Bombus sylvestris

Bombus sylvestris
Bombus sylvestris (male)
Bombus sylvestris, Belgian High Ardennes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Apidae
Genus:	Bombus
Subgenus:	(Psithyrus)
Species:	B. sylvestris
Binomial name
Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832)
Synonyms
Psithyrus sylvestris Lepeletier, 1833

The forest cuckoo bumblebee or four-coloured cuckoo bee, Bombus sylvestris, is a species of cuckoo bumblebee, found in most of Europe and the Russian part of Asia. Its main hosts are Bombus pratorum, Bombus jonellus, and Bombus monticola. As a cuckoo bumblebee, Bombus sylvestris lays its eggs in another bumblebee’s nest. This type of bee leaves their young to the workers of another nest to rear them, allowing cuckoo bumblebees to invest minimal energy and resources in their young while still keeping the survival of their young intact.

Description and Identification

This is a small bumblebee; the queen has a body length of 15 mm (0.59 in) and the male one of 14 mm (0.55 in). The head is round and the proboscis is short. Its fur is black with a yellow collar and a white tail. Sometimes, the bumblebee can have a few pale hairs on top of the head, the scutellum, and on tergite (abdominal segment). The male is variably melanistic, or, very rarely in northern Scotland, has an abdomen that is yellow instead of white.

Cuckoo Bee vs. Queen/Worker Bumblebees

The cuckoo bee has many physical differences from ordinary bumblebees. Cuckoo female bees do not have pollen baskets on their rear legs. Most cuckoo bumblebees also do not produce wax from between their abdominal segments, although there is much evidence for the Bombus sylvestris bumblebee secreting wax. Not having the ability to excrete wax implicates the incapability of making egg cells in which to lay their eggs or producing honey pots from which newly emerged brood may feed upon. However, this serves well in the defense of cuckoo bees, as there are no weak points between the abdominal segments of the cuckoo bee for other bees to pierce through using their stingers. Moreover, cuckoo bumblees are slightly less hairy, have shorter tongues, have more pointed abdomens, and contain much sturdier bodies than normal bees.

Distribution

The forest cuckoo bumblebee can be found throughout most of Europe (including Russian Asia) from the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula to southern Italy, and from the Balkans in the south to beyond the Arctic Circle in the north, and from Ireland in the west to easternmost Russia. They are found throughout Britain, but are absent in sections of eastern Scotland, the Scilly Isles, and Shetland.

Habitat

Most Bombus sylvestris cuckoo bumblebees can be found in post-industrial, mineral extraction sites and spoil heaps, gardens, parks, woodlands, and deciduous forests, which is why they get their nickname of the Forest cuckoo bumblebee.

Diet

The Forest cuckoo bee (Bombus sylvestris) can be found foraging on white deadnettler, globe thistle, white clover, buttercup, sallow, bramble, lavender, and viper´s bugloss, along with other specimen.

Colony Cycle

Females will come out of hibernation a few weeks after its host species comes out of hibernation. The target host species is almost always Bombus pratorum, seen in studies done by Hoffer in 1889 and Kupper & Schwammberger in 1995. The female selects her host nest depending the stage of development within that nest. Since bumblebee workers are solely responsible in rearing the imposter brood, the female cuckoo bee must select her host nest very carefully. Usually, the female cuckoo bee searches for a nest with already a few worker bees present, most probably since it shows that the nest is able to take care of her young. However, she must also ensure that there are not too many worker bees in case she is detected, attacked, and possibly killed along with her eggs. Therefore, the B. sylvestris is faced with duty to find an optimal nest under a time constriction. If the nest she enters is well developed, then there is a chance that the worker bees will attack the parasitic B. sylvestris and kill her. However, if the target nest is too underdeveloped, then the female Forest cuckoo bee will be unable to rear a large brood. Once she does find her target host nest, she sneaks into the nest to take over the colony.

Behavior

Since cuckoo bumblees do not need to supply resources to their young, they do not tend to forage as aggressively or industriously as worker and queen bumblebees. It is known that before entering a nest, these bees tend to behave similar to male bumblees—drinking nectar until full and then resting until hungry again.

Nest Acquisition

Cuckoo female bumblebees usually use their smell to locate a nest. They tend to infiltrate the nest and sting the existing queen to death before laying their eggs. However, the female cuckoo bee may sneak into the nest, hide in it for a couple of days to ensure she smells like the nest, and then lay her eggs without detection. Either way, this does not bode well for the nest, because the cuckoo larvae imposters steal resources from the nest and energy from the worker bees, while contributing nothing to the nest.

Pollen Collection

The Bombus sylvestris cuckoo female bee cannot collect pollen for her nest because they lack corbicula, pollen baskets found on bumblebees on the hind legs. However, the Forest cuckoo bee does eat pollen like regular social bumblebees for the aid in ovary maturation in fertilized females.

Worker Rearing

Bombus sylvestris females are incapable of rearing any worker bees. The cuckoo bee only lays females identical to herself unable to complete worker bee tasks that social bumblees undertake normally, such as producing wax cells and gathering pollen.

Interventionism of Parasitic Relationship

Human intervention is not needed and is not condoned. B. sylvestris has evolved naturally alongside its target species, such as B. pratorum and B. jonellus., and presents the natural order of their existence. An alternative method to help bees is to ensure for rich environments and habitats for the bees.

Ecological Summary

The species is a cuckoo bumblebee, that instead of constructing a nest of its own, it usurps nests of other bumblebees. Its major host is Bombus pratorum, but Bombus jonellus and Bombus monticola are also visited.

When patrolling for young queens with which to mate, the males fly in circuits about 1 m above ground, marking objects with pheromones to attract the queens.

The bumblebee often visits thistles and bramble. The queen also feeds on flowers such as sallow, deadnettles, dandelion, bay, horse chestnut, lavender, and others, while the male visits clover, green alkanet, hound's-tongue, knapweed, and many others.