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24-hour urine collection
24-hour urine collection (Twenty-four hour urine collection) is a simple diagnostic procedure that measures the components of urine. The test is noninvasive (the skin is not pierced), and is used to assess kidney (renal) function.[1]
Twenty-four hour urine collection is performed by collecting a person's urine in a special container over a 24-hour period. The container must be kept cool during this time until it is returned to the lab for analysis.[1] [2]
Facts about urine [1]
Urine consists of water and dissolved chemicals, such as sodium, potassium, urea (formed from protein breakdown), and creatinine (formed from muscle breakdown), along with other chemical compounds. Normally, urine contains specific amounts of these waste products. If these amounts are not within a normal range, or if other substances are present, it may be an indication of a particular disease or condition. The results of a 24-hour urine collection may provide information to help make or confirm a diagnosis.[1]
- Adults pass about a quart and a half of urine each day, depending on the fluids and foods consumed.
- The volume of urine formed at night is about half that formed in the daytime.
- Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts, and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Reasons for the 24-hour urine collection
Twenty-four hour urine collection is a quick, simple diagnostic test that helps to diagnose problems with the kidneys. It is commonly performed to determine how much creatinine clears through the kidneys, but may also be used to measure protein, hormones, minerals, and other chemical compounds. Creatinine clearance testing provides information about kidney function.[1]
There may be other reasons to recommend 24-hour urine collection.[1]
Related procedures
Twenty-four hour urine collection may be performed along with other diagnostic procedures, such as cystometry and cystography.[1]
Related procedures that may be used to diagnose kidney disease include kidney ultrasound, kidney scan, kidney biopsy, and renal arteriogram.[1]
Risks of the 24-hour urine collection [1]
Twenty-four hour urine collection is a safe, noninvasive procedure that is usually done without direct assistance.
Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a 24-hour urine collection. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Forgetting to collect some of urine
- Going beyond the 24-hour collection period and collecting excess urine
- Losing urine from specimen container through spilling
- Not keeping urine cold during collection period
- Acute stress
- Vigorous exercise
There may be other risks depending on patient's specific medical condition.
24-hour urine collection instruction [3]
- On day 1, urinate into the toilet when you get up in the morning.
- Afterward, collect all urine in a special container for the next 24 hours.
- On day 2, urinate into the container when you get up in the morning.
- Cap the container. Keep it in the refrigerator or a cool place during the collection period.
- Label the container with your name, the date, the time of completion, and return it as instructed.
24-hour urine collection for an infant
For an infant, the procedure may take a couple of attempts -- lively infants can move the urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end), causing the urine to be absorbed by the diaper. The infant should be checked frequently and the bag changed after the infant has urinated into the bag. The urine should be drained from the bag into the container provided by health care provider. [3]
? Gareth Bale's incredible goal against Barcelona on YouTube
Gareth Bale's incredible goal against Barcelona on YouTube
Marathons
If Cynthia Lucero had crossed the finish line of the 2002 Boston Marathon, it is possible only friends and family would have remembered her triumph. (...) collapsed just four miles from her destination, her life - and her death - took on a greater meaning for marathoners and spectators alike. [http://www.remembercynthia.com/Allston_4_17_03.htm
Siegel took blood samples from 80 Boston Marathon runners before and after the race. The morning after, he found elevated levels of inflammatory and clotting factors in the runners' blood. Based on this finding, Siegel recommends all marathoners take one blood-thinning aspirin the day before the race to reduce the risk of clots. [http://www.remembercynthia.com/ChicagoSunTimes.htm Gatorade [http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2002/Fluid-Cited-in-Marathoner-s-Death/id-424edce6ed89d8adcb14d4d97c0448a3
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Tomasz Wróblewski (journalist)
Tomasz Wróblewski | |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 May 1959 |
| Nationality | Polish |
Tomasz Wróblewski (b. 5 May 1959) is a Polish journalist. Red in chief of Newsweek Polska (2001–2004, 2005–2006), Dziennik Gazeta Prawna (2010–2011), Rzeczpospolita, (2011–2012).
Tomasz Wróblewski (ur. 5 maja 1959 w Warszawie) – polski dziennikarz i publicysta. Redaktor naczelny tygodnika „Newsweek Polska” (2001–2004, 2005–2006), magazynu „Profit”, „Dziennika Gazety Prawnej” (2010–2011), dziennika „Rzeczpospolita” (2011–2012).
Wróblewski worked for many years at Polityka,[1] which he left in 1982, and for the Trójka radio station.[2] After the end of the Martial law in Poland, he was editor of Gazeta Bankowa[citation needed]. He returned to Polityka in 1996[citation needed].
Wróblewski retired in 2004.
References
- ^ Andrzej Krzysztof Wróblewski. Dzienniki znalezione przez bezpiekę. Warsaw, 2008.
- ^ Historia Trójki rok po roku
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