Subspecies of Canis lupus
Canis lupus, the gray wolf, has 40 subspecies currently described, including the dingo, Canis lupus dingo, and the domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, and many subspecies of wolf throughout the Northern hemisphere. The nominate subspecies is Canis lupus lupus.
Canis lupus is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN, as its relatively widespread range and stable population trend mean that the species, at global level, does not meet, or nearly meet, any of the criteria for the threatened categories. However, some local populations are classified as Endangered,[1] and some subspecies are endangered or extinct.
Biological taxonomy is not fixed, and placement of taxa is reviewed as a result of new research. The current categorization of subspecies of Canis lupus is shown below. Also included are synonyms, which are now discarded duplicate or incorrect namings, or in the case of the domestic dog synonyms, old taxa referring to subspecies of domestic dog which, when the dog was declared a subspecies itself, had nowhere else to go. Common names are given but may vary, as they have no set meaning.
Geographical variations
Wolves show a great deal of polymorphism geographically, though they can interbreed. The Zoological Gardens of London for example once successfully managed to mate a male European wolf to an Indian female, resulting in a pup bearing an almost exact likeness to its sire.[2]
Europe
European wolves tend to have fur with less soft wool intermixed than American wolves. Their heads are narrower, their ears longer, higher placed and somewhat closer to each other. Their loins are more slender, their legs longer, their feet narrower, and their tails more thinly clothed with fur.[3] Pelt color in European wolves ranges from white, cream, red, grey and black, sometimes with all colors combined. Wolves in central Europe tend to be more richly colored than those in Northern Europe. Eastern European wolves tend to be shorter and more heavily built than Northern Russian ones.[4]
North America
North American wolves are generally the same size as European wolves, but have shorter legs, larger, rounder heads, broader, more obtuse muzzles, and a sensible depression at the union of nose and forehead, which is more arched and broad. Their ears are shorter and have a more conical form. They typically lack the black mark on the forelegs, as is the case in European races. They have long and comparatively fine fur, mixed with a shorter wooly hair, and are more robust.[3] Fur color in American wolves ranges from white, black, red, yellow, brown, grey, and grizzled skins, and others representing every shade between, although usually each locality has its prevailing tint. There are pronounced differences in North American wolves of different localities; wolves from Texas and New Mexico are comparatively slim animals with small teeth.[5] Mexican wolves in particular resemble some European wolves in stature, though their heads are usually broader, their necks thicker, their ears longer and their tails shorter.[6] Wolves of the central and northern chains of the Rocky Mountains and coastal ranges are more formidable animals than the more southern plains wolves, and resemble Russian and Scandinavian wolves in size and proportions.[5]
List of subspecies
Canis lupus subspecies
Subspecies as of 2005[update]:[7]
Subspecies | Authority | Description | Range | Synonyms | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian wolf Canis lupus lupus (nominate subspecies) |
Linnaeus 1758[8] | Generally a large subspecies measuring 105–160 cm in length and weighing 40–80 kg. The pelt is usually a mix of rusty ocherous and light grey.[9] | Has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in Europe and Asia, ranging through Western Europe, Scandinavia, Caucasus, Russia, China, Mongolia, and the Himalayan Mountains. Habitat overlaps with Indian wolf in some regions of Turkey. | altaicus (Noack, 1911), argunensis (Dybowski, 1922), canus (Sélys Longchamps, 1839), communis (Dwigubski, 1804), deitanus (Cabrera, 1907), desertorum (Bogdanov, 1882), flavus (Kerr, 1792), fulvus (Sélys Longchamps, 1839), italicus (Altobello, 1921), kurjak (Bolkay, 1925), lycaon (Trouessart, 1910), major (Ogérien, 1863), minor (Ogerien, 1863), niger (Hermann, 1804), orientalis (Wagner, 1841), orientalis (Dybowski, 1922), signatus (Cabrera, 1907)[10] | ||||||||||
Tundra wolf Canis lupus albus |
Kerr 1792[11] | A large subspecies, with adults measuring 112–137 cm, and weighing 36.6–52 kg. The fur is very long, dense, fluffy and soft and is usually very light and grey in color. The lower fur is lead-grey and the upper fur is reddish-grey.[9] | Northern tundra and forest zones in the European and Asian parts of Russia and Kamchatka. Outside Russia, its range includes the extreme north of Scandinavia[9] | dybowskii (Domaniewski, 1926), kamtschaticus (Dybowski, 1922),
turuchanensis (Ognev, 1923)[12] | ||||||||||
† Kenai Peninsula wolf Canis lupus alces |
Goldman 1941[13] | A large wolf measuring over 200 cm in length and weighing 45–90 kg. It is thought that its large size was an adaptation to hunting the extremely large moose of the Kenai Peninsula.[14] | Kenai Peninsula | |||||||||||
Arabian wolf Canis lupus arabs |
Pocock 1934[15] | A small, "desert adapted" wolf that is around 66 cm tall and weighs, on average, about 18 kg.[16] Its fur coat varies from short in the summer and long in the winter, possibly because of solar radiation.[17] | Southern Israel, Southern and western Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and probably some parts of the Sinai Peninsula | |||||||||||
Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos |
Pocock 1935[18] | A medium-sized wolf that is between 64 and 79 cm tall and 89 to 189 cm long, weighing between 35 and 45 kg on average, though there have been specimens found weighing up to 68 kg.[19][20] | Canadian Arctic, Alaska and northern Greenland | |||||||||||
Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi |
Nelson and Goldman 1929[21] | A small subspecies which weighs 25–45 kg and measures 140–170 cm in total length (nose to tip of tail), and 72–80 cm in shoulder height. The pelt contains a mix of grey, black, brown, and rust colors in a characteristic pattern, with white underparts[22] | Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern and central Arizona[22] | |||||||||||
† Newfoundland wolf Canis lupus beothucus |
G. M. Allen and Barbour 1937 | A white colored subspecies, extinct in 1911, typically measuring 180 cm in length and weighing 45 kg[14] | Newfoundland | |||||||||||
† Bernard's wolf Canis lupus bernardi |
Anderson 1943 | This subspecies became extinct in 1934. It was described as "white with black-tipped hair along the ridge of the back".[23] | Limited to Banks and Victoria Islands in the arctic | banksianus (Anderson, 1943)[24] | ||||||||||
Steppe wolf Canis lupus campestris |
Dwigubski 1804 | A wolf of average size with short, coarse and sparse fur. The fur is light grey on the sides and rusty, brownish grey on the back[9] | Northern Ukraine, southern Kazakhstan, Caucasus and Trans-Caucasus[9] | bactrianus (Laptev, 1929), cubanenesis (Ognev, 1923), desertorum (Bogdanov, 1882)[25] | ||||||||||
Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanco |
Gray 1863 | A small subspecies rarely exceeding 45 kg in weight. It is of a light, whitish-grey color, with an admixture of brownish tones on the upper part of the body[9] | Central Asia from Turkestan, Tien Shan throughout Tibet to Mongolia, Northern China, Shensi, Sichuan, Yunnan, the Western Himalayas in Kashmir from Chitral to Lahul.[26] Also occurs in the Korean peninsula[27] | coreanus (Abe, 1923), dorogostaiskii (Skalon, 1936), ekloni (Przewalski, 1883), filchneri (Matschie, 1907), karanorensis (Matschie, 1907), laniger (Hodgson, 1847), niger (Sclater, 1874), tschiliensis (Matschie, 1907)[28] | ||||||||||
British Columbia wolf Canis lupus columbianus |
Goldman 1941 | Yukon, British Columbia, and Alberta | ||||||||||||
Vancouver Island wolf Canis lupus crassodon |
Hall 1932 | A medium-sized subspecies, it is generally greyish-white or white in fur color. It is a very social subspecies and can usually be found roaming in packs of five to thirty-five individuals.[29] | Vancouver Island, British Columbia | † Cascade Mountain wolf Canis lupus fuscus |
Richardson 1839 | A cinnamon colored wolf measuring 165 cm and weighing 36–49 kg[14] | Cascade Range | |||||||
† Gregory's wolf Canis lupus gregoryi |
Goldman 1937[30] | A medium-sized subspecies, though slender and tawny, its coat contains a mixture of various colors, including black, grey, white, and cinnamon.[30] | In and around the lower Mississippi River basin | gigas (Townsend, 1850)[31] | ||||||||||
†Manitoba wolf Canis lupus griseoalbus |
Baird 1858 | North Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba | knightii (Anderson, 1945)[32] | |||||||||||
†Hokkaidō wolf Canis lupus hattai |
Kishida 1931 | Hokkaidō | rex (Pocock, 1935)[33] | |||||||||||
†Honshū wolf Canis lupus hodophilax |
Temminck 1839 | Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū | hodopylax (Temminck, 1844), japonicus (Nehring, 1885)[34] | |||||||||||
Hudson Bay wolf Canis lupus hudsonicus |
Goldman 1941 | Northern Manitoba and the Northwest Territories | ||||||||||||
Northern Rocky Mountains wolf Canis lupus irremotus |
Goldman 1937[30][35] | This subspecies generally weighs 70–135 pounds (32–61 kg), making it one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf in existence.[36] It is a lighter colored animal than its southern brethren, the Southern Rocky Mountains Wolf, with a coat that includes far more white and less black. In general, the subspecies favors lighter colors, with black mixing in among them.[30][37] | Northern Rocky Mountains | |||||||||||
Labrador wolf Canis lupus labradorius |
Goldman 1937[30] | Labrador and northern Quebec; recent confirmed sightings on Newfoundland[38][39] | ||||||||||||
Alexander Archipelago wolf Canis lupus ligoni |
Goldman 1937[30] | Alexander Archipelago | Mackenzie River wolf Canis lupus mackenzii |
Anderson 1943 | Northwest Territories | |||||||||
Baffin Island wolf Canis lupus manningi |
Anderson 1943 | Baffin Island | ||||||||||||
† Mogollon Mountain wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis |
Goldman 1937[30] | A dark colored wolf measuring 135–150 cm in length, and weighing 27–36 kg[14] | Arizona and New Mexico | |||||||||||
†Texas wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis |
Goldman 1937[30] | Similar in size and color to C. lupus mogollonensis[14] | Texas and New Mexico | niger (Bartram, 1791)[40] | ||||||||||
Great Plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus |
Say 1823 | Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Single wolves have been reported in the Dakotas and as far south as Nebraska | variabilis (Wied-Neuwied, 1841)[41] labradorius, irremotus, youngi (Goldman, 1937) | |||||||||||
Northwestern wolf Canis lupus occidentalis |
Richardson 1829 | Western Canada | sticte (Richardson, 1829), ater (Richardson, 1829),[42] alces (Goldman, 1941), ater (Richardson, 1829), mackenzii (Anderson, 1943 (1908), pambasileus (Elliot, 1905), sticte (Richardson, 1829), tundrarum (Miller, 1912) | |||||||||||
Greenland wolf Canis lupus orion |
Pocock 1935 | Greenland | Yukon wolf Canis lupus pambasileus |
Elliot 1905 | Alaska and Yukon | Alaskan tundra wolf Canis lupus tundrarum |
Miller 1912 | Has heavier dentition than pambasileus | Alaska | |||||
†Southern Rocky Mountains wolf Canis lupus youngi |
Goldman 1937[30] | A medium-size wolf that weighed around 90 lbs on average.[43][44] It is considered to have been the "second largest wolf in the United States".[45] The coloring of the subspecies tended toward black, with lighter areas on the edges of its fur and white in various small patches.[30] | Southern Rocky Mountains |
Disputed subspecies and species
Two subspecies not mentioned in the list above are the Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). The wolves of the Italian and Iberian peninsulas have morphologically distinct features from other Eurasian wolves and each are considered by their researchers to represent their own subspecies.[46][47][48]
The genetic distinction of the Italian wolf subspecies was recently supported by analysis which consistently assigned all the wolf genotypes of a sample in Italy to a single group. This population also showed a unique mitochondrial DNA control-region haplotype, the absence of private alleles and lower heterozygosity at microsatellite loci, as compared to other wolf populations.[49]
Recent genetic research suggests that the Indian wolf populations in the Indian subcontinent may represent a distinct species from their conspecifics. Similar results were obtained for the Himalayan wolf, which is traditionally placed under the Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco).[50]
The red wolf is listed above, despite being considered a distinct species by many other authorities, including the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the main government authority of red wolves.[51] Some studies have concluded that red wolves, along with eastern wolves, evolved in North America between 150,000 and 300,000 years ago independent from gray wolves in Eurasia.[52] The eastern wolf is also considered a distinct species by the USFWS.[51] However, this clasification is still controversial and a review stated that it was "not well-supported by best available science."[53]
As of 2005, the African wolf is listed as a subspecies of the golden jackal by the third and current edition of Mammal Species of the World.[54] Later, research made in the early 2010s disputed this, as mtDNA of wolf-like canids in various locations in northern, western, and eastern Africa more closely resemble those of gray wolves than golden jackals.[55][56]
See also
References
- ^ Template:IUCN2011.1
- ^ The Living Age, published by Littell, Son and Co., 1851
- ^ a b Richardson, J., Swainson, W., Kirby, W. (1829) Fauna Boreali-americana, Or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions, Under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. J. Murray, London book preview
- ^ Hutchinson's animals of all countries: the living animals of the world in picture and story. Volume I. 1923. p. 384.
- ^ a b Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches by Theodore Roosevelt - Full Text Free Book (Part 3/3)
- ^ The Natural History of Dogs: Canidæ Or Genus Canis of Authors. Including Also the Genera Hyæna and Proteles by Charles Hamilton Smith, contributor William Home Lizars, Samuel Highley, W. Curry, Junr. & Co, Published by W.H. Lizars, ... S. Highley, ... London; and W. Curry, jun. and Co. Dublin., 1839
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Canis lupus lupus Linnaeus, 1758". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b c d e f Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Canis lupus albus Kerr, 1792". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b c d e The Encyclopedia of Vanished Species by David Day, Universe Books ltd. 1981. ISBN 0-947889-30-2
- ^ "Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ "Canis lupus arctos Pocock, 1935". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ "White wolf of the North", World Wide Fund for Nature
- ^ "Arctic wolf", Toronto Zoo
- ^ "Canis lupus baileyi Nelson and Goldman, 1929". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b "Green Fire" Returns to the Southwest: Reintroduction of the Mexican Wolf- Author(s): David R. Parsons. Source: Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 4, Commemorative Issue Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of "A Sand County Almanac" and the Legacy of Aldo Leopold (Winter, 1998), pp. 799–807. Published by: Allen Press
- ^ "Bernard, P. and J.", The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals by Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins and Michael Grayson, JHU Press, 2009, Pg. 40
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2 by R. I. Pocock, printed by Taylor and Francis, 1941
- ^ Walker, Brett L. (2005). The Lost Wolves Of Japan. p. 331. ISBN 0-295-98492-9.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Preliminary Investigations of the Vancouver Island Wolf", Wolves of the world: perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation by Fred H. Harrington and Paul C. Paquet, William Andrew, 1982, Pg. 54
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Wolves of North America", E. A. Goldman, Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Feb., 1937), pp. 37–45 Cite error: The named reference "Goldman" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Canis lupus irremotus Goldman, 1937". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Nelson King (2007). "Wolves in Yellowstone: A Short History". Yellowstone Insider.
- ^ B. J. Verts & Leslie N. Carraway (1998). "Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758". Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. pp. 360–363. ISBN 978-0-520-21199-5.
- ^ "Wolf in Newfoundland probably made it to island on ice, experts say". The Telegram. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ "Genetic Retesting of DNA Confirms Second Wolf on Island of Newfoundland". Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Letters to the Editor" - The Idaho Statesman
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- ^ The wolf in Spain
- ^ Canis lupus italicus
- ^ J. Vos: Food habits and livestock depredation of two Iberian wolf packs (Canis lupus signatus) in the north of Portugal. Journal of Zoology (2000), 251: 457-462 Cambridge University Press. online abstract
- ^ V. LUCCHINI, A. GALOV and E. RANDI Evidence of genetic distinction and long-term population decline in wolves (Canis lupus) in the Italian Apennines. Molecular Ecology (2004) 13, 523–536. abstract online
- ^ R. K. Aggarwal, T. Kivisild, J. Ramadevi, L. Singh: Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Volume 45 Issue 2 Page 163-172, May 2007 online
- ^ a b Chambers, Steven M.; Fain, Steven R.; Fazio, Bud; Amaral, Michael (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001.
- ^ "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (12): 2156–2166. December 2000. doi:10.1139/z00-158.
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- ^ Gaubert P, Bloch C, Benyacoub S, Abdelhamid A, Pagani P; et al. (2012). "Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide". PLoS ONE. 7 (8): e42740. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Gaubert P, Bloch C, Benyacoub S, Abdelhamid A, Pagani P; et al. (2012). "Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide". PLoS ONE. 7 (8): e42740. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740.
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