Pupilla
| Pupilla Temporal range:
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| A right side view of a live Pupilla muscorum | |
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| Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm | |
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| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura |
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| Genus: | Pupilla |
Pupilla is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pupillidae.
Shells of Pupilla species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the Oligocene until the Holocene period.[2]
Distribution
This genus occurs in Europe, northern Africa and North America.[3]
Species
Pupilla has several subgenera.[citation needed] Species within the genus Pupilla include:
subgenus Pupilla
- Pupilla bigranata (Rossmässler 1839)[3]
- Pupilla blandi E. S. Morse, 1865 - Rocky Mountain column
- Pupilla hebes (Ancey 1881) - crestless column
- Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)[3] - widespread column - type species
- Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871)[3]
- Pupilla triplicata (Studer, 1820)[3]
subgenus Gibbulinopsis
subgenus ?
- Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837)[3]
- Pupilla annandalei Pilsbry[4]
- Pupilla calacharicus (Boettger, 1886)
- Pupilla ficulnea (Tate, 1894)[5]
- Pupilla fontana (Krauss, 1848)
- Pupilla khunjerabica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
- Pupilla loessica Ložek, 1954[6]
- Pupilla obliquicosta Smith, 1892 - extinct[7]
- Pupilla paraturcmenica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
- Pupilla pupula[8]
- Pupilla satparanica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
- Pupilla signata (Mousson)[4]
- Pupilla sonorana (Sterki, 1899) - three-tooth column
- Pupilla sterrii (Forster & Voith, 1840)[3]
- Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry, 1890) - top-heavy column
- Pupilla tetrodus (Boettger, 1870)
- Pupilla turcmenica (O. Boettger)[4]
- Pupilla ziaratana Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
References
- ^ Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).
- ^ Template:Cs icon Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.
- ^ Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
- ^ Template:Cs icon Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.
- ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
- ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.