges of the freedom of access to the ports that Ethiopia was enjoying. Eritrea actually saw the arrangement more as a gesture of friendship and cooperation and as the grounds on which the projected move towards economic integration, currency union...etc., was to proceed. Maintenance of the peace and security of the area was also of prime consideration in this matter.
5. On 3-4 April, 1995, the Joint High Ministerial Commission led by Minister Mahmoud Sherifo of Eritrea and the then Prime Minister Tamrat Layne of Ethiopia met in Asmara to evaluate the 1993 agreements. The Commission "expressed its profound satisfaction on the progress made." Indeed, in the areas of education, culture, air-line services, telecommunications..... etc., the agreements were assessed to have worked well.
The Commission, however, identified two problem areas - the issue of citizenship and the commodity or trade sector.
C. The Issue of Citizenship
4.1 The first case, raised in the joint Political Committee, regarded "a few minor problems in the areas of security and justice. Here, the Commission noted,
"In the area of security, the Ethiopian side presented that the free movement of people has been hampered due to unclarity of ID cards. It also raised the issue that a significant number of Eritreans who have already taken Eritrean Nationality are still carrying Ethiopian passport and are requesting for its renewal."
The point was actually the result of the divergent policies of the two parties regarding the issue of nationality. Eritrea recognized the dual citizenship of all its citizens living everywhere else in the world. Eritrea automatically accepts as its citizens, those of Eritrean parentage on both or either side. Nationals of other countries may also be granted Eritrean citizenship by law.
Ethiopia does not allow dual citizenship to its nationals; or so it is claimed, for it is hard to believe that all the Ethiopian exiles who have adopted various citizenships are no longer Ethiopian. But, with respect to Eritreans also holding Ethiopian citizenship, the Ethiopian Government had been wavering. On the one hand, the present Ethiopian Government saw them as strong allies in its own struggle against its opposition, but on the other, and for reasons that are becoming clear only after the conflict, it wanted to curb their activities.
Be that as it may, the Ethiopian Government never took any legal steps to put the matter to rest by either asking its citizens of Eritrean origin to drop their Eritrean citizenship and become only Ethiopian, or by allowing them to choose which citizenship they wanted to adopt. Since this was not done, Ethiopians of Eritrean origin continued to consider themselves also as Ethiopian citizens and the Ethiopian Government continued to accept them as such.
This situation did raise some problems, especially in the issuance of licenses in both countries. To put it simply, the Ethiopian side felt that Eritreans in Ethiopia were taking a fairer advantage of the free movement, residence and business agreements and demanded reciprocity in Eritrea. Eritrea insisted that those Eritreans were mostly holders of Ethiopian citizenship. Thousands of Eritreans of Ethiopian origin were enjoying the same rights as Eritreans in Eritrea. The latter had, and still has, no problem recognizing them as Eritreans. The reciprocity, therefore, was already there.
The problem arose when it came to the issuance of new licenses to citizens of one country only wanting to do business in the other. According to the Eritrean side, equality and reciprocity of treatment was needed here.
A great percentage of the tens of thousands of Eritreans who have been expelled from Ethiopia to date, fall under the first category, i.e., they are Ethiopians of Eritrean origin. No similar measure has been taken on any Ethiopian living in Eritrea. Eritreans of Ethiopian origin have full Eritrean citizenship rights and do not even come into question.
D. The Commodity or Trade Sector
This is the sector that showed some signs of incompatibility right from the outset. The agreement of 23-27 September provided for the following:-
free movement of goods and services between the two countries except those that were short in supply; free re-export of goods imported from third countries in accordance with the rules and regulations of the exporting country; no re-export to a third party of goods exchanged as export between the two countries; introduction of trade and customs procedures to both countries to facilitate trade; and transaction between the two countries to be settled in Birr.
Here, the Eritrean side found the restriction on "goods in short supply", which was an Ethiopian inclusion, difficult to understand and work with, as any product could be so declared at any time, thus hampering free trade movements. The ban on the re-export of the other country's products was also noted as overly restrictive by Eritrean negotiators, as it left "traders at the mercy of the staff of the customs administration." Re-exporting products is a common practice of international trade and Ethiopia was the beneficiary of Eritrean re-exports to Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the Eritreans went along with the restriction.
Subsequent agreements in May and November 1994 tried to work around these problems. A memorandum of understanding signed by the two sides on 7 October 1994, indicates that the Ethiopian delegation expressed appreciation for the following measures taken by the Eritrean Government:-
"1. Goods and commodities originating from Ethiopia will not be subjected to any customs tariff payment,
2. Ethiopian traders who have valid Ethiopian trade licenses will personally, without going through Eritrean traders, purchase goods and commodities from Eritrea, and
3. One point five percent (1.5%) transit charge (sic) levied on goods and commodities coming through the port of Massawa destined for Ethiopia.
4. There will be no hindrance to border trade activities carried out between our two countries."
In this agreement, it was further stipulated that no additional intermediate and local payments were to be imposed on goods and services traded between the two countries. The setting up of a joint customs committee to oversee this was also agreed upon. The request by the Eritrean delegation for exemption form indirect (sales, excise....) taxes on all locally produced goods and services traded between the two parties was referred by the Ethiopian side for further study. But, both countries agreed that the free movement of goods not be impeded or distracted by the "short supply" limitation.
In spite of all these seemingly genuine attempts at moving towards higher levels of trade cooperation, however, the problems persisted. In its meeting of 3-4 April, 1995, the Joint High Ministerial Commission headed by Eritrean Minister Mahmoud Sherifo and Prime Minister Tamrat Layne of Ethiopia also raised the trade issue. The Eritrean side complained that contrary to the letter and spirit of the free trade agreement, Eritrean products were being made to pay indirect taxes and intermediate payments of various descriptions in every Ethiopian region or Kelil they entered. To this, the Ethiopian response was as follows:-
"The Ethiopian delegation reiterated its position that Indirect Tax levied in Ethiopia is non-discriminatory and thus cannot be lifted.
"It further stated that indirect tax are not considered to be a hindrance to free trade and services in FTA (Free Trade Area). It is an internal tax. Removing or changing these taxes will have serious implications for Ethiopia. It should be understood that changing domestic tax policy on grounds of trade relations will create problems for Ethiopia.
" The Eritrean side reasserted that indirect taxes are trade barriers and must be lifted. It further argued that indirect taxes levied under a policy of import substitution as a protective fiscal measure is a trade barrier and impressed upon the Ethiopian delegation to reconsider its position".
On the issue of intermediate payments at the Kelil level, the Ethiopian delegation again insisted that the payments would be adjusted or lifted only if they were discriminatory.
These two problems, which eventually developed into major stumbling blocks standing on the way of the attainment of the original vision, had their roots in the divergent directions in economic policy and strategy that the two sides were moving. Eritrea had adopted an outward looking, export and free market-oriented strategy. It saw Ethiopia not as a competitor, but as a partner and ally in the global market. The Ethiopian strategy, as officially expounded, was based on the development of its agricultural potential and the building up of a chiefly agriculture-related industry. Consequently, it was protective of its local products, which it saw as substituting various imports, including those from Eritrea. In other words, for Ethiopian policy-makers, Eritrea was a competitor in their own local markets and not, as the agreements seemed to originally indicate, an ally and a partner.
This difference in policy and practice had the net effect that Ethiopian goods were entering Eritrea with full freedom, whereas Eritrean products were being made to pay both indirect taxes and the embarkation charges and development fees imposed especially by the Tigrai region. This put the competitiveness of Eritrean goods in Ethiopian markets at a disadvantage. The problem does not stop here. Eritrean products were mainly industrial in nature, whose materials and chemicals were paid for from its own foreign currency reserves. Its re-exports to Ethiopia too were always similarly paid for from Eritrean reserves. That all these were exchanged for Birr in Ethiopia was an added disadvantage to Eritrean trade.
Total value of imports from Ethiopia to Eritrea for the years 1995, 1996 and 1997 stood at 146.8, 261.8 and 274.6 million Birr, respectively. Total value of Eritrean exports to Ethiopia for the same years show 259.7, 273.4, 218.2 million Birr. Total value of re-exports from Eritrea to Ethiopia, again for the same years, stood at 94.57, 69.0 and 19.8 million Birr, respectively.
In view of the fact that there was Eritrean foreign currency in almost every item exported or re-exported to Ethiopia, the favourable balance of trade apparent in the 1995 and 1996 figures is deceptive. In any case, these had dropped from 100 million to 10 million in just one year, 1995-1996. We should also note that the value of imports from Ethiopia exceeded those of Eritrean exports by about 60 million Birr in 1997. At the same time, the value of re-exports fell to an all-time low of 19.8 million Birr, a drop of 50 million Birr from that of the preceding year. This was, of course, not accidental as it resulted from Ethiopia's increasingly protectionist measures and from the stringent controls and harassment of Eritrean traders at the various check-points in Tigrai.
The fact is that, by 1995-1996, the Eritrean side was already realizing that progress in the trade sector was not likely to proceed as intended. Eritreans were being delayed at check-points, goods classified as "export items" were barred form entering Eritrea..... and so Eritrea was, by 1996, already de-escalating its traditional intensive trade practices with Ethiopia and expanding its market alternatives. Hence, another reason for its unfavourable trade balance in 1997.
Considering again the fact that most Eritrean exports and all of its re-exports to Ethiopia involved payments in foreign currency being exchanged for the Birr, Ethiopia's advantages in the trade sector were significant.
Add to this the use of free port and transport services, the employment of thousands of Ethiopians throughout the country, but especially in Assab and Massawa, and the non-payment by Ethiopian traders of Eritrean indirect taxes and intermediate payments, and the picture will be clearer.
The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict
PART II
by Alemseged Tesfai
6. The Monetary Arrangement
Eritrea used the Birr until it introduced its own cur rency, the Nakfa, on November 8, 1998. The relevant provision for this agreement was signed in the Protocol Agreement on Harmonization of Economic Policies on September 1993. It provides as follows:-
Article 1
The Use of the Ethiopian Birr until Eritrea has its own currency.
In so far as a common currency is in use, the Contracting Parties agree:
1.1 To harmonize exchange rate policies including consideration of pooling of reserves with the aim of establishing uniform exchange rates within the currency area.
1.2 To harmonize interest rate structures in both countries.
1.3 To work out a mechanism by which the increase in money stock is consistent with the growth and inflation objectives of the two countries.
1.4 To work out a scheme to synchronize policies related to foreign exchange surrender requirements, allocation of foreign exchange to importers, capital flows and external debt management.
We have been hearing and we will yet hear allegations that this arrangement favoured Eritrea more than it did Ethiopia. How a country that uses someone else's currency can be deemed an exploiter is yet to be convincingly explained. It is like the US feeling raped because its dollar is spread all over the world.
In actual fact, throughout its use of the Birr, Eritrea was a victim of the Ethiopian monetary policy as it had no say in its formulation. Here, again, differences in economic policy between the two states created incongruities in the use of the Birr. On this topic we refer to an Eritrean economist's expert opinion, that of Dr. Woldai Fitur of the IFC, who says:-
"....it was clearly Ethiopia that benefited more from arrangements concluded between the two countries. For instance, the arrangements in the de facto currency union, which did not allow Eritrea a voice in Ethiopia's conduct of monetary policy, worked more in favour of Ethiopia. All seigniorage associated with issuing new Birr notes accrued to the National Bank of Ethiopia, while the costs associated with the overvalued exchange rate and unreasonably high interest rates imposed by the Ethiopian Government on the Birr area spilled over to the Eritrean economy, forcing Eritrea to adopt an independent exchange and interest rate structure.
It is important to appreciate that this interest and exchange rate structure was necessitated by the divergent economic (fiscal, monetary, trade, investment, etc.) policies that the two countries have chosen to pursue. Immediately after liberation, Eritrea adopted liberal trade, investment, and financial and foreign exchange regimes. These policies were quite different from those of Ethiopia. Under such circumstances, it behooved Eritrea to issue its own currency and pursue independent interest and exchange regimes for an effective management of its economy. Ethiopians should not have any reason to resent Eritrea's independent monetary, interest and exchange rate policies. The development of an active black foreign exchange market, which hadn92t existed for decades, was the natural consequence of the distortions by Ethiopia's foreign exchange policy. The Eritrean Government has in no way contributed to the development of this black market and should not be blamed for it. Moreover, Ethiopia paid in Birr for all Eritrean exports, including re-export of goods imported from third parties in hard currency. In view of this, it was Ethiopia and not Eritrea that benefited more form the de facto currency union. (Eritrea Profile, Vol. 5 No 1, August 15, 1998).
The Nakfa-Birr "controversy" is actually an Ethiopian creation. The accusation leveled on Eritrea by the Ethiopian government and media is that it sought to force upon Ethiopia a Nakfa convertible with the Birr on parity and that it insisted that both currencies circulate freely in both countries. Why the Ethiopians would think such a suggestion, though it was never made, a blasphemy cannot be rationalized. However, the records show that Eritrea never presented such a proposal or suggestion to the Ethiopian government. In March, 1997, the National Bank of Eritrea had entertained the following three points as payment options that "could be considered depending on the level of political commitment for closer cooperation and prospects for accelerated harmonization of economic policies of the two countries". These options were:
1. a foreign exchange-based payment system, as is the case with the rest of the world;
2. freely convertible Nakfa-Birr payment system in which trade between the two countries could be conducted with or without opening a letter of credit with a bank; and
3. a partial convertibility of Nakfa-Birr system in which trade between the two countries could be conducted only by opening a letter of credit with a bank. (Bank of Eritrea, "Progress Towards the Introduction of Nakfa and the Disposition of the Birr, March 13, 1997, Asmara, Eritrea. P.14.)
The Bank of Eritrea did not make a secret of its preference for the second option which it saw as "the most appropriate for stimulating rapid expansion of trade and greater economic integration between Eritrea and Ethiopia." By the "free convertibility" of Nakfa-Birr in this option, it was not suggesting parity or the free circulation of both currencies. It was, rather, to put it in layman's terms, giving traders in either country the opportunity to agree on the use of the currency of their choice for settlement and to do so through the intermediary of banks in both countries. Any imbalances accruing from such a practice, according to this option, would be settled in foreign currency through the banking systems of Eritrea and Ethiopia. The assumption here, of course, was that the trade would be carried out without resorting to the opening of letters of credit.
In the joint committee meeting of 19 November, eleven days after the Nakfa had been introduced and the new Ethiopian Birr put into effect, the Ethiopian delegation presented the LC option as its final preference except in limited petty-trade. The US dollar was to be the official medium of exchange between the two countries. Later, the Ethiopians stipulated that the border petty-trade was not to exceed the value of 2000 Birr in each instance. The Eritreans felt that the Ethiopian preference was not in the interest of the people of both countries as it would encumber the traditional free flow of goods.
When the Nakfa came into operation, Ethiopian reaction was unexpectedly and astonishingly violent. Holders of that currency were harassed at all Ethiopian points of entry, the Nakfa was confiscated and sometimes torn or burned and the atmosphere of the complete break-down of trade created by Ethiopian authorities. In fact, trade from Eritrea to Ethiopia came to a virtual halt.
Nothing approaching that level of irrationality was seen prior to the Nakfa incident - not even at the time of Eritrean independence, especially by the TPLF cadres and their supporters. Suddenly, pictures of an economically weak Eritrea trying to get an easy ride on the back of Ethiopia started to be painted. Eritrea was now "the exploiter", a bully that "coerced" Ethiopian authorities into unbalanced and unfair agreements". The idea, apparently, was to teach Eritrea the lesson that (the old fallacy) its existence was irrevocably and forever tied to Ethiopia's abundant resources; that what amounted to a trade embargo, would bring it down to submission.
The mood in Eritrea was different.
The old traditional trade ties with Ethiopia, which were re-enforced by the mutual friendship apparent at independence had, in a way, clouded Eritrea's vision in many ways. So, the strain in trade relations following the Nakfa, though obviously lamentable, was a good thing, as it widened the nation's perspective and alternatives. That was how the incident was assessed and explained to the Eritrean public.
F. Concluding points
In the areas of trade and currency policies, the post-1991 agreements between Eritrea and Ethiopia did not work and, in fact, led to some confrontations. In other areas, including the issue of citizenship, no insurmountable problems were encountered and, one may say, they were generally successful.
We now hear a lot of "learned analysis" surmising that the root cause of the border crisis of May 1998 is Eritrea 's "failed" economy; that "the Badme Incident" was a tactic by the Eritrean Government to divert its people from its internal problems....etc. These are all Ethiopian allegations, so often repeated and so made wide-spread through the relentless use of every media, propaganda and diplomatic resource at their disposal that they, initially, confused quite a few people.
The facts are different. The latest economic indicators issued by the independent studies of the IMF and the World Bank attest to the following:-
The IMF Executive Board, which met on July 13, 1998, issued its official findings on July 16, 1998. Here it expressed its concern over the border conflict but, otherwise, fully endorsed the Eritrean government's policies and practices in every field of economic activity. Eritrea's "impressive progress made in economic reconstruction and social rehabilitation during the past six years" was welcomed by the Directors. They also welcomed the "further progress" made in 1997 "particularly in implementing structural reforms, reducing the fiscal deficit and successfully introducing the Nakfa." They also commended the "authorities92 strong commitment to strengthen macroeconomic performance and reform the institutional framework." Looking ahead, the Directors saw the present conflict as an impediment to the Eritrean authorities92 plans of "further reducing macroeconomic imbalances and accelerating growth." They also noted the adverse effects the conflict can play on the nation's fiscal policy, in spite of "the commendable reduction of the budget deficit in 1997." (IMF, No.98-277, July 16, 1998.)
The IMF further noted the boost that the private sector got through the privatization of 700 small-scale and 39 big and medium-scale manufacturing enterprises. It further stated, "Prices were decontrolled while differential interest rates between private and public sectors were eliminated." Consequently, the IMF pointed out, "the role of the private sector was boosted, resulting in buoyant growth in manufacturing and services exports."
With the benefit of these reforms, the report continued, "real output growth averaged 7 percent during 1993-96 and rose to 8 percent in 1997, translating into significant growth in per capita income".
The report also found the annual inflation rate for 1993-96 to have been at less than 4 percent. The reduction of government expenditure by about 10 percentage points and the increase in revenues by 6 percentage points was also noted as a result of both "the completion of some programs and the intention of the authorities to bring down the deficit to sustainable levels," and the "broadening of the tax base and the ongoing strengthening of the collection effort respectively". As a result, "the deficit came down sharply from 16.4 percent in 1996 to 5.5 percent of GDP in 1997". Finally, the report notes, "the medium-term targets of real output growth of 6-7 percent per annum, annual rate of 3-5 percent and a built-up of reserves to 5.5 months of imports are quite ambitious and consistent with the authorities92 track record of perseverance with implementation of good economic policies."(IMF, BUFF/ED/98/105, July 10, 1998.)
The World Bank has more recently also given high marks to Eritrea's implementation of programs and projects. Last August, the Bank's representative for Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan declared that Eritrea was one of the five countries in the world with whom the World Bank maintains exemplary relations. Its "impressive economic performance", the official also noted, "mainly emanates from its effective implementation of home-grown development strategies." (Eritrea Profile, Vol.5 No.24, August 22, 1998.) The virtual absence of corruption in the country and the safety and stability prevalent even in spite of the border conflict are invariably mentioned as great assets for Eritrea's future development.
There is, in short, no evidence whatsoever of the Ethiopian government's continuous claim that the Eritrean economy is in dire straits. At the time of writing this paper, mid-August, 1998, the Nakfa stands at 7.45-7.50 to the US dollar, still maintaining its pre-conflict levels. At this particular time (August, 1998), the Ethiopian Birr's position vis-à-vis the dollar is about the same. The price of fuel in Eritrea stays constant at 2.80 Nakfa per litre and bread is available at 0.20 cents Nakfa or about 0.03 cents US apiece, a price maintained since independence. Whereas it would be self-deceiving to claim that the conflict is not adversely affecting the Eritrean economy, the fact that it is still withstanding this adversity attests to its strong base.
Why, then, would a government that is doing so well on the economic, social and political fronts, want to start a border conflict and create problems for itself? Why would it want to dismantle all of its achievements of the past seven years?
The answer, definitely, lies somewhere else - on the border conflict that has its own background and history, not directly related to the cooperation agreements discussed above or to the performance of the Eritrean economy.
We now turn our attention to the events leading to the border conflict of May 6, 1998, where the real cause of the hostilities lie.
The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict
Part II (Final part)
by Alemseged Tesfai
III. Events Leading to the May 6 Incident at Badme
1. Incidents and disputes along the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia are not a new phenomenon and they were never about the boundary. Like all colonial divides the boundary between Eritrea and Ethiopia is, at points, an arbitrary line that separated people who once lived together; people related by blood and intermarriage for whom international borders mean very little.
The nature of the conflicts in these areas, therefore, was never different from any similar conflicts within Tigrai or within Eritrea - for the population, that is. Problems usually arose when one coveted the others 92 grazing area or places of settlement. Thus one cannot accuse simple farmers of deliberately crossing boundaries to cause international conflicts and the same with those who rise to defend what they consider their own.
Previous administrators on both sides of the border, even during the Italian and British periods in Eritrea, understood this very well and never gave more attention to land disputes around the border than they deserved. In the 1950 92s, during the decade of the Ethio-Eritrean federation, the Ethiopian Ministry of Interior is known to have issued directives warning against alterations of the old Italian boundary lines as it thought such an act would give rise to serious complications.
Border incidents, therefore, were seen as problems that required careful and proper handling, probably also ways of creating an atmosphere whereby both sides could develop disputed areas together. Upon Eritrean independence and the coming to power of the TPLF, there was every reason to believe that old border disputes would finally come to rest.
2. However, that is not what happened. Ever since its creation in the 1970 92s, the TPLF had given to the border issue an attention that was not reciprocated by the EPLF. Whereas the TPLF invariably exacerbated existing border problems, EPLF people chose a different approach. They were of the opinion that border misunderstandings were not an urgent matter, that they could be deferred to the settlement of the whole issue at the state level. There was, however, no reciprocal disposition on the other side.
Thus, beginning in 1990, when the TPLF took over Tigrai, new conflict areas were added to the old ones. This is particularly true of the upper Indeli (a border-demarcating river), where bands armed by the TPLF invaded an Eritrean village inhabited by the unarmed Hazo. On this incident of 30 December, 1993, 32 Hazo houses were completely destroyed and the inhabitants driven out of their original habitat. Attempts at compensating the victims and resettling them, undertaken by joint efforts, were often frustrated by a lack of commitment of the TPLF and by the insistence of its members that the village invaded was Tigrayan and the rebuilding should take place on what they pointed out as Eritrean territory.
3. At this same time, the rumblings of a dispute were being heard from Badme. By now, everyone knows that the village of Badme forms a small part of the Badme Plains, through which the Ethio-Eritrean border crosses, joining the Tekezze-Setit river with the Mereb at Mai Anbessa. The town itself is on the north-eastern side of the border, secure in Eritrean territory. Decades ago, this wild country, a haven for wild animals, started to be settled by Eritreans descending from the highlands. These even crossed deep inside the Tigrai side to establish settlements.
Until the mid-1990 92s, movement along this border was probably the freest as no cause ever arose for strict border controls. Eritrean administrators never doubted where the boundary lay, and always deferred that issue to the more formal demarcations expected to be effected by both governments. From 1993 onwards, however, some incidents started to take place and these caused a lot of concern for Eritrea.
In 1992-93, Tigrayan authorities in the Lower Adiabo area, adjoining the Badme sections of Eritrea, started to talk about a demarcation line. Eritrean farmers who had lived in the area for decades were reporting that they were being penalized and their property confiscated for "illegal entry".
4. On 20-21 July 1994, a high-level meeting was held between the EPLF and the TPLF, led by Secretary Alamin Mohammed Said and Politbureau member Tewelde Weldemariam, respectively. Regarding the border issue, they agreed:-
- that both parties should work towards the strengthening of the relationship between the people, officials of the two fronts and government administrators in the border areas; ways of solving minor misunderstandings existing in those areas were also to be found.
- that the disputes between neighbouring villages and people on both sides of the border were similar to those found within one country and, in order to solve the problems in conflict resolution seen amongst officials on both sides, the political activities of the fronts were to be strengthened and misunderstandings to be quickly avoided in the spirit of friendship
- cadres from both fronts in the border area were to meet every three months to discuss issues of common interest.
5. The meetings foreseen by the above decision did not take place as soon as expected. Two meetings scheduled for first and 15th November 1994, the records show, had to be postponed because the Tigray side sent minor officials to meet with high-level delegates from Eritrea, and it often turned out that the former had no authority to decide even on minor matters.
In the meantime, 1995 saw the unabated continuation by the Tigrai authorities of the harassment of Eritrean farmers for "trespass" into unilaterally demarcated territory.
6. In 1996, TPLF officials intensified their campaign of harassment and expulsion of Eritreans from border villages. A few examples follow:-
- On June 7, 1996, 12 villagers of Adi Mahrai (Zibra) were taken into custody
- On July 19, six armed TPLF members entered Gheza Sherif, and demanded that 34 farmers leave the village. These had lived there for 15-20 years. When the farmers refused, a confrontation ensued and this was stopped by the intervention of the Eritrean administrators of the sub-region.
- On August 4, 1996, 16 armed TPLF soldiers again entered Gheza Sherif and demanded that all the inhabitants move out. When they refused, three "representatives" including a woman, were taken under custody.
- On 17 June, 1996, 24 farmers of Adi Mahrai (Zibra) were ordered not to work fields already plowed and cultivated, rendering 66 hectares of harvest totally out of use.
- At this same time, 29 farmers of Denbe Himbrty, were forced to leave their habitat by similar orders of TPLF armed administrators and militiamen.
A total of 18 items of similar acts of arbitrary expulsion and harassment are listed in the report of the rainy and cultivation season of 1996 alone.
7. When the destruction of houses and expulsion of Eritreans continued deep into the first quarter of 1997, a joint-meeting of high level administrative officials was held in Shire, Tigrai, with the aim of finding a temporary solution to the problem. This meeting, which was led by the Vice President of the Tigrai Region, Ato Tzegai Berhe and the Deputy Administrator of the Gash-Barka Region of Eritrea, Ato Tesfamichael G.Medhim lasted for two days, 20-21 April 1997, and included all the major officials of the corresponding border districts.
In this meeting, the Eritrean side expressed its opposition and misgivings about the series of unilateral demarcations effected by the Tigrai Administration inside Eritrean territory. It pointed out that these "demarcations" were neither known nor acceptable to the Eritrean government. It also demanded that the arbitrary expulsions of Eritrean nationals stop immediately. The Tigrai representatives insisted that the demarcations had been laid down in 1986-87, during the struggle, and that the EPLF had known about them. After a serious discussion and exchange of views, it was decided to set up a sub-committee from the adjacent districts to study the matter on the ground and to see if some intermediate solution could be found.
8. In accordance with the Shire decisions, the designated sub-committee met from 22-27 June, 1997 to make a tour of the "demarcations", a length it determined at about 40 kms. At the preliminary meeting of the 22nd, the Tigrayan representatives argued that the purpose of the meeting and the tour was for the Eritrean side to visit and accept the line as demarcated by the Tigrayans. That, they said, was how they understood the Shire agreement.
The Eritreans rejected this. The purpose of the tour, they said, was for them to see the Tigrayan unilateral demarcation and compare it with what they believed to be Eritrean territory. They were not there to be told where their boundary lay. Although this disagreement threatened to disrupt the meeting the tour was made all the same.
It was established then that, not just one, but a set of at least three demarcations, each creeping deeper into Eritrea had been laid on the ground. This was, naturally, highly objectionable to the Eritrean representatives.
During the armed struggle, many EPLF fighters had seen or known about a the map of a larger Tigrai that included parts of Eritrean territory. It had been taken note of but, obviously, the more urgent matters of those days took precedence over raising it as a matter of contention. Since, after independence, the two governments were on very friendly terms, most of the border incidents were consistently being down-played by Eritrea, as the excesses of some border officials.... Now, the Badme demarcations started to bring the issue to the fore. As a border where Eritreans formed the clear majority on both sides for decades, movement had been fluid. For the Eritrean government or regional officials, the location of the border and what belonged to whom was never a question. Raising it as a point of difference, when such lofty objectives like breaking the trade barrier, creating the free trade area (FTA), moving towards economic harmonization.... were being discussed was simply seen as inappropriate and counter-productive. This is what all the directives and internal Eritrean circulars show.
The Badme demarcations and the Tigrayan insistence that that was the border, however, sent an ominous warning to the Eritrean side. The Eritrean sub-committee consequently suggested that since matters affecting the border should not be decided by border and district officials, the issue be very seriously taken up and quickly settled at central government levels. It also advised and demanded that the Tigrayan side stop any further moves at harassing and expelling Eritreans.
The Tigrayan sub-committee in its response demanded that no armed Eritrean enter the line of demarcation. In addition, it ordered that no Eritrean farmer was to plough fields or build houses or sheds beyond the line and that the inhabitants of two villages, Gheza Sherif and Enda Tchi 92a, were to be evacuated.
All the elements of a border conflict were, thus, put in place.
9. By July, 1997, the harassment of Eritrean inhabitants in the whole "unilaterally demarcated" areas was intensifying. The exchange of letters between the Eritrean administrator of the Shambuko sub-region and his counterparts in Sheraro, Tigrai, tell an interesting story. One of these, written by the Eritrean administrator on July 16, 1997, appeals for restraint on the part of Tigrayan authorities and police, as tensions were running high amongst the inhabitants from what they saw as unwarranted expulsions from land they had developed over lifetimes. He calls on the Tigrayans to "observe maximum care and to wait for the meeting of a higher-level committee so that the situation does not go out of control."
The July 17 reply of the Tigrayan counterpart was to warn the Eritrean administrator that in the event of any worsening of the situation, he would be held responsible, since, as he put it, "the incursions into our demarcated territory are being carried out with your full knowledge."
10. On 18-19 July 1997, three truckloads of Ethiopian troops entered the Badme area and planted radio communications equipment. Toyota pick-ups were also reported to be bringing in light and medium arms. Eritrean territory inside the "unilaterally demarcated" area was, thus, put under patrol.
On the following week, 26-27 July 1997, 15 Eritrean families that had lived in Gheza Sherif for at least 30 years each were evacuated and sent across what the TPLF now determined was the new Ethio-Eritrean border. 11 wells belonging to the village were destroyed. The same day, 30 families were evacuated from Enda Tchi 92a - their doors were broken, their silos destroyed and their cultivated fields uprooted and opened up for grazing.
Document No. 62 01/90 of 21/8/1997 (or 16/12/1989 Ethiopian calendar), written by a Tigrayan police chief of the border sub-district refers to the campaigns of 11, 19 and 20 July. Here, he gives the following figures as the result of the campaign of the said dates:-
The officer further indicates that a total of 755 campaigners, that is, Tigrayan soldiers, members of the police force, militiamen and farmers participated in the operation. "We only have ten trespassers on the Deda side still at large," he concludes "In other areas, no person or crop has been spared. Our mission has been accomplished."
The Case of Adi Murug
11. The date of 19 July, 1997 ought to be noted as very significant. On this same day of the arrival of Tigrayan troops into Badme and their subsequent massive expulsion of Eritreans, a potentially more dangerous situation was developing at Adi Murug (Bada), at the northern tip of the former Denkalia, but now within the North Red Sea Region of Eritrea.
Historically, Adi Murug has figured as the fourth village of the Bada district - Boleli, Li 92en and Irimali are the three remaining and there was an Eritrean administrative unit at Adi Murug. Prior to July 19, Ethiopian administrators from the Afar Kelil had asked permission to assemble the inhabitants of Adi Murug for various purposes, but the Eritrean administrators had turned them back since the matters they wanted to discuss did not concern the inhabitants of Adi Murug.
On July 19, two battalions of the Ethiopian army came to Adi Murug and its commander met with representatives of the Eritrean army in the area. The Ethiopians explained that they were there to chase armed Ethiopian opposition elements whom they believed to be in the Bada area, and requested entry. The battalions were let in on this understanding.
Five days later, July 24, Ethiopian administrators from the Afar Kelil moved into Adi Murug and instructed the Eritrean Administrators to disband - they were taking over. The Eritreans resisted, but on July 28, at a meeting of the whole Adi Murug inhabitants, the Ethiopians declared Adi Murug Ethiopian territory and appointed their own administrative committee. The inhabitants 92 objections that they were Eritrean citizens with proper ID cards and that they had known Adi Murug as Eritrean territory did not matter.
The Eritrean military commander tried to reason with his Ethiopian counter-part, but to no avail. To the argument that border matters ought to be referred to the central government and not be handled so high-handedly, the Ethiopians replied that the Afar and Tigrai Kelils had declared Adi Murug Ethiopian territory and there was nothing they could do to change the decision. That the Adi Murug and Badme incidents fell on the same day or week cannot be a coincidence and it certainly was not. Something was cooking in the minds of the TPLF leadership. This could no longer be downplayed as the excesses of ambitious or troublesome border officials. Although, as a trend, it had been there, it was suddenly assuming a character that needed urgent attention.
12. On 8 August 1997, about three weeks after the Adi Murug and Badme incidents, Secretary Alamin Mohammed Said and Political Affairs Head Yemane Ghebreab of the PFDJ travelled to Addis Ababa to discuss the matter with Tewolde Welde- mariam of the TPLF (EPRDF). Here, they tried to impress upon the other side that what was happening at Adi Murug and in Badme was inconsistent with the friendly relationship between the two sides. They argued that using force to create facts on the ground was not acceptable. They also asked that the Ethiopian government reverse the steps it had taken. Any outstanding matters, they maintained, could be handled in a spirit of understanding and taking the welfare of the border population into consideration
Mr. Tewolde 92s answer at the time was to flatly claim Adi Murug as Ethiopian territory. On Badme, he alleged that the source of the problem were Eritrean Administrators who were continuously instigating their farmers to cross demarcated lines. He further refused to accept Eritrea 92s suggestion that steps taken by the Ethiopian authorities be reversed.
13. Less than a month after the Adi Murug and Badme incidents of July 19, Eritrea 92s President Isaias Afeworki wrote the following letter to Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia on August 16, 1997:-*
Comrade Meles;
Greetings.
I am being compelled to write you to day because of the preoccupying situation prevailing in the areas around Bada.
It cannot be said that the border between our two countries is demarcated clearly although it is known traditionally. And we had not given the issue much attention in view of our present and future ties. Moreover, I do not believe that this will be a cause of much concern and controversy even in the future.
Be this as it may, there have been intermittent disputes in the border areas arising form different and minor causes. Local officials have been striving to defuse and solve these problems amicably. However, the forcible occupation of Adi-Murug by your army in the past few days is truly saddening.
There was no justification for resorting to force as it would not have been at all difficult to settle the matter amicably even if it was deemed important and warranting immediate attention. It would also be possible to quietly and without haste demarcate the boundaries in case this is felt to be necessary.
I, therefore, urge you to personally take the necessary prudent action so that the measure that has been taken will not trigger unnecessary conflict.
Best Regards
Your comrade
Isaias Afwerki
16/08/97
Prime Minister Meles 92s undated terse reply came subsequently. It read as follows:
Comrade Isaias,
Greetings.
I have seen the letter you sent me. I had also heard that the situation in the border areas does not look good. I was also informed that the matter was discussed between your colleague (Yemane), who had come here, and ours (Tewolde). We did not imagine that what happened in Bada could create problems. This is because the areas our comrades are controlling were not controversial before and we believed that prior consultation was only necessary for disputed areas. We moved to the areas to pursue the remnants of Ougugume (Afar Opposition) who were obstructing our peace efforts from positions there. We believe we can ease the tension concerning the borders on the basis of the understanding reached previously between your team and our colleague (Tewolde). Perhaps, it is also necessary to settle the border demarcation issue after the necessary preparations are carried out by both sides.
In the meantime, the situation was worsening in Badme and President Isaias felt obliged to, once more, write to Prime Minister Meles on 25 August 1997:-
Comrade Meles,
Greetings.
Regarding the situation in the border areas, my information establishes that the measures taken at Adi-Murug were not in areas that are undisputed but in our own areas and by expelling our officials and dismantling the existing administration. Concerning the Ougugume, your action (in Adi-Murug) came as our Defence was preparing to co-operate on the basis of the request from your Army. Moreover, similar measures have been taken in the Badme area.
I had indicated to you, these measures are unjustified. In order to expediently check any further deterioration and pave the way for a final solution, we have assigned on our part three officials (Defence Minister Sebhat Ephrem; PFDJ Head of Political Affairs, Yemane Ghebreab; and National Security Advisor, Abraha Kassa) I suggest that you also similarly (or in ways you think best) assign officials so that both sides can meet as soon as possible to look into these matters. I await your thoughts.
Best regards
Your Comrade
Isaias Afewerki
25/08/97
14. In accordance with President Isaias 92 suggestion, the Joint Border Commission was set up - the Eritrean side to be led by General Sebhat Efrem, Minister of Defence. The first meeting was scheduled for November, 1997.
Before this took place, the October 17 (12 October, 1990 Ethiopian calendar) issue of the TPLF magazine Weyin, printed the new map of the Tigrai Kelil. The official map of the Kelil, showing a much more enlarged Tigrai - from large expanses carved out of Begemider, Wollo and Eritrea - was also printed by the Ethiopian Mapping Authority. Here, the straight line linking the Tekezze-Setit with the Mereb at Mai Anbessa had disappeared and was replaced by an oblique line entering deep into Eritrean territory. Not only the "demarcated" area that was causing concern, but large chunks of other Eritrean land had been included. Besides this, Eritrean territory like Alitena, Bada and areas south of Tzerona were also demarcated as Ethiopian domain. The old colonial borders of Eritrea had been changed by the unilateral actions of the TPLF government.
15. In November, 1997, the Joint High Commission met in Asmara and agreed to meet again within three months. There was no discussion on substantive matters. In the meantime, in January 1998, Ethiopian troops were deployed to the border on the Assab line to demand that the Eritrean border post situated on the Assab-Addis Ababa road move several kilometres towards Assab, as the area was being claimed by Ethiopia. A patient handling and quiet diplomacy on the part of Eritrea averted a what could have been a dangerous confrontation.
16. When all this was happening, tension was building up in and around Badme. Land confiscated from Eritreans evacuated from the unilaterally demarcated areas was being re-allocated to Tigrayan farmers who moved into the area. A letter by the Administrator of Tahtai Adyabo, Ato Abraha Berhane, written on March 10, 1998, clearly indicates that that practice was government policy and was to be encouraged. By May 1998, tensions had run quite high.
On May 6, 1998, Ethiopian troops fired on an Eritrean platoon on routine duty along the border around Badme. Several of its members were killed. This triggered off a chain reaction on both sides that culminated in the May 13, 1998 declaration of war by the Ethiopian Parliament.
The Eritrean Government has already invited neutral parties to examine the circumstances that led to the incident of May 6. That is, of course, meant to determine who made the first move as far as the armed clashes of that date is concerned. As this paper has attempted to show, however, all the elements of the conflict had been put in place by the TPLF 92s continuous and provocative incursions into Eritrean territory and its cadres 92 willful harassment of Eritrean inhabitants of the border areas.
17. As suggested in the introduction to this paper, the border issue had nothing to do with the post 1991 cooperation agreements between the two sides. The trend that this problem had been following has its own origin and runs way back to the time when the TPLF was still in the process of formation.
The genesis and development of the border conflict being what it is, nothing can explain the Ethiopian military build-up at Zalambessa, the Assab border and elsewhere along the boundary when the area of conflict, according to the Ethiopian Parliament 92s decision and subsequent declarations by Ethiopian officials, is Badme. Nothing can ever justify the hate-campaign against Eritrea and Eritreans immediately launched by the Ethiopian government. Nor can the Ethiopian boycott of Assab and Massawa port facilities, the cancellation of Ethiopian Airlines flights, the bombing of Asmara on June 5, and, worst of all, the expulsion of thousands of Eritreans from Ethiopia ever be rationalized.
The border conflict is senseless and neither party is likely to gain from its continuation. It has its roots in the TPLF 92s persistent incursions into Eritrean territory, an act that can only be explained in terms of the expansionist tendencies of that Front 92s leadership.
The chance for peace lies in the immediate cessation of hostilities, direct talks, demilitarization, demarcation of the whole border in accordance with existing international treaties and, as a final resort, adjudication by international courts. War will only further complicate a simple problem.
Sources
http://www.tfanus.com.er/infopedia/denden.com/Conflict/newscom/com-alem98.htm
70.52.143.137 20:31, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Lloyd Suh
Lloyd Suh is the artistic director of Second Generation Productions and a co-director of the Ma-Yi Writers Lab which represents the largest group of professional Asian American playwrights ever assembled. As a playwright, Lloyd's plays include Masha No Home (first produced at Ensemble Studio Theatre; East West Players), The Children of Vonderly (2004 NYFA Fellowship Winner), The Garden Variety (South Coast Repertory commission), and American Hwangap (2005 NYSCA Grant Winner), as well as several shorter plays, including Not All Korean Girls Can Fly and With A Hammer & A Nail (EST/Thicker Than Water 2002; EST Marathon 2006). He is a current member of Ensemble Studio Theatre and The Actors Studio.
http://www.larktheatre.org/keyplayers/05-06_playwrights.htm#lsuh
hes pretty much awesome
TheBrod
Scott Brod Creator of TheBrod.COM Host of the best halloween extravaganzas in the hudson valley.
Sources
Magicscott 21:20, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
SPAP
Slang word for Sperm
Sources
Published in Viz magazine
82.36.179.16 21:25, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sn42-e.htm
Sources
69.210.82.84 21:30, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Beaty
Sources
69.143.128.108 21:37, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Veena Malik
Bold text
Sources
213.42.2.11 21:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
--72.48.95.227 21:49, 2 August 2006 (UTC)§Texas-New Mexico Railway
The Texas-New Mexico Railway Company was chartered on November 19, 1927, to build from a point on the Texas and Pacific Railway near Monahans in Ward County to Kermit, near the Texas-New Mexico state line, a distance of about thirty-five miles. The amount of initial capitalization was $35,000, and the business office was located at Monahans. Members of the first board of directors included G. O. Bateman of Breckenridge, C. B. Marshall, R. S. Shepard, J. G. Mend, R. L. W. Thompson, A. C. Littlejohn, A. R. Dieterman, L. C. Porter, and L. T. McIntire, all from Dallas. On October 31, 1928, the Interstate Commerce Commission approved an application by the Texas and Pacific Railway Company to acquire control of the Texas-New Mexico by purchasing all of its capital stock. Thirty-four miles of track from Monahans through Kermit to the state line, along with three-mile branch to Wink, were completed in June 1929. In December of that year the Texas-New Mexico was authorized to build from the state line to Lovington, New Mexico, which was reached on July 20, 1930, totaling 112 miles of track. In 1933 the company leased one locomotive, one freight car, and one passenger car. Passenger revenues in 1952 totaled $56, while freight revenues totaled $1,209,996. In 1972 total earnings were $114,953. On November 1, 1978, the Texas-New Mexico was merged into the Missouri Pacific Railroad as successor to the Texas and Pacific. The line was subsequently sold to RailTex, Incorporated, of San Antonio, which began operating between Monahans and Lovington as the Texas and New Mexico Railroad on September 18, 1989.
Sources
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/TT/eqt23.html
72.48.95.227 21:49, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
James Kreisberg
On November 28th, 1990 Neil and Linda Kreisberg were given a gift from God. It was on this day that James Kreisberg was born. As a child,James enjoyed playing several extreme sports such as skateboarding and snowboarding. However, as he entered his teenage years, he became less active. Currently he literally does nothing. James enjoys the occasional extreme sport. When he developed pubic hair, he also developed an alter ego. His inner James, or EXTREME JAMES, took over. When muscular development began he became more and more indulged in his alter ego. In fact, his condition became so severe that he grew a mohawk. Kreisberg enjoys smoking marijuana and drinking vast quantities of alchohol. His close friends include: Mellissa Ross (Norwegian immigrant who is mortally obese), and Daniel Henick (who bit someone in the face). All in all, James Kreisberg is an extreme human being. He drinks extreme. He smokes extreme. He does nothing extreme. He also acts extreme. James was the leading actor in the film Mirror, produced by John Bessulo. James Kreisberg was and continues to be a living legend of Armonk, New York.
Sources
69.125.174.20 21:52, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
I've got nerve
I've got nerve is about a girl who is saying that shes ready to go and rock n'roll. I think the song has a great beat and a great message. Anybody could get lost in the message of the song. she first sang this song at the "So Hot Summer" hannah montana concert at Disney Land tayphoon lagon, July,22 2006. Almost everyone went crazy for the song "i've got nerve."It is one of my favorite songs and hope it is yours too.Hannah Montana is also one of my favorite singers because she has such great songs with a message and a great felling when you get done lisening to one of hear songs just like "I've got nerve." this is my article and Hannah Montana and this song rocks.
Sources
209.112.164.8 22:14, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
chanchan
Link
This is a place where camwores are dubbed boards to be stalked. The male camwhores were only recently added due to a large request/flooding by Mr. Fabulous and Madame. They were both banned and only recently was Madame unbanned. Currently their board consist of the discussion board, general(for females only), male general(for males only), the female chans, and the male chans.
The male chans include:
Jackie-chan
Riker-chan
The female chans include:
Afro-chan
Cracky-chan
Creepy-chan
Curly-chan
dstp
Era
FBI-chan
gingerbread
Half-chan
Hippie & Madame
Hitsugi-chan
Kandie
Loli-chan
Mew-chan
Miss M
Piss-chan
Queenie
Rabbit-chan
Slow-chan
Snail-chan
Squirt
Strifey
Sub-chan
Up-chan
The Rules
Rule #1: pics must be related to the boards they are posted in
Rule #2: -no cp-
Admin Contact
admin: King_John (kyrio @ lurkmore.com)
mods: 1998#5qFBtZmj2E, afro-chan#dPbREM7opQ, Kingschwill#btr76hqMa6, Up-chan#C7yjkvuf.2, Zuzu#3bnuJOvT0w
(send mod requests to the above address)
IRC: #team @ irc.enterthegame.com
He's damn fabulous.
From the most dramatic imageboard ever: [9]
In the words of makku: He hearties industrial, does a fappingly good fapman impression, and is fucking fabulous.
mr. fabulous
He's damn fabulous.
From the most dramatic imageboard ever: [10]
In the words of makku: He hearties industrial, does a fappingly good fapman impression, and is fucking fabulous.
Partners (TV-Series)
Partners was a television show that aired on Fox from September 1995 to April 1996. The show starred Tate Donovan (as Owen), Jon Cryer (as Bob) and Maria Pitillo (as Alicia) as two fresh young architects (Donovan and Cryer) who's relationship gets complicated by Owen's engagement to Alicia.
The show apparantly didn't fair well enough in the ratings as was cancelled after its first season.
Final episode ending
Template:Spoiler In the final episode Owen and Alicia goes on a little outing, on the night before their wedding, in their car and end up falling asleep with the radio on. When they wake up late the next morning they discover the radio having discharged the battery. The final episode ends with Owen and Alicia running to get to their wedding. You will never know if they made it in time.
Sources
Personal knowledge of the final episode.
195.216.40.68 22:29, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Winsome Media
Winsome Media is an independent label creating music that spiritually uplifts, inspires, and teaches Christian principles. Winsome Media was created in 2006.
See also
External Links
128.187.32.235 22:32, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Dave Hoy - The Piano Man
Dave Hoy is recognized as a piano player whose distinctive style and personality delights audiences of all ages.
He has performed in thousands of venues including the Toronto Skydome, the CNE, and Klondike Days in Edmonton. Several tours of Germany include performances at Jazz Festivals in Rottweil, Biberach, and Bavaria and for the Canadian embassy in Magdeburg.
In 1987, he and his wife, Lynn established the Good Time Music Hall, a daytime dinner theatre which attracted thousands of music lovers each year to regular performances in major cities across Ontario.
The sound of the piano creates a feeling like no other instrument. Dave Hoy is a talented pianist whose unique style gives his music a special sound. You will enjoy listening to Dave in a live performance or by ordering one of his many recordings.
Sources
http://www.cleverjoe.com/local/pages/davehoy.htm
64.180.11.207 22:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Venture Capital Deal Terms
Raising funds in the field of Venture capital can be a difficult process. Approximately only 1% of business plans reviewed by Venture Capitalists are offered funds. When an entrepreneur is first offered funds, they are first done so on a term sheet with several conditions with usually in exchange for special type of shares of the company called preferred shares. Although the type and wordings of the conditions vary, there are many common elements to these conditions. Almost all term sheets have provisions on liquidation, financial split, and control of the company.
Liquidation and Financial Split Provisions
Preferred Shares
Preferred Shares grant venture capitalists the rights to any capital available on any type of liquidation event. Preferred shares sometimes has a liquidation multiple associated with it where a multiple of the initial investment must be returned upon a liquidation event. Liquidation event does not necessarily have to be a bad thing. Liquidation includes but not limited to mergers, sale of company, or even company closing down. Preferred shares can sometimes have the option of convertibility. This means that the venture capitalist can convert these shares into common stock anytime the so wishes.
Anti-Dilution Clause
This clause protects the Venture Capitalist from dilution of share price which occurs when a new investment into the new venture occurs at a price lower than what the original venture capitalists paid for. This clause in effect allows the venture capitalist to get free shares by retroactively adjusting the price which the venture capitalist paid.
Controlling Provisions
Board Members
Venture capitalists usually will demand a little less than half seats on the board of directors of the company. Although usually, they will reserve special powers for their board members. This may include and not limited to the power to replace the CEO, give pay raises to executive employees, distribute dividends, and grant stock options.
Milestone Provisions
According to this provision, the company must meet a milestone (such as sales or prototype design completion) or it will be penalized. Penalties can vary quite a bit and are usually dependent on the company.
Dividend Provision
According to this provision, the company has to pay a certain annual dividend. Dividends are usually setup to accrue if the company cannot afford to pay such a dividend.
Sources
- Wilmerding, Alexander. Term Sheets & Valuations - A Line by Line Look at the Intricacies of Venture Capital Term Sheets & Valuations. Aspatore Press. ISBN: 1587620685
- Campbell, Katharine. Smarter Ventures: A Survivor's Guide to Venture Capital Through the New Cycle. Pearson Education. ISBN: 0273654039
70.228.148.10 23:09, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Dean Duckhouse
Dean Duckhouse is renowned for many things in the village of Aldridge in the metropolitan borough of Walsall, such as breaking beds with his face. He was born January 7th 1992 and has worked wonders for the town as he has made many people feel better about themselves. Dean enjoys talking strangely and breaking beds with his face.
Sources
The Bible