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Canadian federal election, 2015
← 2011 October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19) 43rd →
338 seats in the House of Commons of Canada
170 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout68.5%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Justin Trudeau Stephen Harper Tom Mulcair
Party Liberal Conservative New Democratic
Leader since April 14, 2013 March 20, 2004 March 24, 2012
Leader's seat Papineau Calgary Heritage Outremont
Last election 34 seats, 18.91% 166 seats, 39.62% 103 seats, 30.63%
Seats before 36 159 95
Seats won 184 99 44
Seat change Increase148 Decrease60 Decrease51
Popular vote 6,930,136 5,600,496 3,461,262
Percentage 39.47% 31.89% 19.71%
Swing Increase20.56pp Decrease7.73pp Decrease10.92pp
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Gilles Duceppe Elizabeth May
Party Bloc Québécois Green
Leader since June 10, 2015 August 27, 2006
Leader's seat Ran in Laurier—Sainte-Marie (lost) Saanich—Gulf Islands
Last election 4 seats, 6.04% 1 seat, 3.91%
Seats before 2 2
Seats won 10 1
Seat change Increase8 Decrease1
Popular vote 818,652 605,864
Percentage 4.66% 3.45%
Swing Decrease1.38pp Decrease0.46pp
Popular vote by province, with graphs indicating the number of seats won. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote by province but instead via results by each riding.
Prime Minister before election

Stephen Harper
Conservative

Prime Minister-designate

Justin Trudeau
Liberal

The Canadian federal election, 2015 (formally the 42nd general election) was held on October 19, 2015 to elect members to the House of Commons of the Canadian parliament.

The writ of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4. The ensuing campaign spanned 78 days from the dissolution of Parliament to the election, one of the longest campaigns in Canadian history. This was also the first time since the 1979 election that a Prime Minister attempted to win a fourth consecutive term in power.

The Liberal Party led by Justin Trudeau won 184 seats, allowing them to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the Prime Minister-designate of Canada.[1] The Conservative Party led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper won 99 seats, becoming the Official Opposition after nine years in Government. The New Democratic Party led by Thomas Mulcair won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons after having formed the Official Opposition following the 2011 election.[2] Minor parties won 11 seats: the Bloc Québécois won 10 seats and the Green Party won 1 seat.

The Liberal Party's increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. The Liberals' success came at the expense of 60 seats from the Conservative Party and 51 seats from the New Democratic Party, and was the largest total number of seats won by a single party since the 1984 election. Prior to the election, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any federal party that won the following election. The Liberals also became the first federal party in Canadian history to win a majority government without being either the Government or the Official Opposition in the previous Parliament, and this was only the second time a party went from having the third most number of seats to the most number seats (the first being in 1925).

Every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in their popular vote share. Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party.

Background

See also: Timeline of the Canadian federal election, 2015 and 41st Canadian Parliament

The 2011 federal election resulted in the continuation of the incumbent Conservative government headed by Stephen Harper, while the New Democratic Party (NDP) became Official Opposition and the Liberal Party became the third party. The Bloc Québécois won four seats and the Green Party won one seat. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff and Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe resigned shortly after failing to win their own ridings. The Bloc Québécois lost official party status by failing to attain the minimum seats needed (12). Bob Rae was chosen as interim leader of the Liberal Party. In July 2011 Jack Layton, suffering from cancer, temporarily stepped down as leader of the NDP because of his illness, indicating his intention to return to the job for the reconvening of Parliament in September. Weeks later Layton died of cancer and was given a state funeral. In March 2012 Tom Mulcair was elected leader of the New Democratic Party. In April 2013 Justin Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party. Bloc Québécois leader Daniel Paillé stepped down in December 2013 and was eventually replaced in June 2014 by Mario Beaulieu, who in turn was later replaced in June 2015[3] by Duceppe. In late 2014, MPs Jean-François Larose of the NDP and Jean-François Fortin of the Bloc formed the new political party Strength in Democracy.

As set forth in the Fair Representation Act,[4] the number of seats in the House of Commons to be contested in the 42nd Canadian federal election was 338, an increase of 30 seats from the 308 seats comprising the House of Commons of Canada of the 41st Parliament of Canada, at its dissolution.[5]

Prime Minister Stephen Harper requested writs of election for a federal general election from Governor General David Johnston on August 2. The official proclamations were issued on August 4.[6] The date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date Canada Elections Act.[7] At 11 weeks, the campaign was the longest in modern Canadian history.[8]

As a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, the number of electoral districts was increased to 338, with additional seats based on population assigned to Alberta (6), British Columbia (6), Ontario (15), and Quebec (3).

Contestants

Main article: Results by riding of the Canadian federal election, 2015

Marginal seats

Based on the transposition of votes from the 2011 election to the new ridings created under the 2012 redistribution, the following seats had a margin of victory of less than 5 percentage points in that election:

First- and second-place finishes of such seats are grouped as follows:

Marginal seats: ranked by 1st and 2nd place
Party in 1st place Party in 2nd place Total
Conservative NDP Liberal Bloc
Conservative 6 12 18
New Democratic 12 5 17
Liberal 8 5 13
Bloc Québécois 3 3
Total 20 14 17 51

Broken down by province:

Marginal seats – analysis by province/territory
Party in 1st place BC MB NL NS ON PE QC SK YK Total
Conservative 2 3 2 9 1 1 18
New Democratic 6 1 1 3 5 1 17
Liberal 1 2 6 1 3 13
Bloc Québécois 3 3
Total 9 4 2 3 18 1 12 1 1 51

Campaign slogans

Party English French Translation of French (unofficial)
Conservative Party "Proven leadership for a strong Canada."[9]
"Proven leadership for a Safer Canada/Stronger Economy"[10]
"Protect our Economy"[11] 		« Un leadership qui a fait ses preuves pour une économie plus forte » "Proven leadership for a stronger economy"
New Democratic Party "Ready for Change."[12] « Ensemble pour le changement » "Together for change"
Liberal Party "Real Change."[13] « Changer ensemble » "Change together"
Bloc Québécois — « Des gains pour le Québec »[14]
« On a tout à gagner » 		"Gains for Quebec"
"We have everything to win"
Green Party "A Canada That Works. Together."[15] « Prendre l'avenir en main » "Take the future in hand"
Strength in Democracy "Empowering our regions, uniting our strengths."[16] « Allier les forces de nos régions » "Combine the strengths of our regions"

Opinion polls

Main articles: Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2015 and Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2015 by constituency

Evolution of voting intentions during the campaign leading up to the 2015 Canadian federal election to be held on October 19, 2015. Points represent results of individual polls.

Controversies

Party Description
Conservative
  • August 7, 2015: Hochelaga candidate Augustin Ali Kitoko was removed as a candidate after sharing a Facebook photo album from New Democrat leader Thomas Mulcair.[17]
  • August 21, 2015: Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie candidate Gilles Guibord was no longer a candidate after a number of online comments on Le Journal de Montréal were uncovered, including blaming First Nations for not integrating into European culture, claiming the French, not the Mohawks, have ancestral rights to Quebec, and speaking about man's "authority over women."[18]
  • August 24, 2015: Ahuntsic-Cartierville candidate Wiliam Moughrabi deleted his Facebook account after violent and sexist posts were discovered.[19]
  • August 25, 2015: Joliette candidate Soheil Eid apologized after comparing New Democrat leader Thomas Mulcair's statements regarding the Energy East pipeline project to Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels by quoting "Mentez mentez, il en restera toujours quelque chose" ("Lie lie and something will always remain").[20]
  • September 6, 2015: Scarborough—Rouge Park candidate Jerry Bance was dropped from the party after a video from CBC's Marketplace surfaced showing an appliance repairman named Jerry urinating into a mug in a client's kitchen. It was later discovered that it was Jerry Bance.[21] It became a popular meme on Twitter as #peegate[22]
  • September 7, 2015: Toronto—Danforth candidate Tim Dutaud was forced to resign his candidacy after it was discovered he was YouTube user UniCaller, who has uploaded videos of himself pretending to orgasm while on the phone with female customer service representatives, and mocking people with mental disabilities.[23]
  • September 8, 2015: Bay of Quinte Conservative Electoral District Association board member Sue MacDonell was fired after she posted on Facebook that Cree woman and newly crowned Mrs. Universe Ashley Callingbull-Burnham was a "monster" and a "smug entitled Liberal pet."[17]
  • September 15, 2015: Bonavista—Burin—Trinity candidate Blair Dale was removed from his candidacy after racist and sexist online comments surfaced, including saying that abortion should not be an option for "irresponsible" people.[24]
  • October 1, 2015: Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook candidate Robert Strickland was lambasted after Facebook remarks made by Strickland (or a staffer) told a young voter to "gain some experience in life" before engaging in political discussions.[25]
  • October 1, 2015: St. Catharines incumbent Rick Dykstra was alleged to have purchased six Cîroc vodka bottles for underage girls at a local nightclub and then had his campaign offer bribes in exchange for their silence, a charge Dykstra denies.[26]
  • October 6, 2015: Mississauga—Malton candidate Jagdish Grewal was dropped from the party after an editoral by Grewal was printed in the Punjabi Post titled "Is it wrong for a homosexual to become a normal person?" in which he defended gay-conversion therapy to return gay youths to their "normal" heterosexuality. He remained on the ballot.[27]
NDP
  • August 10, 2015: Kings—Hants candidate Morgan Wheeldon resigned his candidacy after a Facebook comment surfaced where he is accused of saying Israel intended to "ethnically cleanse the region."[28]
  • September 8, 2015: Shawn Dearn, Thomas Mulcair's director of communications apologized after tweets came to light criticizing the Catholic church, including stating that the "misogynist, homophobic, child-molesting Catholic church" is no moral authority, and used an expletive to refer to Pope Benedict XVI after the pope denounced Britain's gay equality rights.[29]
  • September 20, 2015: NDP Leader Tom Mulcair was forced to apologize for using the term "Newfie" in a derogatory fashion as a synonym for "stupid" during a heated exchange in the Quebec legislature in 1996.[30]
  • September 21, 2015: Winnipeg Centre MP Pat Martin, apologized for offensive language, Martin called Green party candidate Don Woodstock a “son of a bitch” during a candidates debate the previous week. In a Huffington Post article Martin was quoted as saying Liberal candidate Robert-Falcon Ouellette is a “political slut” because he had considered running for different political parties before running for the Liberals.[31][32]
  • September 22, 2015: Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas candidate Alex Johnstone apologized for Facebook comments from seven years ago, where she commented on photos of the Auschwitz concentration camp with "Ahhh, the infamous Pollish [sic], phallic, hydro posts." She claimed to not know that the picture was of the infamous concentration camp.[33]
  • September 24, 2015: Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley candidate Stefan Johansson was asked to step down as candidate after social media posts from three years ago emerged where he compared the Haredim sect of Judaism to the Taliban and other extremists.[34]
  • October 7, 2015: Brampton East Candidate Harbaljit Singh Kahlon who once told a television programme same-sex marriage could lead to polygamy and public nudity, is offering an apology and says he no longer holds those views.[35]
Liberal
  • August 18, 2015: Calgary Nose Hill candidate Ala Buzreba stepped down as candidate after offensive Twitter tweets from several years ago were uncovered, including "Go blow your brains out you waste of sperm" and "Your mother should have used that coat hanger."[36]
  • September 10, 2015: South Surrey—White Rock candidate Joy Davies resigned her candidacy after Facebook comments surfaced where she suggested that marijuana reduced family violence, that growing marijuana in a home poses no harm to children, and that the Canadian Cancer Society was "another outlet for big pharma."[37]
  • September 10, 2015: Peace River—Westlock candidate Chris Brown apologized for offensive tweets he made in December 2009, during a bout of alcoholism after the death of his wife.[38]
  • September 16, 2015: Sturgeon River—Parkland candidate Chris Austin had his candidacy removed because of views that "are irreconcilable with the values" of the Liberals, including saying Stephen Harper "has turned our Nation's Capital into a War Zone as his thirst for War" in the aftermath of the Parliament Hill shootings, and suggesting that the RCMP are the "Canadian Gestapo"[39]
  • September 28, 2015: Cowichan—Malahat—Langford candidate Maria Manna resigned her candidacy after Facebook comments surfaced questioning the events of the September 11 attacks.[40]
  • September 30, 2015: Victoria candidate Cheryl Thomas resigned after past social media posts came to light, including referring to mosques as "brainwashing stations" and saying "the oppressed of the Warsaw ghettos and the concentration camps have become the oppressors." As the candidate deadline (September 28) had passed, her name will remain on the ballot.[41]
BQ
  • Late August 2015: Mégantic—L'Érable candidate Virginie Provost was embarrassed after a survey asking what she would need in the event of a nuclear attack was revealed. Her answer was that she would bring "her cellphone, a penis and chips."[17]
  • September 19, 2015: Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs candidate Chantal St-Onge apologized after sharing an anti-Islam Pegida post on Facebook.[17]

Election spending

Before the campaign, there were no limits to what a political party, candidate, or third party (corporations, unions, special interest groups, etc.) can spend: spending rules are only in force after the writs have been dropped and the campaign has begun. Because the election period is set longer than the standard 37-day election period, spending limits are increased in proportion to the length of the period.[42]

Party spending limits and actual spending, 2015 vs 2011
Type Spending limits 2015 2011[43]
2015[44] 2011 Conservative NDP Liberal Conservative NDP Liberal
Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount %
Political party $54,475,840[45] $21,025,793 $19,519,995 93% $20,372,231 97% $19,507,746 93%
Party candidates $73,611,590[46] $28,244,499 $19,655,136 70% $7,117,962 25% $14,517,363 41%
Total $128,087,430 $49,270,292 $39,175,131 80% $27,490,193 56% $34,025,109 69%
Candidates spending > 75% of limit 173 44 91
Candidates spending > 50% of limit 228 70 169

Reimbursements for political parties and candidates

Political parties receive a reimbursement for 50 per cent of their election expenses during the writ period. Similarly, electoral district associations receive a reimbursement of 60 per cent of their election expenses during the writ period. Both reimbursements are publicly funded.[47]

Fundraising

Elections Canada reports that during the financial quarter preceding the writ period, the Conservatives received $7.4 million in contributions, the NDP received $4.5 million, and the Liberals received $4.0 million.[48] The NDP had the most individual donors at 48,314, followed by the Conservatives at 45,532 and then the Liberals at 32,789.[48][49]

The New Democratic Party stated that it collected greater than $9 million in the third quarter of 2015, the most it ever received from donors, and greater than the quarterly record established by the Conservative Party in 2011.[50]

At the riding level, financial reports in each of the 338 constituencies showed that in Conservative electoral district associations ended 2014 with net assets totalling more than $19 million, Liberal riding associations reported a total of about $8 million in net assets, and NDP associations more than $4.4 million.[51]

Individuals are able to give up to $1,500 to each political party and an additional $1,500 to all the registered associations, nomination contestants and candidates of each registered party combined.[52]

Registered third parties

See also: Registered third parties (Canada)

A person or group must register as a third party immediately after incurring election advertising expenses totalling $500 or more.[53] There are strict limits on advertising expenses, and specific limits that can be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district. There are 11 registered third parties in the 2015 election.

Spending limits for registered third parties
2015 2011 Notes
$439,411 [54] $150,000 Election advertising expenses limit. Of that amount, no more than $8,788 can be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district.[54]

Leaders' debates

See also: Canadian leaders' debates

Traditionally, party leaders participated in at least two nationally televised debates during the federal election – at least one each in English and French. These debates were produced by a consortium of Canada's major television networks.[55] In May 2015, the Conservatives said they would not participate in the consortium debates and instead would take part in as many as five independently staged debates in the run-up to the fall federal election.[55] Ultimately, the Conservatives agreed to participate in a French-language debate organized by the consortium of broadcasters as one of their five debates.[56] The New Democratic Party confirmed that Tom Mulcair would accept every debate where the Prime Minister was present. The NDP had previously confirmed their intention to participate in both of the consortium debates before Stephen Harper withdrew[57][58] but ultimately only participated in the French language consortium debate which included the Conservatives.[56] Liberal leader Justin Trudeau attended the Maclean's, Globe and Mail, and French consortium debates; and the Liberals confirmed he would attend the other debates.[58][59][60][61][62] The Bloc Québécois attended the French language consortium debate and confirmed their attendance at the French-language TVA debate. The Green Party attended the Maclean's and French language consortium debates, and confirmed their intention to participate in the English language consortium debate.[58][61][63][64] Strength in Democracy, which has the same number of seats in the House of Commons as the Greens and Bloc Québécois, were not invited to participate in any of the televised debates. The leaders of the party objected to their exclusion and launched a petition demanding that all parties represented in Parliament be invited to the debates.[65] Other minor parties without representation in the House of Commons were not invited to participate in any of the televised debates.

Completed televised debates
Subject Participants Date Organizer Location Notes
General Conservatives; NDP; Liberals; Greens August 6[66] Rogers Media,[67]
(Maclean's, City)		 Toronto English language debate hosted by Maclean's magazine, moderated by political columnist Paul Wells. The debate included live translations into French, Italian, Mandarin, Cantonese and Punjabi. Aired live on City stations (English), CPAC (French), and Omni Television stations (all other languages); streamed live at the Maclean's website and all networks' websites, Facebook, and YouTube; and on Rogers Media news radio stations.[68]
Economy Conservatives; Liberals;[59][62] NDP[56] September 17[62] The Globe and Mail and Google Canada[69] Calgary English language debate on the Canadian economy hosted by The Globe and Mail, moderated by editor-in-chief David Walmsley The first half of the 90-minute debate covered five central themes on the economy: jobs, energy and the environment, infrastructure, housing and taxation. The second half consisted of follow-up questions and questions sent in by voters. Aired live nationwide on CPAC in both official languages with an additional English feed in Ontario on CHCH,[70] streamed live on The Globe and Mail’s website, and distributed on YouTube. Uninvited Green Party leader Elizabeth May answered questions on Twitter live during the debate at an event in Victoria, British Columbia.[71]
General Conservatives; NDP; Liberals; Greens; Bloc Québécois[56] September 24[56] Consortium (CBC/Radio-Canada, CTV, Global, Télé-Québec) and La Presse Montreal French language debate organized by the consortium of broadcasters and the Montreal newspaper La Presse, moderated by Ici RDI journalist Anne-Marie Dussault.[56][58][72] The debate included live translation into English. Aired live in French on Ici Radio-Canada Télé and Télé-Québec stations, and participant networks' websites; and in English on CBC News Network, CTV News Channel, and participant networks' websites.[64]
Foreign Policy Conservatives; NDP; Liberals[56] September 28[56] Aurea Foundation[73] and Facebook Canada[74] Toronto Bilingual[56] debate on Canada's foreign policy hosted as part of the foundation's regular Munk Debates,[60] moderated by Rudyard Griffiths.[75] The debate consisted of six 12-minute segments, with two leaders debating for the first seven minutes and the third leader brought in to the debate for the final five.[75] Aired on CPAC in both official languages with an additional English feed in Ontario on CHCH,[76] streamed live on the Munk Debates website, and distributed on Facebook.[74]
General Conservatives; NDP; Liberals; Bloc Québécois;[77] October 2[77] Quebecor Media (TVA) Montreal French language debate organized by private broadcaster TVA, moderated by TVA Nouvelles anchor Pierre Bruneau. The debate focused on three themes: the economy, national security and Canada’s place in the world, and social policies; the format consisted of six rounds rounds of four-minute debate between two leaders, with an open debate section at the end of each theme.[78] Aired live in French on TVA stations, Le Canal Nouvelles, and streamed on the TVA Nouvelles website;[78] Aired with simultaneous interpretation to English on CPAC.[79]

Endorsements

Main articles: Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2015 and Endorsements from individuals and organizations in the 2015 Canadian federal election

Results

Main article: Canadian federal election, 2015 result
A polling station on election day.
Party Votes Seats
Liberal 6,930,136
39.5%
 Increase 20.6%
184 / 338 (54%)
Conservative 5,600,496
31.9%
 Decrease 7.7%
99 / 338 (29%)
New Democratic 3,461,262
19.7%
 Decrease 10.9%
44 / 338 (13%)
Bloc Québécois 818,652
4.7%
 Decrease 1.2%
10 / 338 (3%)
Green 605,864
3.4%
 Decrease 0.5%
1 / 338 (0.3%)
Elections to the 42nd Parliament of Canada – seats won/lost by party, 2011–2015
Party 2011
(redist.) 		Gain from (loss to) 2015
Lib Con NDP BQ Grn
Liberal 36 96 51 1 184
Conservative 188 (96) (3) 99
New Democratic 109 (51) 3 (7) 44
Bloc Québécois 4 (1) 7 10
Green 1 1
Total 338 (148) 99 55 (6) 338

Reactions

 Iran – Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Marzieh Afkham told Press TV: "This country’s elections which was held yesterday is the reflection and result of the will and resolve of the Canadian people to distance themselves from the extremist policies. The Islamic Republic respects the vote and choice of the Canadian people."[80]

 United States of America – President Barack Obama congratulated Trudeau on the result in a telephone call. Trudeau told him that though Canada remains "a strong member of the coalition against ISIL" he would stick to a campaign promise of withdrawing Canadian aircraft from the United States-led intervention in Iraq. It also followed a parliamentary rejection of expansion of strikes into Syria (which the Liberals opposed).[81]

Analysis

Trudeau's Liberal's defeat of Harper's Conservatives were read as a defeat for Israel, as well as, separately, a boon for Russia. Canadian Bank of England (BOE) Governor Mark Carney was also mentioned in the outcome.

While a traditionally more neutral Canada had been viewed as Israel-friendly under Harper,[82][83] a change in government was read by the Israel as portending an alteration in the closeness of relations.[84] As such, the relative isolation of Israel in the preceding years as more countries, particularly Western European ones that recognised Palestine, was viewed as having taken another step backwards in such moves that followed the pressure of the boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement and the raising of the flag of Palestine at the United Nations' organs. The Times of Israel said before the election that Harper was "undoubtedly the world leader most supportive of Israel" and that Israel "was about to lose one of its best friends on the international stage... the Harper administration one Benjamin Netanyahu's dream team." It followed Harper's government's withdrawal of financial support for pro-Palestinian NGOs and UNRWA. Yet, despite media speculation, Trudeau mentioned in the pre-election debates that there was not much of a difference between both parties over relations with Israel. Trudeau has also spoken of the BDS movement as "an example of the new anti-Semitism in the world," similarly as Harper had mentioned. He told Canadian Jewish News: "I'm all for freedom of speech and expression in Canada, and we need to be sure we're defending that. But when Canadian university students are feeling unsafe on their way to classes because of BDS or Israel Apartheid Week, that just goes against Canadian values."[85]

In regards to relations with Russia following sanctions by Canada and counter-sanctions, the Vzglyad wrote that the election was a failure for Harper. In particular, it mentioned that during his tenure Canada was said to have obtained the status as one of the most "anti-Russian" countries in the world as on of the first states to impose sanctions, as well as visa restrictions. Director of the Canada Department at the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of US and Canadian Studies Vasily Sokolov said that the Conservatives' defeat wasa good sign for Russia. "The young leader of the Liberal Party is unlikely to bear any personal grudges against Russia. He is the son of Pierre Trudeau, who did a lot for Canada, particularly for the development of Canadian-USSR relations. With time this will happen. Contacts will become closer. From the Russian point of view, the Liberal Party's victory gives us certain hope."[86]

Bloomberg suggested that the defeat was also a blow to the BOE's Carney, who harboured hopes of running as the Liberal's leader at some point in the future. This was partly due to his attempt to shorten his eight-year tenure to five years. Peter Loewen, of the University of Toronto was quoted as saying: "The thing about Carney is, he’s genuinely publicly minded. If Justin Trudeau had flaked out, Carney’s chances of being Liberal leader would have been good, but that door has closed." While other suggestions were made he could take a position at the IMF instead, Carney has said: "I’m surprised that it would be suggested that taking one of the most challenging jobs in central banking in another country would viewed as politically advantageous in my home country. If I had political ambitions, I would pursue them in Canada, so I think this is revealed preference that I do not have political ambitions."[87]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Zurcher, Anthony (October 20, 2015). "Trudeau brings Liberals back on top". BBC News. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  2. ^ Woolf, Nicky (October 19, 2015). "Justin Trudeau set to become Canadian PM as Liberals sweep board in election". The Guardian. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  3. ^ "DUCEPPE, Gilles". House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  4. ^ "Fair Representation Act, S.C. 2011, c. 26". laws.justice.gc.ca. Queen's Printer for Canada. December 16, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  5. ^ "30 more MPs for rebalanced House of Commons". CBC.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 26, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  6. ^ "Proclamation Issuing Election Writs" (PDF). Canada Gazette Part II. 149. August 4, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  7. ^ "Amendment to Canada Elections Act". Queen's Printer for Canada. November 6, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  8. ^ "Canada election 2015: Stephen Harper confirms start of 11-week federal campaign". CBC News. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  9. ^ Conservative Party of Canada. "I Stand With Stephen Harper". I Stand With Stephen Harper. Retrieved August 5, 2015.[dead link‍]
  10. ^ "Long, but not boring". The Economist. August 8, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  11. ^ "Cover Photos". Offical facebook page of Conservative Party of Canada. September 13, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  12. ^ "Canada's NDP". Canada's NDP. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  13. ^ "Canada election 2015: Justin Trudeau takes his campaign to Stephen Harper's backyard". cbc.ca. August 4, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  14. ^ "Bloc Quebecois abandons sovereignty slogan". CTV News Montreal. August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  15. ^ "Green Party of Canada". greenparty.ca. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  16. ^ Strength in Democracy/Forces et Démocratie (June 26, 2015). "Strength in Democracy". Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d The Canadian Press (September 16, 2015). "List of candidates, party officials who have made headlines for various gaffes". CBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ "Gilles Guibord no longer Conservative candidate after internet comments surface". CBC News. August 21, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ Haydn Watters (August 25, 2015). "Tory candidate deletes Facebook page after violent and sexist posts come to light". CBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ The Canadian Press (August 26, 2015). "Quebec Tory candidate apologizes for trying to draw Nazi-NDP parallel". CBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ "Jerry Bance, Conservative caught peeing in mug, no longer candidate, party says". CBC News. September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Haydn Watters (September 7, 2015). "'Peegate' memes flood Twitter after Tory candidate caught urinating in mug". CBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ "Tim Dutaud 2nd Conservative candidate dropped over embarrassing videos". CBC News. September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ "Conservative candidate Blair Dale dropped after remarks about women, abortion surface". CBC News. September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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