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Nimesulide

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Nimesulide
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration		Oral, rectal, topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • Usually prescription only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding>97.5%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life1.8–4.7h
ExcretionRenal (50%), fecal (29%)
Identifiers
  • N-(4-Nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.052.194 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H12N2O5S
Molar mass308.311 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • [O-][N+](=O)c2cc(Oc1ccccc1)c(cc2)NS(=O)(=O)C
  • InChI=1S/C13H12N2O5S/c1-21(18,19)14-12-8-7-10(15(16)17)9-13(12)20-11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-9,14H,1H3 checkY
  • Key:HYWYRSMBCFDLJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Nimesulide is a relatively COX-2 selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its approved indications are the treatment of acute pain, the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescents and adults above 12 years old. It has a multifactorial mode of action and is characterized by a fast onset of action.

It works by blocking the production of prostaglandins (a chemical associated with pain) thereby relieving pain and inflammation.

Medical uses

  • Nimesulide has similar gastrointestinal safety as compared to other NSAIDs. [citation needed]
  • It may be taken through prescription in the treatment of Acute (short term) pain, and Primary dysmenorrhea (Period Pains). Nimesulide should never be taken long-term, such as for chronic conditions like arthritis. This is due to its association with an increased risk of liver toxicity, including fulminant hepatic failure.[1]

Side effects

Continuous use of nimesulide (more than 15 days) can cause the following side effects:[medical citation needed]

  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Skin rash
  • Pruritis
  • Dizziness
  • Bitterness in mouth

Women should use the drug with caution during lactation; Nimesulide is contraindicated during pregnancy.[2]

Due to concerns about the risk of hepatotoxicity, nimesulide has been withdrawn from market in several countries (Spain, Finland, Belgium and Ireland).[3]

Pharmacokinetics

Nimesulide is rapidly absorbed following oral administration.[4]

Nimesulide undergoes extensive biotransformation, mainly to 4-hydroxynimesulide (which also appears to be biologically active).[4]

Food, gender and advanced age have negligible effects on nimesulide pharmacokinetics.[4]

Moderate renal impairment does not necessitate dosage adjustment, while in patients with severe renal impairment or hepatic impairment Nimesulide is contraindicated.[5]

Nimesulide has a relatively rapid onset of action, with meaningful reductions in pain and inflammation observed within 15 minutes from drug intake.[6][7]

The therapeutic effects of Nimesulide are the result of its complex mode of action, which targets a number of key mediators of the inflammatory process such as: COX-2 mediated prostaglandins, free radicals, proteolytic enzymes and histamine.[6] Clinical evidence is available to support a particularly good profile in terms of gastrointestinal tolerability.[8]

History

It was launched in Italy for the first time as Aulin and Mesulid in 1985 and is available in more than 50 countries worldwide, including among others France, Portugal, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Thailand and Brazil.[9] Nimesulide has never been filed for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluation in the United States, where it is not marketed.

Availability

100mg Nimesulide pills

It is available in a variety of forms: tablets, powder for dissolution in water, suppositories, mouth dissolving tablets and topical gel.

A recent evaluation from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) concluded that the overall benefit/risk profile of nimesulide is favourable and in line with that of the other NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen.[citation needed]

Trade names

Nimesulide is available through the world as original product with the following trademarks: Sulide, Nimalox, Mesulid (Novartis, Brazil, Boehringer Ingelheim, Greece), Coxtal (Sanofi, China, Czech, Bulgaria),Sintalgin (Abbott, Brazil), Eskaflam (GSK, Brazil, Mexico), Octaprin, Nimside (Teva,Pakistan), Nise (Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, India, Russia, Venezuela, Vietnam, Ukraine), Nilsid (Egypt); Aulin, Ainex, Drexel, Donulide, Edrigyl, Enetra, Heugan, Mesulid, Minapon, NeRelid, Nexen, Nidolon, Nilden (Mexico); Nimed, Nimedex, Nimesil, Nimulid, Nimutab, Nimdase, Nimopen-MP (India), Nisulid, Nodard Plus, Nicip, Nimcap, Nic-P, Nic-Spas (India); Mesulid, Novolid, Relmex (Ecuador); Remisid (Ukraine); Scaflam, Scaflan, Sulidin (Turkey), Xilox (Hungary); Modact-IR (Pakistan);[10] Sulidene and Zolan for veterinary use. Many generic and copy-products also exist (Lusemin, Medicox, Nidol, Nimalox, Nimesil, Nimotas, Nimulid, Nizer, Sorini, Ventor, Vionim, Neolide, Willgo among others), new-aid (S.A.R.), Nims, Nice, Nimulide (Nepal).

Society and culture

India

Several reports have been made of adverse drug reactions in India.[11][12][13][14] On Feb 12, 2011, Indian Express reported that the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had finally decided to suspend the pediatric use of the analgesic, Nimesulide suspension.[15] From 10 March 2011 onwards Nimesulide formulations are not indicated for human use in children below 12 years of age.[16]

On September 13, 2011 Madras High Court revoked a suspension on manufacture and sale of paediatric drugs nimesulide and phenylpropanolamine (PPA).[17]

EMA confirms the positive benefit/risk ratio

On September 21, 2007 the EMA released a press release on their review on the liver-related safety of nimesulide. The EMA has concluded that the benefits of these medicines outweigh their risks, but that there is a need to limit the duration of use to ensure that the risk of patients developing liver problems is kept to a minimum. Therefore the EMA has limited the use of systemic formulations (tablets, solutions, suppositories) of nimesulide to 15 days.[18]

Irish Medicines Board

The Irish Medicines Board (IMB) has decided to suspend Nimesulide from the Irish market and refer it to the EU Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) for a review of its benefit/risk profile. The decision is due to the reporting of six (6) cases of potentially related liver failures to the IMB by the National Liver Transplant Unit, St Vincent Hospital. These cases occurred in the period from 1999 to 2006.[19]

Bribes

In May 2008, Italy's leading daily paper Corriere della Sera and other media outlets[citation needed] reported that a top-ranking official at Italy's medicines agency AIFA had been filmed by police while accepting bribes from employees of pharmaceutical companies.[20][21] The money was allegedly being paid to ensure that certain drugs would be spared scrutiny from the drugs watchdog. The investigation had started in 2005 following suspicions that some AIFA drug tests had been faked. Eight arrests were made. Nimesulide can be bought carrying a prescription from a physician that is kept as a receipt at the chemist shop, nominally allowing strong control over selling.

The original manufacturer of Nimesulide is Helsinn Healthcare SA, Switzerland, which acquired the rights for the drug in 1976. After the patent protection terminated, a number of other companies have started production and marketing of Nimesulide.

References

  1. ^ "Current status: European Commission final decision". Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  2. ^ http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-drugs/nimesulide.html
  3. ^ McNaughton, R.; Huet, G.; Shakir, S. (2014). "An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making". BMJ Open. 4 (1): e004221. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221. PMID 24435895. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Bernareggi A (October 1998). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of nimesulide". Clin Pharmacokinet. 35 (4): 247–74. doi:10.2165/00003088-199835040-00001. PMID 9812177.
  5. ^ Microsoft Word - opnh.P.Nimesulide .EMEA-CPMP-3086-03-en-Final.doc
  6. ^ a b Rainsford KD (June 2006). "Nimesulide – a multifactorial approach to inflammation and pain: scientific and clinical consensus". Curr Med Res Opin. 22 (6): 1161–70. doi:10.1185/030079906X104849. PMID 16846549.
  7. ^ Bianchi M, Broggini M (2003). "A randomised, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy of nimesulide, celecoxib and rofecoxib in osteoarthritis of the knee". Drugs. 63 (Suppl 1): 37–46. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363001-00006. PMID 14506910.
  8. ^ Laporte JR, Ibáñez L, Vidal X, Vendrell L, Leone R (2004). "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of NSAIDs: newer versus older agents". Drug Saf. 27 (6): 411–20. doi:10.2165/00002018-200427060-00005. PMID 15144234.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ K.D. Rainsford (red.) (2005). Nimesulide – Actions and Uses. Bazylea, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-7643-7068-8.
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ Safety of nimesulide. CD ROM, Appropriate Use of Antipyretics / Analgesics in Children, Health Informatics, New Delhi, 2004.
  12. ^ Rahman SZ, Khan RA (2004). "Is nimesulide safe in a cardiovascular-Compromised patient?". Indian J Pharmacol. 36: 252–3.
  13. ^ Khan RA, Rahman SZ (2004). "A Case Report on Nimesulide and its Relation with Angina". J Pharmacovigilance Drug Safety. 1: 19–21.
  14. ^ Khan RA, Rahman SZ (2004). "Nimesulide Induced Coronary Artery Insufficiency – A Case Report". J Pharmacovigilance Drug Safety. 1: 11–3.
  15. ^ Nimesulide for kids to be suspended finally
  16. ^ CDSCO website-wide gazette notification GSR 82(E) dated 10.03.2011.
  17. ^ Madras High Court Revokes Suspension on Manufacture and Sale PPA
  18. ^ EMA press release on nimesulide September 2007
  19. ^ IMB Announces Immediate Suspension of the Marketing of Medicines Containing Nimesulide
  20. ^ «Mazzette per evitare i controlli sull'Aulin». Mario Pappagallo, Corriere della Sera, 23 May 2008 [dead link‍]
  21. ^ Italian medicines agency officials arrested in corruption probe. Manufacturing Chemist

20. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Nimesulide_31/WC500107957.pdf

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