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Drug cartel

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A drug cartel is any criminal organization developed with the primary purpose of promoting and controlling drug trafficking operations. They range from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises. The term was applied[when?] when the largest trafficking organizations reached an agreement to coordinate the production and distribution of cocaine. Since that agreement was broken up,[vague][when?] drug cartels are no longer[when?] actually cartels, but the term stuck and it is now[when?] popularly used to refer to any criminal narcotics related organization, such as those in Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Mexico, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The basic structure of a drug cartel is as follows:

  • Falcons (Spanish: Halcones): Considered the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are responsible for supervising and reporting the activities of the police, the military, and rival groups.[1]
  • Hitmen (Spanish: Sicarios): The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, extortions, operating protection rackets, and defending their plaza (turf) from rival groups and the military.[2][3]
  • Lieutenants (Spanish: Lugartenientes): The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile executions without permission from their bosses.[4]
  • Drug lords (Spanish: Capos): The highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, and planning high-profile executions.[5]

It is worth noting that there are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers,[6] although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with the financiers and money launderers.[7][8][9] In addition, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle,[10] and are technically not considered part of the cartel’s logistics.

Africa

Asia

Afghanistan

China

Golden Triangle

Japan

Caribbean

Haiti

Jamaica

Eurasia

Russia

Europe

France

Ireland

Italy

  • Basilischi Mafia[14]
  • Remo Lecce Libera,[17]

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Other organized crime groups based in Europe

Middle East

Israel

North America

Mexico

The Mérida Initiative, a U.S. Counter-Narcotics Assistance to Mexico

Mexican cartels (also known in Mexico as: La Mafia (the mafia or the mob), La Maña (the skill / the bad manners),[21] Narcotraficantes (Narco-Traffickers), or simply as Narcos) is a generic term that usually refers to several, usually rival, criminal organizations involved in the Mexican Drug War:[22]

Beltrán-Leyva Cartel

(Formerly part of the Sinaloa Cartel federation, later independent) (Disbanded)

  • Cártel del Centro[23] (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Mexico City) (Disbanded)
  • Cártel Independiente de Acapulco[24] (Splinter from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel)
  • El Comando Del Diablo (gang)[25] (Hitman squad of la Baredora)[26] (Disbanded)
  • La Barredora (gang)[27]
  • La Mano Con Ojos (gang)[28] (small cell of Beltran-Leyva members in the State of Mexico) (Disbanded)
  • La Nueva Administración[29] (Splintered from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel) (Disbanded)
  • La Oficina (gang)[30] (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Aguascalientes) (Disbanded)
  • Los Negros (Beltran-Leyva enforcement squad) (Disbanded)
  • South Pacific Cartel (branch of the Beltran Leyva Cartel in Morelos)[31][32][33]

Gulf Cartel

Juárez Cartel

Several other are lesser-known small-criminal organizations:

Milenio Cartel

(First loyal to the Sinaloa Cartel federation, later independent) (Disbanded)

Sinaloa Cartel

Tijuana Cartel

  • Oaxaca Cartel (Was a branch of the Disbanded Tijuana Cartel, its regional leader was captured in 2007)

Anti-crime organizations

Other organizations involved (or have been involved) in the drug trade in Mexico. It is worth mentioning, however, that this does not necessarily apply to the whole institutions mentioned below, just a selected few within it:

United States

Map of violent crime per 100,000 people in the USA by state in 2004

The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[64] and other illegal drugs.[65][66][67][68] This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:

Anti-crime organizations

Other American organizations involved (or that have been involved) in drug trade or traffic. It is worth mentioning, however, that this does not apply for the whole of the institutions mentioned below, just a selected few within them:

Central America

South America

Brazil

Brazilian cartels such as:

Colombia

Until 2011 Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer,[75] however with a strong anti-narcotic strategy in 2012 the country achieved a great decrease in cocaine production and fell to the third position, behind Peru and Bolivia.[76]

The current main actors in the drug trade are:

Historical actors in the drug trade were:

Other parts of the world

References

  1. ^ "Va Marina por 'halcones del crimen organizado". Blog del Narco. 21 April 2011.
  2. ^ Bowden, Charles (Feb 6, 2011). "El sicario, un documental proscrito en México (1)".
  3. ^ Bowden, Charles F (Feb 6, 2011). "El sicario, un documental proscrito en México (2)".
  4. ^ "Ejército detiene a lugarteniente del cártel del Golfo". El Universal. 2 June 2009.
  5. ^ "DATOS - Principales capos de la droga en México". International Business Times. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  6. ^ "Uncovering the link between the Mexican drug cartels" (PDF). National Defense University: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.
  7. ^ "Las 5 caras del lavado de dinero". CNNExpansión. 8 June 2010.
  8. ^ "Cae "El Adal" operador financiero de los Zetas". TV Milenio. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Cae "El Míchel" operador financiero de Los Zetas en Aguascalientes". Tele Diario. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  10. ^ "Entrevista a el Mamito, presunto fundador de los Zetas". CNN Videos. Jul 6, 2011.
  11. ^ Glenny, Misha (2009) McMafia , Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-9512-3
  12. ^ Salinger, Lawrence (2005) Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime: A - I, Volume 1 SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-3004-3
  13. ^ Powell, Bill (8 February 2007). "Warlord or Druglord?". TIME.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  14. ^ La Sort, Mike. "Basilischi: The Fifth Mafia". AmericanMafia.com.
  15. ^ Paolocci, Tiziana (July 28, 2007). "Scacco matto ai Casamonica: sei in manette e tre denunciati". Il Giornale.it.
  16. ^ "Criminal Organisations in Southern Continental Italy". Rivista di intelligence e di cultura professionale.
  17. ^ "Mafia Italiana". Colegio Nuestra Señora de Merced.
  18. ^ Barozzi, Maurizio. "La "strategia della tensione"" (PDF). Federazione Nazionale Combattenti Repubblica Sociale Italiana.
  19. ^ Castori, Fabio (Fermo, 6 novembre 2008). "Associazione mafiosa, rivivono le 'imprese' della cupola foggiana". Il Resto del Carlino. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "Police cite significant achievements against major crime families". Haaretz.com. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Controla 'La Maña' a Reynosa, Tamaulipas". Terra Noticias. 2 March 2009.
  22. ^ Guerrero Gutiérrez, Eduardo. "At the root of the violence" (PDF). Nexos. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  23. ^ Romero, Óscar Romero (2011-07-22). "Presuntos narcos revelan red policial de protección". Milenio Noticias.
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  26. ^ Edward Fox. "Splinter Gangs Wage War in Acapulco: The Future of Mexico's Conflict". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
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  28. ^ "¿Quienes son "La Mano Con Ojos"". Mundo Narco.
  29. ^ "Narcos de Morelos se pelean por el DF". Milenio Noticias (online). 2010-10-15.
  30. ^ "Capturan a varios integrantes del grupo La Oficina". Blog del Narco. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  31. ^ "El Universal - - Arresto de El Ponchis exhibe vacos legales". 23 June 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  32. ^ "Child Assassin named "El Ponchis"Arrested By Mexican Army!! - In Flex We Trust". In Flex We Trust. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  33. ^ "Alleged U.S teen cartel assassin arrested - Stun Gun Savior Self Defense Blog". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  34. ^ "La Resistencia y Jalisco Nueva Generación". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  35. ^ La Familia Michoacana
  36. ^ Carlos Rosales Mendoza
  37. ^ a b "Los Aztecas fueron los asesinos; en EU y México hay 5 mil". La Razón.
  38. ^ "Aparece el Cártel de La Calle en Chiapas". Blog del Narco. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  39. ^ "Se presenta el Cártel de la Sierra en Guerrero con seis ejecutados". La Crónica. 2010-07-27.
  40. ^ Cacho, Lydia. "La otra historia de 'La Barbie'". Zócalo Saltillo.
  41. ^ Otero, Sylvia (20 August 2003). "Surge nuevo 'narcoperfil'". El Universal.
  42. ^ Cruz, Juan Manuel (Martes 05 de julio de 2011). "Caen seis presuntos integrantes de Los Mexicles". El Universal. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ Cobos González, Carmen (Miércoles, 14 de Mayo de 2003). "Desmantela Ejército banda de Los Texas". PRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA • MÉXICO. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ "Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación va contra todos". Blog Del Narco.
  45. ^ "La Resistencia, nueva organización delictiva en Guadalajara". Mundo Narco.
  46. ^ "Caen cuatro sicarios de los "Artistas asesinos" en Chihuahua". El Economista. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  47. ^ a b http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200708.grayson.mexicodrugcartels.html
  48. ^ Castillo, Mariano (May 18, 2007). "'Gente Nueva' enter border drug wars" (PDF). Laredo Morning Times.
  49. ^ "Caen tres por crimen de Policía Municipal". Mundo Narco.
  50. ^ Pedraza, Iván (2011-02-02). "Investiga PGR a policías federales relacionados con el narco en Sonora". Milenio Televisión.
  51. ^ "Detienen en Colima a 36 policías estatales por vínculos con el narco". Periodico Realidad BCS. 2011-02-16.
  52. ^ "Ejército ha procesado a 142 soldados por nexos con el narco". Animal Politico. 06/09/2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ "Sedena procesa a 13 militares por nexos con el narco". La Policiaca.
  54. ^ Otero, Silvia (2010-03-20). "En prisión, 40 militares por nexos con el narco". El Universal.
  55. ^ "Investigan a 20 militares por nexos con narco". El Siglo de Torreón. Retrieved 10/03/2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  56. ^ "Detienen a marino por nexos con narco". El Universal. 28 May 2010.
  57. ^ "Detienen a marino por nexos con el narco". El Economista. 27 Mayo, 2010 - 18:34. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ Otero, Silvia (2008-05-28). "En la mira, la tropa aduanal del narco". El Universal.
  59. ^ Morales, Alberto (06/04/2011). "Le hallaron 88 armas a Jorge Hank Rhon". El Universal. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ "Los 'Xolos' y Shakira, preocupación en Tijuana tras detención de Hank Rhon". CNN México. Domingo, 05 de junio de 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ^ a b c d e Juan García Ábrego
  62. ^ a b "EU arrestó a 127 agentes aduanales corrompidos por narco mexicanos". Mundo Narco. 06/09/2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ a b "Detienen a agente aduanal por narco". El Mañana/El Universal. Domingo, 29 de Julio de 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  65. ^ "U.S. Leads the World in Illegal Drug Use". CBS News. 1 July 2008.
  66. ^ "U.S. drug habit keeps Mexican war boiling - US news - Crime & courts - NBC News". msnbc.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  67. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hovUpnhllEsX9vClXt86VxCmwo1A?hl=en
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  72. ^ "Members of Texas Syndicate gang arrested, drugs taken off streets". KVUE News. February 8, 2011.
  73. ^ Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
  74. ^ ATF gunwalking scandal
  75. ^ Heather Walsh. "Gold Eclipses Cocaine as Rebels Tap Colombian Mining Wealth". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  76. ^ "Colombia no longer top cocaine producer". usatoday.com. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  77. ^ "Colombia's BACRIM: Common Criminals or Actors in Armed Conflict?". insightcrime.org. Retrieved 18 February 2014.

Further reading

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