Pokémon
Pokémon (ポケモン, Pokemon, IPA /'poʊ.kɛ.mɑn/, although frequently, and even intentionally mispronounced /poʊ.ki.'mæn/), is a multi-billion dollar media franchise[1] controlled by video game giant Nintendo, and created by Satoshi Tajiri at least by 1995 (it celebrated its tenth anniversary on February 27, 2006, although the franchise was copyrighted in the USA as Pokémon by 1995). The original Game Boy video games have since been merchandised into anime, manga, trading cards, toys, books and other media. The name, Pokémon (ポケモン), is the French romanized contraction of the Japanese brand, “Pocket Monsters” (ポケットモンスター, Poketto Monsutā), as such contractions are very common in Japan. Nintendo originally literally translated Poketto Monsutā -- indeed, a "Pocket Monsters" game was created in early 1995. A lawsuit by the makers of Monster in My Pocket[1] (whose video games had originally been released on Nintendo[2]) caused Nintendo to rebrand the franchise as "Pokémon" in early 1996. The game’s catchphrase, in the English language versions of the franchise, used to be “Gotta catch ’em all!”, although it is now no longer officially used (except by Hasbro and in the title sequence to Pokémon Chronicles).
![[2]](http://www.tomheroes.com/images/Monster%20in%20My%20Pocket.jpg){kind=link}
The concept of the Pokémon saga stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime in Japan, and one which Pokémon's creator Satoshi Tajiri had enjoyed as a child. Tajiri’s formula took off in Japan and was adapted (and translated) in 1998 for the American market, with the release of Pokémon Red and Blue. These games allowed players to catch, collect, and train hundreds of creatures, known as Pokémon; and battle them against each other to build their strength. These Pokémon could then “evolve” into more powerful Pokémon and learn new and stronger techniques. Pokémon never bleed or die in battle, only faint - this was a very touchy subject to Tajiri, as he didn’t want to further fill the gaming world with "pointless violence".[2]
Pokémon is also the collective name for all of the fictional species within the Pokémon universe. To date, the franchise has a grand total of Template:Pokenum unique species that lie at the heart of the series, a figure which has grown substantially from the 151 monsters in the original Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue games. The word Pokémon remains unchanged whether referring to the singular or plural (as is the case with deer or moose), and the same applies to each species name.
In December 2005, 4Kids Entertainment, which had managed the non-game related licensing of Pokémon, announced that it has agreed not to renew the Pokémon representation agreement. Pokémon USA Inc., a subsidiary of Japan's Pokémon Co., now oversees all Pokémon licensing outside of Asia.[3]
Generations
The original Pokémon games were Japanese RPGs with an element of strategy, and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy. These role-playing games, and their sequels, remakes and English language translations, are still considered the "main" Pokémon games, and the games which most fans of the series are referring to when they use the term "Pokémon games". These games have sold over 100 million copies to date. Accumulative sold units (including home console versions) reach 143 million copies.[4] This makes it the second biggest-selling games franchise ever, after Nintendo’s Mario series.
All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by The Pokémon Company are divided roughly by generation. There have been three generations, defined by the Pokémon which appear therein, and a fourth is in development. Each of these generations has been first introduced in a pair of Pokémon video games for the Game Boy or its successors (including the Nintendo DS), beginning (in most countries) with Pokémon Red and Blue and their remake, Pokémon Yellow followed by Pokémon Gold and Pokémon Silver and their remake, Pokémon Crystal, which were later released. Then came Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, followed Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, the remakes of the first generation games, and Pokémon Emerald, the remake of the third generation. The fourth generation games are yet unreleased. Each generation introduces a slew of new Pokémon and a handful of new general concepts.
These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; a handful of Pokémon from a subsequent generation appear in the anime, manga, or trading card game before the main Game Boy games which demarcate the generation are released, but the anime, manga, and even (of late) the card game divides itself into sagas or generations by the same scheme as the games.
First generation
This first generation started with Pokémon Red and Blue. The first generation introduced the original 151 Pokémon (Bulbasaur to Mew), as well as the basic concepts of trading and battling Pokémon. In Japan, the first generation included Pokémon Red, Green, and later Blue (with changes to the artwork and dungeon layout), while other regions started with Red and Blue (both featuring the updated elements), but never got a Green.
This generation was completed by the game Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition, loosely based on the anime, in which the player started with a Pikachu who refused to go into its Poké Ball and instead followed the player’s character around. By turning around to face the Pikachu, players could get an approximate notion of how much their Pikachu “liked” them. This and other elements of Pokémon Yellow were similar to the anime. It also altered the progress of the game to more accurately reflect trainers and Pokémon seen in the animé, including the addition of Jessie and James, who are well-known members of Team Rocket to the storyline. Jessie and James bring along their signature Pokémon (Koffing, Ekans, and Meowth). Koffing and Ekans evolve later on, but Meowth does not.
These versions of the games revolved around the Kanto region, though it was not known as such until the second generation. This generation also introduced the idea of a rival trainer whom the player faced a number of times, as well as a team of evil Pokémon trainers.
These games were compatible with the N64 game Pokémon Stadium and its sequel, Pokémon Stadium 2. Remakes of the first two games, called Pokémon FireRed and Pokémon LeafGreen, were released in the third “Advance” generation.
Second generation
Beginning with Pokémon Gold and Silver, this second generation introduced the next one hundred Pokémon (Chikorita to Celebi) and the new region of Johto. Innovations included use of the Game Boy Color’s IR port for receiving a “Mystery Gift” item, a day and night system (see below), and the concept of plants which actively grew and bore Berries (items with special healing properties) and Apricorns (for creating custom Poké Balls - items used to capture and store Pokémon). In these games, the protagonist could also customise his bedroom and breed Pokémon. Breeding is the only way to obtain baby Pokémon (a new class of Pokémon). Also, two new types of Pokémon, the Steel and Dark types were introduced. Even the Pokémon themselves had some different properties, most notably being assigned genders. Previously, the only Pokémon to be specifically gendered was Nidoran, which has unusually high level of dimorphism. Another notable, though minor change, is that NPCs were given names in addition to their basic title.
The games also featured a new tool, the Pokégear, a device which served as a mobile phone, a radio, a map and a watch. The mobile phone function was used to communicate with in-game NPCs for conversation or a potential battle. The radio station chosen would influence the rate at which wild Pokémon could be found. There was also one station announcing which Pokémon could be found and where. The watch included the time and day of the week and the protagonist’s mother can change it from Standard (Winter) Time to Daylight Savings (Summer) Time (and vice versa). Knowing the time was important because different Pokémon appeared or evolved at different times of day, and some events revolved around the time and the day of the week. The sun would shine from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m., and the rest of the time it would be night.
This generation of the games was completed by Pokémon Crystal, which was most notably the only GBC-exclusive Pokémon RPG and the first which allowed the player to choose the protagonist’s gender. It was also the first to feature Pokémon animations (the Pokémon would do its animation when encountered or sent out) and on-screen text to announce when the protagonist entered a new location. Crystal version also featured a slight alteration of the encounter with the three Legendary Pokémon, in which the player would eventually encounter Suicune and be able to catch it. However, the other two still had to be found in the normal way (random wild encounters).
These games were compatible with Pokémon Stadium 2.
Third generation
Starting over by hearkening back to Red and Blue, Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire added another 135 Pokémon from the Hoenn region, as well as Pokémon natures (25 distinct Pokémon personality types), 76 Pokémon abilities (always-on special innate abilities), Pokéblocks and Pokémon Contests, and two-on-two Pokémon battles. However, this generation saw the loss of the overt night and day system and the calendar, although the time mechanic did exist to the extent that a clock appeared and that certain Pokémon would only evolve into certain Pokémon at specific times of the day or night. These versions also introduced the ability to grow berries in certain places, each which had set lengths of time for their flowering, and the ability to make “Secret Bases” in trees or caves in which dolls, tables, chairs, plants, and other objects could be placed.
These new Pokémon have been the subject of criticism, due to the fact that many are too similar to earlier creatures (such as the Beautifly and Dustox family) or do not resemble "animals" as others do (such as Regirock, Regice, Registeel and Mawile).
The third game in this series was Pokémon Emerald, which updated the PokéNAV’s Trainers Eyes feature for a return to the mobile phone system of the previous generation (but modified, allowing players to contact Pokémon Gym Leaders for rematches, but no longer allowing them to remove NPC trainers). Emerald version also saw a return of the Pokémon battle dance when encountering an enemy Pokémon. These 3 versions all appeared on the Game Boy Advance.
This generation was rounded out on handhelds by Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen for the GBA, enhanced remakes of the first two Pokémon games, including a playable female character (based on concept art for a playable female the original designers considered but were unable to implement), new items and regions, move tutors, and all the features of the 2nd and 3rd generations, excluding the day/night system and (except in Japan) e-reader compatibility. FireRed and LeafGreen also shipped with the GBA wireless adapter for wireless battles and trading.
All five GBA games are compatible with the storage program Pokémon Box: Ruby & Sapphire for Nintendo GameCube, and also with Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness. The first Pokémon RPGs for home consoles, these titles introduced the desert country of Orre, as well as corrupted shadow Pokémon, and “Snagging”, the ability to steal/rescue them from their trainers and eventually “purify” them.
Unlike games in the second generation, third generation games cannot trade with previous games in the series, due to hardware limitations. This initially resulted in many Pokémon becoming unavailable, a situation rectified by the release of Pokémon Colosseum, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, and Pokémon Emerald. Pokémon such as Celebi and Mew, only obtained from Nintendo directly, had to be handed out again as well.
Fourth generation
The fourth generation is stated to be introduced in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for the Nintendo DS. Leading up to the games' release are a couple of side games, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon and Pokémon Ranger, which are currently out for the DS in Japan since autumn of 2005 and early 2006 respectively, and are slated to be released in North America in the autumn. A handful of new Pokémon from this generation have made cameo appearances in the seventh and eighth Pokémon movies (Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys and Lucario and the Mystery of Mew, respectively), as well as Pokémon XD and the aforementioned side games. The evil organization is called Team Galaxy. Recently, four additional new Pokémon (which will make appearances in the ninth movie, Pokémon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea: Manaphy) have been revealed by CoroCoro magazine and the Official Movie Website. As for Diamond and Pearl, the day and night system makes a return, with two new times (sunset and late-night), and genders are even more different, with slightly edited sprites depending on gender (female Butterfree have an extra black marking on their lower wings, female Wooper have shorter antennae than males, and female Scizor have larger abdomens compared to their male counterparts).[6] They are also to be compatible with the Advance Generation and are set for release in Japan on Sept. 28, 2006.
Spin-offs
The series has also diversified into various spin-offs, such as pinball games, virtual pets, simulated photography, and racing. A handful of these spinoffs are remade in subsequent “generations”; for example, Pokémon Pinball: Ruby and Sapphire is very similar to Pokémon Pinball but with newer Pokémon, and Pokémon Stadium 2 is largely identical to Pokémon Stadium but for the compatibility with Pokémon Gold and Silver. Pokémon Dash is a Pokémon-based racing game for the Nintendo DS, featuring a Pokémon from the fourth generation, Munchlax. The most recent game to be released was Pokémon Trozei (also known as Pokémon Link!) for the Nintendo DS. It came out on March 6, 2006.
On the Wii
Nintendo produced a demo for Wii (exclusively for gaming news outlets such as GameSpot and IGN) known as “Big Pokémon Hunter”, wherein the goal was to zoom with the controller and find different Pokémon in a Where’s Waldo?-esque scenario. The review of this demo is currently available at among many other sites.[7] Nintendo President Satoru Iwata confirmed, on June 7, that the Wii installment in the Pokémon franchise will be sub-titled Pokémon Battle Revolution. This game will feature online chat provided by the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. It is expected to debut a few months after the release of DS installments, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl.[8]
Game mechanics
The original Pokémon games were Japanese RPGs with an element of strategy, and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy. These role-playing games (and their sequels, remakes and English language translations) are still considered the "main" Pokémon games, and the games which most fans of the series are referring to when they use the term "Pokémon games". These games have sold over 100 million copies to date. Accumulative sold units (including home console versions) reach 143 million copies.[9] This makes it the second biggest-selling games franchise ever, after Nintendo’s Mario series.
The first games in the series were Pokémon Red and Blue (Red and Green in Japan, followed by a Blue, and a special edition Yellow version). These games were nearly identical, save for the fact that each version had a select group of Pokémon that the other version did not. The ultimate goal of these games was to catch at least one member of all the 151 different species of Pokémon, though the 151st could only be caught in-game in the Japanese version, or through a glitch in all versions, and to do so, players had to trade for Pokémon not available in the version they had. While battling monsters is nothing new to RPGs, many players found themselves nearly addicted to finding, fighting, and capturing every Pokémon in the game. Another, perhaps easier, goal was to finish the game’s storyline by becoming the Pokémon League Champion. A few Pokémon, like Mewtwo, could only be caught after doing so. This was done by collecting eight gym badges by beating the eight gym leaders and then defeating the Elite Four, and the Champion.
Starter Pokémon
One of the consistent aspects of most Pokémon games—spanning from Pokémon Red and Blue on the Nintendo Game Boy to the un-released Nintendo DS game, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl — is the choice of three different Pokémon at the start of the player's adventures; these three are often labelled Starter Pokémon. Players can choose a Water-type, a Fire-type,[10] or a Grass-type Pokémon indigenous to that particular region; an exception to this rule is Pokémon Yellow (a remake of the original games that follows the story of the Pokémon anime), where players are given a Pikachu, an Electric-type mouse, famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise.[11] The starter Pokémon in Diamond and Pearl are called Naetle, Hikozaru, and Pochama.
Pokédex
The Pokédex is a fictional electronic device featured in the popular Pokémon video game and anime series. In the games, whenever a Pokémon is first captured, its data will be added to a player's Pokédex, but in the anime or manga, the Pokédex is a comprehensive electronic reference encyclopedia, usually referred to in order to deliver exposition. Of the fictional Pokémon world, Pokédex is used to refer to a list of Pokémon, usually a list of Pokémon by number.
In the video games, a Pokémon Trainer is issued a blank device at the start of their journey. A trainer must then attempt to fill the Pokédex by encountering and at least briefly obtaining (by capture, trading, or evolution) each of the various different species of Pokémon. A player will receive the name and image of a Pokémon after encountering one that was not previously in the Pokédex. More detailed information is typically available after the player obtains a member of the species, either through capturing Pokémon, evolving Pokémon, or through a trade. This detailed information includes height, weight, species type, and a short description of the Pokémon.
Appearances in Super Smash Bros.
Two of the most popular Pokémon, Pikachu and Jigglypuff, were picked to appear as two of the 12 characters in Nintendo’s fighter game Super Smash Bros.,[12] which was released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64. Pikachu appeared as an initially available character while Jigglypuff was an unlockable one. The pair returned in the 2001 GameCube sequel, Super Smash Bros. Melee. They kept their positions, Pikachu was still an initial character while Jigglypuff was still an unlockable character, but two new Pokémon also appeared, joining Jigglypuff as unlockable characters: Mewtwo and Pichu.[13]
In both games, many different Pokémon can be used in a match by throwing the Pokéball item. A randomly-chosen Pokémon is released from the Pokéball, using one of its attacks to affect other players.
In Super Smash Bros. Melee, the player can collect many different trophies of a variety of characters from numerous Nintendo games, including several Pokémon characters.[14] Nintendo has also announced that a version of Super Smash Bros. will appear on their forthcoming Wii console, Super Smash Bros. Brawl. The only Pokémon character that has been explicitly confirmed so far is Pikachu.[15]
In other media
Anime series
The Pokémon anime series and films are a set of adventures separate from most other versions of Pokémon, featuring Ash Ketchum as the main character, and following his quest to become a Pokémon Master – though what constitutes a Master is somewhat ambiguous. He and his companions travel around the Pokémon world battling other Pokémon trainers.
The first, and the most familiar, is Pocket Monsters or simply Pokémon (often referred to as Pokémon: Gotta Catch Em All to distinguish it from the later series), which details the adventures of Ash Ketchum as he travels through Kanto, the Orange Islands, and Johto on a quest to become the greatest Pokémon Master of all time. This series is based on the first and second generation games. Accompanying Ash on his journeys were Brock, the Pewter City Gym Leader; Misty, the youngest of the Gym Leaders sisters from Cerulean City; and later on, Tracey Sketchit, an artist and “Pokémon watcher” who accompanied them in the Orange Islands in the second saga. In the original series Ash’s main rival was another trainer from Pallet Town, Gary Oak. Gary (whose grandfather was none other than Professor Oak, the man in charge of giving new trainers their first Pokémon) was well known and accompanied by a squad of cheerleaders. The names of Ash and Gary were derived from the characters’ Japanese names, Satoshi and Shigeru. These names, in turn, were taken from the two people who produced the franchise - Pokémon creator Satoshi Tajiri and gaming legend Shigeru Miyamoto, who helped Tajiri to launch the series.
The saga continues into Pocket Monsters Advanced Generation (in Japan) where Ash and company travel to Hoenn, a southern region in the Pokémon World. Ash catches a Snorunt, a Treecko, and a Taillow, all of which evolve: Snorunt into Glalie, Treecko into Grovyle and finally Sceptile, and Taillow into Swellow. Ash also captures a Corphish and a Torkoal. Ash takes on the role of a teacher and mentor for a novice Pokémon trainer in this series named May. Her brother Max accompanies them, and though he isn’t a trainer, he knows massive amounts of handy information. Brock (from the original series) soon catches up with Ash, but Misty has returned to Cerulean City to tend to her duties as a gym leader. This series is based on the third generation games.
Afterward, Ash returns to his home region of Kanto and visits the Battle Frontier while May competes in Kanto Contests. Misty joins them for a part of the journey, on the way to Cerulean City. This part of the series is loosely based upon Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen, and Emerald.
Trading Card Game
The Pokémon Trading Card Game is a collectible card game similar in goal to a Pokémon battle in the video game series; players must use cards (with individual strengths and weaknesses) in an attempt to defeat their opponent by "knocking out" all of his cards.[16] The game was first published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999.[17]
However, with the release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Boy Advance video games, Nintendo USA took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves.[17] The Expedition expansion introduced the Pokémon-e Trading Card Game, the cards in which (for the most part) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of EX FireRed & LeafGreen. In 1998, Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan. It was also released in the US and Europe in 2000. This game included digital versions cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansion (Jungle and Fossil), but also included several cards exclusive to the game. A sequel to this game exists, but was not released outside of Japan.
Cultural Influence
A live action show called Pokémon Live! toured the United States in late 2000. It was based on the popular Pokémon anime, but had some continuity errors relating to it. In late 2002, it was scheduled to tour Europe, but was canceled for unknown reasons, possibly due to lack of interest.
Pokémon, being a popular franchise, has undoubtedly left its mark on pop-culture. The Pokémon characters themselves have become pop-culture icons; examples include the Pikachu balloon at a Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, a Pokémon-styled Boeing 747-400 (pictured), thousands of merchandise items, a theme park in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and Taipei in 2006. Pokémon also appeared on the cover of Time Magazine in 1999. The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling-Ling which is a direct parody of Pikachu. Several other shows such as ReBoot, The Simpsons and South Park have made references to Pokémon, among other series because they think it's stupid.
Controversy and criticism
Racism
This original design of the Pokémon Jynx (seen to the left) bore a striking, but possibly coincidental, resemblance to entertainers in blackface. A strong case can be made for Jynx being a parody of or homage to the Japanese Ganguro and Yamanba fashion trends, which were extremely popular when Pokémon was first released, but it can't be denied that blackface-influenced characters have appeared elsewhere in anime and manga - examples can be found near the beginning of Osamu Tezuka's early graphic novel, Metropolis and also can be found with Dragonball Z's Mr. Popo
As Pokémon became more popular in the US, this perceived similarity to a racist image from America's past offended some. In particular, it had offended children's book author Carole Boston Weatherford, who accused Jynx of being a racist stereotype in an article titled Politically Incorrect Pokémon in the magazine Black World Today, shortly after the anime episode Holiday Hi-Jynx aired. Episodes later on are also either banned or cut in USA. (see anime)
In response to this controversy, in 2002, Nintendo changed Jynx's face from black to purple and its hands from blue to purple in Pokémon games, a change which would be reflected in the anime three years later in Advanced Generation.
Animal cruelty
Some have compared the primary mechanism of Pokémon to the generally-outlawed practice of cockfighting. Seen from this point of view, the game consists primarily of Pokémon trainers capturing and bartering in wild animals, coercing them to fight one another. It also sees various performance-enhancing drugs to give them an edge in the fight. Some people believe that this may encourage children towards acts of animal cruelty and illegal gambling.[18]
However, most fans view Pokémon battling as a friendly competition between two teams of Pokémon and their trainers. Seen in this light, Pokémon are not being coerced to battle by their trainers. There are references to some Pokémon being territorial (e.g. Pidgeotto[19]), but it is vastly different to the aggressively territorial nature of roosters, who will maim the 'enemy' rooster until it or the other dies. Furthermore, trainers do not relish the idea of allowing two animals (or in this case Pokémon) to fight to the death, while they merely view from the edge of the ‘ring’. In both the games and the television show, the audience is taught that fighting is not necessarily a means to an end. In additon to all of the above, Pokémon do not actually die from battle; they either faint or are in other ways unable to battle.
Health
On December 16, 1997, 685 Japanese children were admitted to hospital with convulsive epileptic seizures. It was determined that the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon, "Dennō Senshi Porygon", or "Computer Soldier Porygon" (known as Electric Soldier Porygon in the United States, season 1, episode 43) and subsequently this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly-alternating blue and red color patterns. It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if they haven’t had any previous history of epilepsy. As a consequence, many video game makers (including Nintendo) added warning labels to their video game products (or made pre-existing labels more prominent), warning that exposure to video games may trigger seizures in individuals vulnerable to photosensitive epilepsy. The incident was also parodied by the Simpsons. In the episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" (Season 10 - Episode 20) Marge, Bart, and Lisa are seen having seizures after watching a show called "Battling Seizure Robots". Homer then enters the room and assuming it is a game, proceeds to roll around on the floor in a similar fashion.[20]
Americanization
Both critics and fans of the Pokémon franchise have criticized the apparent Americanization of the franchise, claiming that American companies use Pokémon as a tool to exploit children of their (or their parents’) money. [21] 4Kids Entertainment faced criticism for apparently Americanizing its translated Japanese anime programs. Several episodes were edited or removed from the American run completely for potential objectional content including "Beauty and the Beach" which was severely cut in America due to the portrayal of a male character with breasts. There is one episode, "Shaking Island Battle! Barboach VS Whiscash!!" which has never been shown anywhere in the world. This is due to one of the Pokemon using "earthquake" attack during the episode and it was deemed to be in poor taste to air it on its original airdate which was shortly after the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake/tsunami disaster. For some reason, when the series reached this episode in America, this episode was again skipped. [22]
See also
References
- Books
- Tobin, Joseph, ed. Pikachu’s Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press., February, 2004. ISBN 0822332876.
- Notes
- ^ “Pokemon (sic) Franchise Approaches 150 Million Games Sold”, PR Newswire. URL accessed on April 19, 2006.
- ^ “The Ultimate Game Freak: Interview with Satoshi Tajiri”, TimeAsia (Waybacked).
- ^ "Pokemon USA Moves Licensing In-House", Gamasutra.
- ^ "Nintendo reveal sales figures" Palgn.com. URL Accessed May 24, 2006.
- ^ MacDonald, Mark; Brokaw, Brian; Arnold; J. Douglas; Elies, Mark. Pokémon Trainer's Guide. Sandwich Islands Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0439154049. (pg73)
- ^ thepikaclub.com. New Pokémon information thepikaclub.com.. URL Accessed July 21, 2006.
- ^ “Nintendo Revolution Controller Demo Showcase” Gamesport.com. URL Accessed May 5, 2006.
- ^ "Cubed3 Pokémon Battle Revolution Confirmed for Wii" Cubed3.com. URL Accessed June 7, 2006.
- ^ "Nintendo reveal sales figures" Palgn.com. URL Accessed May 24, 2006.
- ^ Pokémon Ruby review (page 1) Gamespy.com. URL Accessed May 30, 2006.
- ^ Pokémon Yellow Critical Review Ign.com. URL accessed on March 27, 2006.
- ^ Super Smash Bros. Product Information Amazon.co.uk URL Accessed April 19, 2006.
- ^ Super Smash Bros. Melee Unlockable character guide Nintendo.com. URL Accessed April 19, 2006.
- ^ “Guides:Super Smash Bros. Melee,” IGN.com. URL accessed on December 29, 2005.
- ^ Super Smash Bros. Brawl screenshot gallery Ign.com. URL Accessed May 11, 2006.
- ^ Pokémon Trading Card Game "How to play" guide Pokemon-tcg.com. URL Accessed July 3, 2006.
- ^ a b Pokemon Trading Card Game News; "Pokémon Ruby & Sapphire TCG Releases" Wizards.com. URL Accessed July 3, 2006.
- ^ “Pokémon: The First Movie Parental Review”, Screen It!. URL last accessed April 21, 2006.
- ^ “Pidgeotto Pokédex information”, DLTK-Kids. URL last accessed April 21, 2006.
- ^ "Color Changes in TV Cartoons Cause Seizures", ScienceDaily (Waybacked, Style Sheet(s) missing).
- ^ "Pokémon Crystal Player Reviews". gamefaqs.com. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ “Censorship in the Pokémon Anime”, Psypoke. URL Accessed April 19, 2006.
External links
- Websites
- Pokémon Japan
- Pokémon TCG Game
- Pokémon.com
- Pokémon Games
- Pokémon PokéPark, to be in Taipei, Taiwan in 2006.
- Books
- Pikachu’s Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon Tobin, Joseph, ed.