English diaspora
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 100 million worldwide | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() (67.1% of England identified themselves with an English identity)[1] | |
![]() | 25,927,345 – 49,598,035[2][3] |
![]() | 7,238,500 c[4] |
![]() | 6,570,015 b[5] |
![]() | 44,202 – 281,895[6] |
Languages | |
English | |
Religion | |
![]() |
The English diaspora consists of English people and their descendants who emigrated from England. The diaspora is concentrated in countries such as United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other parts of the Anglosphere, and to a lesser extent, continental Europe.
Origins of the English Empire
The first organized large-scale English diaspora began when English Catholics exiled themselves from Henry VIII's religious policies to Hapsburg lands, especially the nearest Catholic intellectual center, the university of Louvain which was by the late 1540's a bastion of ultra-orthodoxy. This was redoubled by a further wave of emigration under Edward VI's more radically Protestant regime.[7]
Age of Discovery
After the Age of Discovery the peoples of the England were among the earliest and by far the largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century saw an extraordinary dispersion of English people, with particular concentrations in North America and Australasia.[8]
The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",[9] who left Great Britain, later the United Kingdom, and reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents.[8] As a result of the British colonisation of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British", but in the Federation of Australia the British experienced a birth rate higher than anything seen before, resulting in the displacement of indigenous Australians.[8]
Americas
Argeintina
English settlers arrived in Buenos Aires in 1806 (then a Spanish colony) in small numbers, mostly as businessmen, when Argentina was an emerging nation and the settlers were welcomed for the stability they brought to commercial life. As the 19th century progressed more English families arrived, and many bought land to develop the potential of the Argentine pampas for the large-scale growing of crops. The English founded banks, developed the export trade in crops and animal products and imported the luxuries that the growing Argentine middle classes sought.[10]
As well as those who went to Argentina as industrialists and major landowners, others went as railway engineers, civil engineers and to work in banking and commerce.[11] Others went to become whalers, missionaries and simply to seek out a future. English families sent second and younger sons, or what were described as the black sheep of the family, to Argentina to make their fortunes in cattle and wheat. English settlers introduced football to Argentina.[12] Some English families owned sugar plantations.[11]
English culture, or a version of it as perceived from outside, had a noted effect on the culture of Argentina, mainly in the middle classes. In 1888 local Anglo-Argentines established the Hurlingham Club, based on its namesake in London. The city of Hurlingham, Buenos Aires and Hurlingham Partido in Buenos Aires Province later grew up around the club and took their names from it. The Córdoba Athletic Club, one of the oldest sports clubs in Argentina, was founded in 1882 by English men that lived in Córdoba working in the railroads.
Brazil
Colonial-era economic influences and the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance led to the settlement of English merchants and others in Brazil. After Brazilian independence, Britain was Brazil's main commercial partner; Britain financed part of the Brazil's industrialization, building railroads, including the São Paulo Railway (SPR).
In the 1920 Republican Census, there were 9,637 "Englishmen" in Brazil (probably, all British citizens were counted as "Englishmen"). The states with the majority of English origin were:
- São Paulo (2,198),
- Federal District - which was the Rio de Janeiro city - (2,057),
- Minas Gerais (1,709), and
- Pernambuco (1,123).[13]
Brazilian cities settled by the English during the same period, include:
Canada
In the 2006 Canadian Census, 'English' was the most common ethnic origin (ethnic origin refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the respondent's ancestors belong[15]) recorded by respondents; 6,570,015 people described themselves as wholly or partly English, 16% of the population.[16] On the other hand, people identifying as Canadian but not English may have previously identified as English before the option of identifying as Canadian was available.[17]
United States
English heritage in the United States 1700-2010[18][19][20][21][22][23] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Ancestry | Population | Percent |
1700 | English & Welsh | 80.0% | |
1755 | English & Welsh | 52.0% | |
1775 | English | 48.7% | |
1790 | English | 1,900,000 | 60.9% |
1980 | English | 49,598,035 | 26.34% |
1990 | English | 32,651,788 | 13.1% |
2000 | English | 24,515,138 | 8.7% |
2010 | English | 27,657,961 | 7.7% |
Estimates and official Census figures. |
English Immigration began in the 1500's. Sir Walter Raleigh led expeditions to North America in order to found new settlements and find gold and named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh sent several shiploads of colonists to the 'New World', who settled on Roanoke Island. It was here that Eleanor White Dare gave birth to a daughter, Virginia Dare, the first child born of English parents in America. The first immigrants mysteriously disappeared and Roanoke was given the nickname of "the Lost Colony".
English settlement in America recommenced with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport,[24] who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.[25] In 1630 another religious group left England in search of religious freedom. This group was called the Puritans who represented the next wave of English Immigration to America. The 'Great Migration' between 1620 and 1640 to America led to the establishment of the first 13 Colonies. It is estimated that over 50,000 undertook the 3000 mile journey to America during the Great Migration.
The overwhelming majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America were of English extraction, including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, James Madison[26] and Thomas Jefferson.
In the 2013 American Community Survey, English Americans were (7.7%) of the total United States population behind the German Americans at (14.6%) and Irish Americans at (10.5%).[27]However, demographers regard this as a serious undercount, as the index of inconsistency is high, and many, if not most, people from English stock have a tendency (since the introduction of a new 'American' category in the 2000 census) to identify as simply Americans[28][29][30][31] or if of mixed European ancestry, identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.[32] In the 1980 United States Census, over 49 million (49,598,035) Americans claimed English ancestry, at the time around 26.34% of the total population and largest reported group which, even today, would make them the largest ethnic group in the United States.[33][34] Six out of the ten most common surnames in the United States are of English origin, the other four are of Welsh and Spanish origin.[35] Scotch-Irish Americans are descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English (specifically: County Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland and Westmorland) settlers who colonized Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century.
Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.[36]
Asia-Pacific
Australia
![](/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg/250px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg.png)
Australia's capital Sydney was founded by the British government as a penal colony. Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation Sydney residents, other than the disappearing Aborigines, were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850.[37] Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England.
Australians of English descent, are both the single largest ethnic group in Australia and the largest 'ancestry' identity in the Australian Census.[38] In the 2011 census, 7.2 million or 36.1% of respondents identified as "English" or a combination including English, such as English-Australian. The census also documented 910,000 residents of Australia as being born in England.[39][40] English Australians have more often come from the south than the north of England.[41]
New Zealand
See also
References
- ^ The 2011 England and Wales census reports that in England and Wales 32.4 million people associated themselves with an English identity alone and 37.6 million identified themselves with an English identity either on its own or combined with other identities, being 57.7% and 67.1% respectively of the population of England and Wales.
- ^ 2010 ACS Ancestry estimates
- ^ US Census 1980
- ^ (Ancestry) The 2011 Australian Census reports 7,238,500 people of English ancestry.
- ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2006 Canadian Census gives 1,367,125 respondents stating their ethnic origin as English as a single response, and 5,202,890 including multiple responses, giving a combined total of 6,570,015.
- ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2006 New Zealand census reports 44,202 people (based on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census used a different question to both the 1991 and the 2001 censuses, which had "a tendency for respondents to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural affiliation)" and reported 281,895 people with English origins; See also the figures for 'New Zealand European'.
- ^ Locating the English Diaspora, 1500-2010 By Tanja Bueltmann, David T. Gleeson, Donald M. MacRaild(Page 17).
- ^ a b c Ember et al 2004, p. 47 .
- ^ Marshall 2001, p. 254 .
- ^ "Emigration of Scots, English and Welsh-speaking people to Argentina in the nineteenth century". British Settlers in Argentina—studies in 19th and 20th century emigration. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Anglicans in Argentina". Iglesia Anglicana Argentina. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
- ^ Kuper, Simon (25 February 2002). "The conflict lives on". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
- ^ Recenseamento do Brazil. Realizado em 1 de Setembro de 1920. População (1a parte). População do Brazil por Estados, municipios e districtos, segundo o sexo, o estado civil e a nacionalidade. (1926) – pages 312 to 317
- ^ Recenseamento do Brazil. Realizado em 1 de Setembro de 1920. População (1a parte). População do Brazil por Estados, municipios e districtos, segundo o sexo, o estado civil e a nacionalidade. (1926)
- ^ Ethnic Origin Statistics Canada
- ^ Staff. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data, Statistics Canada, 2006.
- ^ According to Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census, (p.7) "...the presence of the Canadian example has led to an increase in Canadian being reported and has had an impact on the counts of other groups, especially for French, English, Irish and Scottish. People who previously reported these origins in the census had the tendency to now report Canadian."
- ^ The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People By Paul Boyer
- ^ "Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ "U.S. Federal Census :: United States Federal Census :: US Federal Census". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ From many strands: ethnic and racial groups in contemporary América By Stanley Lieberson, Mary C. Waters
- ^ The dynamics of American ethnic, religious, and racial group life. By Philip Perlmutter
- ^ "Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ English Emigration
- ^ "Newport, Christopher". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ [1][dead link ]
- ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
- ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
- ^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
- ^ Data on selected ancestry groups.
- ^ 1980 United States Census
- ^ Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000
- ^ From many strands: ethnic and racial groups in contemporary América by Stanley Lieberson
- ^ "Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.
- ^ "Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ "Australia 2011 census demographic breakdown table, Bloomberg.com".
- ^ 2006 Census QuickStats : Australia. censusdata.abs.gov.au
- ^ J. Jupp, The English in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 103