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Cayenne pepper

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Cayenne pepper
Capsicum annuum
GenusCapsicum
SpeciesC. annuum
CultivarCayenne
HeatSpicy
Scoville scale330,000–508,000 SHU
A large red cayenne
Thai peppers, a cayenne-type pepper
Capsicum frutescens

The cayenne pepper, also known as the Guinea spice,[1] cow-horn pepper, red hot chili pepper, aleva, bird pepper,[2] or, especially in its powdered form, red pepper, is a cultivar of Capsicum annuum related to bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika, and others. The Capsicum genus is in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is a hot chili pepper used to flavor dishes. It is named for the city of Cayenne in French Guiana.

The fruits are generally dried and ground, or pulped and baked into cakes, which are then ground and sifted to make the powdered spice of the same name.

Cayenne is used in cooking spicy dishes, as a powder or in its whole form (such as in Korean, Sichuan, and other Asian cuisine), or in a thin, vinegar-based sauce. It is generally rated at 30,000 to 50,000 Scoville units. It is also used as an herbal supplement, and was mentioned by Nicholas Culpeper in his Complete Herbal, 1653, as "guinea pepper",[3] a misnomer for "guiana pepper".[1]

Cultivation

Most cultivated varieties of cayenne, Capsicum annuum, can be grown in a variety of locations and need around 100 days to mature. Peppers prefer warm, moist, nutrient-rich soil in a warm climate. The plants grow to about 0.5–1 m (20–39 in) in height and should be spaced 1 m (3 ft) apart.[4] In gardens, the plants may be planted as close as 30 cm (1 ft) apart in a raised bed. This may reduce the yield of an individual plant, but will increase yields per unit area.

Chilis are mostly perennial in subtropical and tropical regions; however, they are usually grown as annuals in temperate climates. They can be overwintered if protected from frost, and require some pruning.[5]

Nutrition

Cayenne pepper, by weight, is relatively high in vitamin A. It also contains vitamin B6, vitamin E, vitamin C, riboflavin, potassium, and manganese.[6] However, given the very small amount of cayenne pepper typically consumed in a serving, it makes a negligible contribution to overall dietary intake of these nutrients.

Cayenne pepper consumption dilates the blood vessels and speeds the metabolism due to the high amounts of capsaicin. With the consumption of cayenne peppers, the amount of heat the human body puts off is influenced. In animal studies, capsaicin has the ability to boost metabolism, which in turn causes weight loss. This increases circulation and blood flow to all major organs, facilitating oxygen and nutrient delivery. Capsaicin may support a healthy energy balance[7] while suppressing appetite. Capsaicin has been shown to increase energy expenditure, so acts as a metabolism booster and is beneficial in long-term weight loss.[8] A correlation has been shown between substrate oxidation and capsaicin. Capsaicin treatment sustained fat oxidation during weight maintenance, but did not affect weight regain after modest weight loss.[9]

Cayenne pepper is also claimed to be an aphrodisiac because it contains capsaicin. It has also been shown to aid in the oxidation of adipose tissue,[10] regulate high blood pressure, promote healthy liver function and tissue production, help regulate the digestive system, and promote healthy mucus production in the membranes that line internal organs [citation needed].

In cuisine

Cayenne is a popular spice in a variety of cuisines. It is employed variously in its fresh form, dried and powdered, and as dried flakes. It is also a key ingredient in a variety of hot sauces, particularly those employing vinegar as a preservative. Cayenne pepper is often spread on sandwiches or similar items to add a spicy flavor.

In beverages

Beverage foods are emerging with cayenne extract as an active ingredient.[11][12] One example is Bonavitas cayenne pepper energy drinks.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Culpeper, Nicholas (1814) [1653]. "Guinea Pepper". Culpeper's Complete Herbal. David Hand (Web publication). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  2. ^ Therapeutic Research Faculty (2009). "Capiscum". Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Consumer Version). WebMD. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  3. ^ The pepper from Guinea is Aframomum melegueta, "Malagueta pepper".
  4. ^ Brown, Ellen (27 April 2006). "Growing: Cayenne". ThriftyFun.com. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  5. ^ South Devon Chilli Farm (2010). "Chilli Seed Propagation and Plant Care". South Devon Chilli Farm. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  6. ^ "Nutrition Facts: Spices, pepper, red or cayenne". Nutrition Data. Condé Nast Digital. 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  7. ^ Westerterp-Plantenga, MS; Reinbach, HC; Smeets, A; Martinussen, T; Møller, P (June 2009). "Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance". Clinical Nutrition. 28 (3).
  8. ^ Diepvens, K; Westerterp K; Westerterp-Plantenga M. "Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea". The American Journal of Psychology. 292: 77–85.
  9. ^ Lejeune, M; Kovacs E; Westerterp-Plantegna M (2003). "Effect of capsaicin on substrate oxidation and weight maintenance after modest body-weight loss in human subjects". British Journal of Nutrition. 90: 651–659. doi:10.1079/bjn2003938.
  10. ^ Takahashi, M; Snitker, S; Fujishima, Y; Shen, H; Ott, S; Pi-Sunyer, X; Furuhata, Y; Sato, H (January 2009). "Effects Of Novel Capsinoid Treatment On Fatness And Energy Metabolism In Humans: Possible Pharmacogenetic Implications". American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition. 1. 89.
  11. ^ Latif, Ray (30 May 2011). "Extreme and Edgy Flavors". Beverage Spectrum Magazine. Bevnet. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  12. ^ Stanton Lee, Kendra (March 2011). "Slimming Prospects". Beverage Spectrum Magazine. Bevnet. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  13. ^ "Bonavitas Cayenne Pepper Energy Drink". PRWeb (USA). 30 June 2011.

Further reading

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