User:Abtrahan/sandbox

Outline

Introduction:

In Public Administration theory there is three different common types of how to understand public administration. The three different theories are New Public Management Theory, Classical Public Administration Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory, these each are different perspectives of ways that an administrator practices public administration. Notable Public Administration Theorist such as Max Weber expressed the importance of values in the development of public administration theory. However, theory cannot simply be derived from  empirical observation of facts, it must be constructed using value judgements that direct our empirical  observations and then guide out interpretation of those observations. Values are essential for the construction of public administration theories because it takes into account the meaningful ethical principles and philosophies of a culture which ensure appropriate theory practice. Public Administration theories are put into practice or considered through a few distinct strategies: Parallel, Transfer, or Collaboration also known as the theory-gap practice. This practice is used to transfer knowledge between practitioners and scholars.

Types of Public Administration Theory

Public Administration Theory recently has been divide into three branches. The three branches are, New Public Management Theory, Classical Public Administration Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. Each of these three branches study Public Administration from a different perspective. These types of theories are some of the ways which an administrator can understand and exercise their duties as a public administrator.

New Public Management Theory:

New Public Management asset of administrative practices,a consulting fad, and a body of theory that interprets recent developments in public administration. Many scholars argue persuasively that scholars should pay more attention to New Public management as a theory than as a fad. New public management is part and parcel of the massive intrusion of freemarket values into public space, which threatens to drive out political values altogether. It is worth noting that,in this sense, new public management is the radical opposite of the notion of migrating political values into "private" space in the interest of further democratizing society. However, new public management theory fails to addresses political questions in a meaningful way. This theory looks at public administration from it's roots of capitalism, and goes on through the perspective of global capitalism. Intentional or not, new public management has served the interests of elites, particularly corporate elites, has degraded the ability of governments to address the public interest, and has served as a vehicle for elevating the apolitical governance of free trade and other supranational organizations,which have fully embraced thepolitical philosophy of economic rationalism and new managerialism.

Classical Public Administration Theory:

This branch includes notable theorist such as Woodrow Wilson and Max Weber, whom contributed notable works to public administration. In the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson is known as 'The Father of Public Administration' , writing the "The Study of Administration" in 1887. In this work, Wilson advocated that a bureaucracy should be ran like a business, promoting ideas like a merit based promotions, and a nonpartisan system. Woodrow Wilson focuses on two main things when looking at Public Administration which are providence and process. Providence is important, by referring to the administrators place in all governmental structures. The process refers to what public administrators do, and how they do it.

Postmodern Public Administration Theory:

When looking at this theory, it is important to distinguish between postmodern theory and the postmodern era or to differentiate between postmodernity (period of time) and postmodernism (theory/philosophy). Postmodern theory evolves out of the postmodern era. Chuck Fox and Hugh Miller are two of the main contributors to postmodern theory because they opened eyes to recognize the postmodern condition and how it was playing out in public administration and and public policy. This theory began in the 1990's, even though this theory had been around in other disciplines for awhile.This theory has been created through three intellectual movements, interrogating the loop model of democracy, showing that it is largely a myth, showing the symolblic nature of policy and politics in the United States, and discourse theory. One of the downsides of this theory is that it is easy to fall into the slippery slope of relativism. This theory also provided us, we hope, with the tools to rebuild our infrastructures of symbolic and social order. There are still many controversies over this theory, however the theory still remains rooted in public administration theory. This theory addresses big questions of what is right and wrong and tries to address the issue to find antidotes for anomie and relativity.

            Heading Title 2: (John) How public administration theory factors in public administration theory development

            Sub-heading: Theory gap practice

Sub-heading:  Global Trends in Theory development

Sub-heading: Obstacles in the development of public administration theory

Important Figures in Public Administration Theory

Max Weber

Max Weber was a German political economist, social scientist, and renowned Philosopher is an important father to the theory of Public Administration and the bureaucratic side of it. He did extensive research studying ancient and modern states to gather a better perspective of bureaucracies in multiple eras for his Magnum Opus Economy and Society published in 1922. That piece of work has contributed countless insight into the Public Administration Theory. Max Weber considered bureaucracy to be the most rational form of administration yet devised by man. In his writings he asserts that domination is exerted through administration and that for legal domination to take place bureaucracy is required.

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson defined public administration as a detailed and systematic execution of public law, he divided government institutions into two separate sectors, administration and politics. According to him politics is dealt with policy formulation and questions regarding such, whereas administration is equipped with carrying said policies out. In his own words in his early essay, “The Study of Administration” he said “it is getting to be harder to run a constitution than to frame one.” Wilson very much so tried to establish a distinction between politics and administration; he saw administration as a field of business which lies outside politics. He thought the theory of public administration existed simply because of technicalities and was around for the behind the scenes business aspect of politics.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Frederick Taylor was an engineer by profession who saw much of life from a scientific aspect. He is a popular less conservative contributor to the Theory of Public Administration in that he produced his own, very popular, theory of traditional public administration, The Scientific Management Theory. He was concerned with finding the best and most efficient way to complete a task for a particular job, reducing the overall labor a worker had to exert with the least amount of movements. Frederick Taylors work approached motivation with a very authoritative, cold, scientific motivator which weighed heavy over any sort of humane aspect to scientific management. Overall many intricacies in Public Administration such as management, control and accounting are subject to scientific principles and Taylor draws on these to find his own, efficient theory approach to Public Administration Theory.

            Heading Title 4: (Jonathan) Real life examples of Public administration theories

            Sub-heading: Administrative systems of EU and overhaul of structure

            Sub-heading: New Public Management in local Spanish Government

            Sub-heading: Classic and Postmodern Public Administration theory in Danish Public Sector                       

Annotated Bibliography

Abigail Trahan

POSI 3316

October 16, 2015

Professor Emily Hanks

Annotated Bibliography

Box, Richard C. “’Dialogue’ and ‘Administrative Theory & Praxis’: Twenty-Five Years of Public Administration Theory.” Administrative Theory & Praxis (1999): 438-466. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.

This article’s discourse is about the way that communication has effected and impacted public administration theory for the past twenty-five years.  How did they communicate on this subject, the changes the theories have gone through, really focusing on the nature of knowledge. This article shows the connection of dialogue to public administration. This article covers different types of theories Normative Public Administration Theory, and Social and Political Theory. The author does this to show the outlook of public administration theory, so that we can actually put these theories into practice.

            This article transitions well from information to information and the structure of the article allows you to understand the information before the two different types of theories are introduced. This article provides the theories and also focuses on the importance of putting this into the everyday practice in the field of public administration.

            This article would serve well for the Wikipedia page because it gives two different theories to introduce on the web page as well as to speak of the need for public administration theory. This can add to a sub heading of different types of theories, and provides a conclusion at the end of the article of why we need theory in public administration.

Hummel, Ralph. “The Crisis in Public Administration Theory. “Dialogue (1989): 1-4. Web. 11 Oct.  2015.

            This article discusses the many different types of problems and challenges public administers face when discussing theory. One of the big problems covered is that there are expectations, and people bring different values, knowledge and experiences to the table when discussing theory of public administration.

            The author provides provides three assumptions that take place when discussing and deciding on theory. The article shows how people can have misconception and how the basis of people’s lives effect the thoughts and ideas people bring to discussion on theory. Article discusses how to avoid these assumptions through theoretical learning.  

This can contribute to our article in showing the process of coming up with theory, and some of the problems and challenges that are faced. A big problem is trying to keep your own basis out of the principles of the different theories.  

Kirkhart, Larry. “ Domains of Public Administration Theory.” Dialogue (1989): 14-18. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.

This article gives examples of different types of Public Administration Theory that have been apart of the outlook of public administration for some time. Also, allows for you to see where public administration theory was stemmed from.  

            This article gives very direct definitions of the different theories used. The article also provides graphs of different types to show their correlation with one another.

            This article would be helpful for our Wikipedia article so that we could show different types of theories used in Public Administration theory. This would allow for a more examples and ways that public administration theory can be viewed.  

Stivers, Camilla. “ Public Administration Theory as a Discourse.” Administrative Theory & Praxis (2000): 132-139. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.

            This article explains what public administration theory is and in what ways it can be viewed as a discourse. The author addresses theory as an interpretation and critique, and applies this outlook in how she goes about her work and her career. Goes into explanation that theory is like a frame in how we view public administration.

            This article is well laid out and explained using language that is easily understood. The author remains unbiased by not identifying herself with any one theory of public administration. The authors thesis is clear and understood in viewing theory in interpretation and critically.

            This article could really help the introduction of what public administration theory is. I really want to use the metaphor the author used as theory being a frame in how we view public administration. This article I think will be the most beneficial for the Wikipedia page because we can easily translate it into our own words in hope of a better quality and user efficient Wikipedia page.  

Zinke, Robert C. “Looking beyond the Mirror: Toward an International Public Administration Theory.” Administrative Theory & Praxis (1999):  371-376. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. 

This article covers the need for an international public administration theory, because since theories in the past have been really focused and geared toward American-European society. Some major issues the article will discuss are Globalization and Capitalism. The article is trying to decipher if traditional theories are necessary, or if we need more modern theories, with the changing of times and governments across the globe.

The article is focusing on Asian countries and the theories they have in Public Administration. This is important to the argument because they are showing how American and European governments and countries economical and political power do affect other countries. This article reached a lot of different perspectives and brought up good points about how all countries in the globe effect one another. He offers many ways that we can learn from these mistakes, and the reality of them, and leaving the ending on how does modernism actually affect us, allowing the reader to draw their own conclusions.

This article can bring new information to the Wikipedia page because it focuses on not just the theory of public administers in the United States, but also international, creating a sub-heading of international public administration theory. The strongest point of this article that could be applied to the Wikipedia Page is about the two major problems faced in international public administration theory, globalization, and capitalism.

Fry, Brian R. Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1989. University of South Carolina. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.  ==== The article states from the beginning that the purpose of the writing is not to summarize Max Weber's pieces of works and overall philosophy, but rather to compare and draw from where and how Weber contributed to the Public Administration Theory. The author goes into detail expanding on Max Weber's emphasis on rationalism and bureaucracy concerning Public Administration. ==== This article efficiently and easily breaks down Weber's philosophy in a way that is not too complicated and overwhelming. It goes into the different ways public administration affects policy and institutions. ==== The article is good for the page because it clearly gives an extensive amount of information on Max Weber and his contribution to the theory of Pubic Administration.

Darryl Myrick. "Frederick Taylor as a Contributor to Public Administration."Frederick Taylor as a Contributor to Public Administration 3 (2012): n. pag. Mediteranean Journal of Sciences, Nov. 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. ==== This article depicts the opposition Frederick Taylor had to the theory of Public Administration, the author goes in the task of trying to prove or see how Frederick Taylor contributed to Public Administration and how his own Scientific Management Theory correlates with the Theory of Public Administration. ==== The article uses a series of different authors and philosophers to help link Taylor to Public Administration and does so well enough that reading the article is simple and flows well delivering the necessary information to better inform its reader on Frederick Taylor. ==== The article is very relevant to the Wiki page because it offers crucial insight into Frederick Taylor and it what ways he influenced Public Administration Theory. It is an important piece of work for breaking down the fathers of Public Administration.

Brownlow, Louis. "Woodrow Wilson and Public Administration." Jstor. American Society for Public Administration, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. ==== The article goes into Woodrow Wilsons separation of public administration into two different sectors. Its gives information into Wilsons belief that the theory of Public Administration is merely the business aspect of politics and not that important or relevant when it comes to actual politics. ==== The work is a well worded and formulated analysis of Woodrow Wilsons beliefs and break down of his contributions to Public Administration and philosophy regarding the matter. It is well laid out and easy to read and understand for the reader which is nice. ==== The article is prevalent because it effectively provides even more information into another contributor for theory of Public Administration and provides yet another perspective on the matter.