User:Cards84664/sandbox

State Route 2
State Route 2
	Route of SR 2 highlighted in red
Route information
	Maintained by ODOT
Length	227.26 mi (365.74 km)
Existed	1923–present
Major junctions
West end	SR 37 near Hicksville
	I-80 / I-90 / Ohio Turnpike near Swanton; I-90 near Elyria; I-90 in Rocky River; I-90 in Cleveland; I-90 in Euclid
East end	US 20 in Painesville Township
Location
Country	United States
State	Ohio
Counties	Defiance, Williams, Fulton, Lucas, Ottawa, Erie, Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake
Highway system
	Ohio State Highway System; Interstate; US; State; Scenic;

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Ohio State Route 1 (1961–1965) Jct lists

Note: a picture was found showing the 1948 sinage being used in 1961,^[1] taken out of usage by 1962^[2], so both have been requested for these JCT lists. Also, since SR 1 moved 3+ times, A jct list was created for every year SR 1 existed

File:OH-48 (1948).svg

File:OH-175 (1960).svg

Major intersections in 1964

County	Location	mi	km	Destinations	Notes
Hamilton	Cincinnati	0.00	0.00	I-75 north	Southern Terminus at Kentucky state line; southern end of I-75 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
See Interstate 75 Exits 1–61
Montgomery	Dayton			I-75 / US 25	Northern terminus of I-75; southern terminus of US 25 concurrency
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
				US 35
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
				SR 4	Southern terminus of SR 4 concurrency
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
				US 25 / SR 69	Northern terminus of US 25 concurrency; southern terminus of SR 69 concurrency
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
			SR 202 north	Southern terminus of SR 202
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 201 north	Southern terminus of SR 201
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 444 north	Southern terminus of SR 444
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Wayne Township			SR 235 north	Northern terminus of SR 235
Wayne Township	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		I-70 / US 40 / SR 69	Northern end of SR 69 concurrency; east end of I-70 and US 40 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Clark	Mad River Township			I-70	Eastern end of I-70; east end of I-70 concurrency
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Bethel Township			SR 369
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Springfield Township			SR 440 west	Eastern terminus of SR 440
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Springfield			US 68
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
			SR 41	Northern end of SR 41 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 4	Northern end of SR 4 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 41	Southern end of SR 41 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
South Vienna			SR 54
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Madison	Summerford			SR 56
	Summerford	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
			SR 38
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Lafayette			US 42
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
West Jefferson			SR 29	Western terminus of SR 29
West Jefferson	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 142	Western terminus of SR 142
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Franklin	Columbus			Lua error in Module:Jct at line 204: attempt to concatenate local 'link' (a nil value).	East end of US 62 concurrency
Franklin	Columbus	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		Lua error in Module:Jct at line 204: attempt to concatenate local 'link' (a nil value).	Southern terminus of I-71 concurrency; east end of US 40 and US 62 concurrency
See Interstate 71 Exits 108B–218
Medina	Medina Township			Lua error in Module:Jct at line 204: attempt to concatenate local 'link' (a nil value).	Northern terminus of I-71; north end of concurrency; west end of SR 18 concurrency
Medina	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Sharon–Granger township line			SR 94
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Summit	Copley Township			Lua error in Module:Jct at line 204: attempt to concatenate local 'link' (a nil value).	Southern terminus of US 21 concurrency; north end of SR 18 concurrency
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Montrose-Ghent			I-77 / SR 176	Southern terminus of SR 176 concurrency; southern terminus of I-77
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Richfield			SR 176	Northern terminus of SR 176 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
			SR 303
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		I-80S / Ohio Turnpike
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Cuyahoga	Brecksville			SR 82
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Independence			SR 17
	Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
	Cleveland			SR 14 / SR 43	Southern terminus of SR 14 and SR 43 concurrency
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
				SR 10	Eastern terminus of SR 10
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
				US 422 / SR 87	Southern end of US 422 and SR 87 concurrency
		Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
			I-90 / US 21 / US 422 / SR 14 / SR 43 / SR 87	Western terminus of I-90 concurrency; northern end of US 21 / US 422 / SR 14 / SR 43 / SR 87 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 2	Western end of SR 2 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
		SR 283	Western end of SR 283 concurrency
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
Bratenahl			SR 283 east	Eastern terminus of concurrency with SR 283
Cleveland			SR 175
Cleveland			SR 2 – [[, Ohio\|]]	Eastern terminus of concurrency with SR 2
Cuyahoga– Lake	Euclid– Wickliffe			US 20 (Euclid Avenue)
Lake	Wickliffe			SR 84
Lake	Willoughby Hills			I-271 south / I-290 south	Northern terminus of I-271 and I-290
See Interstate 90 Exits 188–241
Ashtabula	Conneaut			I-90 east	Continuation into Pennsylvania; Northern terminus of SR 1
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus

Geauga 2

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711

Merovingian dynasty (486–751)

The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century CE. Their territory largely corresponded to ancient Gaul as well as the Roman provinces of Raetia, Germania Superior and the southern part of Germania. The Merovingian dynasty was founded by Childeric I (c. 457 – 481 CE), the son of Merovech, leader of the Salian Franks, but it was his famous son Clovis I (481–511 CE) who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule.

Name	King From	King Until	Death	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Clovis I (Clovis Ier)	481	511	Likely died of natural causes aged 46. Buried at Abbey of St Genevieve until 18th century. Remains relocated to Basilica of St Denis.	• Son of Childeric I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Childebert I (Childebert Ier)	511	13 December 558	Died aged 64. Buried at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.	• Son of Clovis I	King of Paris (Roi de Paris)
Chlothar I the Old (Clotaire Ier le Vieux)	13 December 558	29 November 561	Died aged 64. Buried at Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons.	• Son of Clovis I • Younger brother of Childebert I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Charibert I (Caribert Ier)	29 November 561	567	Died aged 50. Buried at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.	• Son of Chlothar I	King of Paris (Roi de Paris)
Chilperic I (Chilpéric Ier)	567	584	Died aged 45. Buried at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.	• Son of Chlothar I • Younger brother of Charibert I	King of Paris (Roi de Paris) King of Neustria (Roi de Neustrie)
Chlothar II the Great, the Young (Clotaire II le Grand, le Jeune)	584	18 October 629	Died aged 45. Buried at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.	• Son of Chilperic I	King of Neustria (Roi de Neustrie) King of Paris (Roi de Paris) (595–629) King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) (613–629)
Dagobert I (Dagobert Ier)	18 October 629	19 January 639	Died aged 36. Buried at Basilica of St Denis.	• Son of Chlothar II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Clovis II the Lazy (Clovis II le Fainéant)	19 January 639	31 October 657	Died aged 20. Buried at Basilica of St Denis.	• Son of Dagobert I	King of Neustria and Burgundy (Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne)
Chlothar III (Clotaire III)	31 October 657	673	Died aged 21. Buried at Basilica of St Denis.	• Son of Clovis II	King of Neustria and Burgundy (Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne) King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) (657–663)
Childeric II (Childéric II)	673	675	Died aged 22. Buried at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.	• Son of Clovis II • Younger brother of Chlothar III	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Theuderic III (Thierry III)	675	691	Died aged 37.	• Son of Clovis II • Younger brother of Childeric II	King of Neustria (Roi de Neustrie) King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) (687–691)
Clovis IV (Clovis IV)	691	695	Died aged 13.	• Son of Theuderic III	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Childebert III the Just (Childebert III le Juste)	695	23 April 711	Died aged 41. Buried at Church of St Stephen at Choisy-au-Bac, near Compiègne.	• Son of Theuderic III • Younger brother of Clovis IV	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Dagobert III	23 April 711	715	Died aged 14.	• Son of Childebert III	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Chilperic II (Chilpéric II)	715	13 February 721	Died aged 49. Buried at Noyon.	• Probably son of Childeric II	King of Neustria and Burgundy (Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne) King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) (719–721)
Theuderic IV	721	737	Died aged 25.	• Son of Dagobert III	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

The last Merovingian kings, known as the lazy kings (rois fainéants), did not hold any real political power, while the Mayor of the Palace governed instead. When Theuderic IV died in 737, Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel left the throne vacant and continued to rule until his own death in 741. His sons Pepin and Carloman briefly restored the Merovingian dynasty by raising Childeric III to the throne in 743. In 751, Pepin deposed Childerich and acceded to the throne.

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Death	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Childeric III (Childéric III)	743	November 751	Died aged 37.	• Son of Chilperic II or of Theuderic IV	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Carolingian dynasty (751–888)

The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the late 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty, which until then had ruled the Germanic Franks by right, was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Pepin the Younger, the Short (Pépin le Bref)	751	24 September 768	• Son of Charles Martel	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Carloman I	24 September 768	4 December 771	• Son of Pepin the Short	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Charlemagne (Charles I, the Great)	24 September 768	28 January 814	• Son of Pepin the Short	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) (800–814)
Louis I the Pious, the Debonaire (Louis Ier le Pieux, le Débonnaire)	28 January 814	20 June 840	• Son of Charlemagne	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum)
Charles II the Bald (Charles II le Chauve)	20 June 840	6 October 877	• Son of Louis I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) (875–877)
Louis II the Stammerer (Louis II le Bègue)	6 October 877	10 April 879	• Son of Charles II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Louis III	10 April 879	5 August 882	• Son of Louis II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Carloman II	5 August 882	6 December 884	• Son of Louis II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Charles III the Fat (Charles le Gros)	20 May 885	13 January 888	• Son of Louis the German • Cousin of Louis II and Carloman II • Grandson of Louis I the Pious	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) (881–887)

Robertian dynasty (888–898)

The Robertians were Frankish noblemen owing fealty to the Carolingians, and ancestors of the subsequent Capetian dynasty. Odo, Count of Paris was chosen by the western Franks to be their king following the removal of emperor Charles the Fat. He was crowned at Compiègne in February 888 by Walter, Archbishop of Sens.

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Odo of Paris (Eudes de Paris)	29 February 888	1 January 898	• Son of Robert the Strong (Robertians) • Elected king against young Charles III.	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Carolingian dynasty (893–922)

Charles, the posthumous son of Louis II, was crowned by a faction opposed to the Robertian Odo at Reims Cathedral, though he only became the effectual monarch with the death of Odo in 898.

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Charles III the Simple (Charles III le Simple)	28 January 898	30 June 922	• Posthumous son of Louis II • Younger half-brother of Louis III and Carloman II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Robertian dynasty (922–923)

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Robert I (Robert Ier)	30 June 922	15 June 923	• Son of Robert the Strong (Robertians) • Younger brother of Odo	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Bosonid dynasty (923–936)

The Bosonids were a noble family descended from Boso the Elder, their member, Rudolph (Raoul), was elected "King of the Franks" in 923.

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Rudolph (Raoul de France)	13 July 923	14 January 936	• Son of Richard, Duke of Burgundy (Bosonids) • Son-in-law of Robert I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Carolingian dynasty (936–987)

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Louis IV of Outremer (Louis IV d'Outremer)	19 June 936	10 September 954	• Son of Charles III	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Lothair (Lothaire de France)	12 November 954	2 March 986	• Son of Louis IV	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
Louis V the Lazy (Louis V le Fainéant)	8 June 986	22 May 987	• Son of Lothair	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)

Capetian dynasty (987–1792)

After the death of Louis V, the son of Hugh the Great and grandson of Robert I, Hugh Capet, was elected by the nobility as king of France. The Capetian Dynasty, the male-line descendants of Hugh Capet, ruled France continuously from 987 to 1792 and again from 1814 to 1848. They were direct descendants of the Robertian kings. The cadet branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328, however, are generally given the specific branch names of Valois and Bourbon.

Not listed below are Hugh Magnus, eldest son of Robert II, and Philip of France, eldest son of Louis VI; both were co-Kings with their fathers (in accordance with the early Capetian practice whereby kings would crown their heirs in their own lifetimes and share power with the co-king), but predeceased them. Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as Kings of France, and are not given ordinals.

Henry VI of England, son of Catherine of Valois, became titular King of France upon his grandfather Charles VI's death in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420 however this was disputed and he is not always regarded as a legitimate king of France.

From 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795, Louis XVI's son Louis-Charles was the titular King of France as Louis XVII; in reality, however, he was imprisoned in the Temple throughout this duration, and power was held by the leaders of the Republic. Upon Louis XVII's death, his uncle (Louis XVI's brother) Louis-Stanislas claimed the throne, as Louis XVIII, but only became de facto King of France in 1814.

House of Capet (987–1328)

Portrait	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
	Hugh Capet (Hugues Capet)	3 July 987	24 October 996	• Grandson of Robert I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
File:Seal of Robert II.jpg	Robert II the Pious, the Wise (Robert II le Pieux, le Sage)	24 October 996	20 July 1031	• Son of Hugh Capet	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
	Henry I (Henri Ier)	20 July 1031	4 August 1060	• Son of Robert II	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
	Philip I the Amorous (Philippe Ier l' Amoureux)	4 August 1060	29 July 1108	• Son of Henry I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
	Louis VI the Fat (Louis VI le Gros)	29 July 1108	1 August 1137	• Son of Philip I	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
	Louis VII the Young (Louis VII le Jeune)	1 August 1137	18 September 1180	• Son of Louis VI	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs)
	Philip II Augustus (Philippe II Auguste)	18 September 1180	14 July 1223	• Son of Louis VII	King of the Franks (Roi des Francs) first monarch to use the title of King of France (Roi de France)
	Louis VIII the Lion (Louis VIII le Lion)	14 July 1223	8 November 1226	• Son of Philip II Augustus	King of France (Roi de France)
	Louis IX the Saint (Saint Louis)	8 November 1226	25 August 1270	• Son of Louis VIII	King of France (Roi de France)
	Philip III the Bold (Philippe III le Hardi)	25 August 1270	5 October 1285	• Son of Louis IX	King of France (Roi de France)
	Philip IV the Fair, the Iron King (Philippe IV le Bel)	5 October 1285	29 November 1314	• Son of Philip III	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
File:Louis X Le Hutin.jpg	Louis X the Quarreller (Louis X le Hutin)	29 November 1314	5 June 1316	• Son of Philip IV	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
	John I the Posthumous (Jean Ier le Posthume)	15 November 1316	20 November 1316	• Son of Louis X	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
	Philip V the Tall (Philippe V le Long)	20 November 1316	3 January 1322	• Son of Philip IV • Younger brother of Louis X	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
	Charles IV the Fair (Charles IV le Bel)	3 January 1322	1 February 1328	• Son of Philip IV • Younger brother of Louis X and Philip V	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)

House of Valois (1328–1589)

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Philip VI of Valois, the Fortunate (Philippe VI de Valois, le Fortuné)	1 April 1328	22 August 1350	• Grandson of Philip III of France	King of France (Roi de France)
John II the Good (Jean II le Bon)	22 August 1350	8 April 1364	• Son of Philip VI	King of France (Roi de France)
Charles V the Wise (Charles V le Sage)	8 April 1364	16 September 1380	• Son of John II	King of France (Roi de France)
Charles VI the Beloved, the Mad (Charles VI le Bienaimé, le Fol)	16 September 1380	21 October 1422	• Son of Charles V	King of France (Roi de France)

House of Lancaster (1422–1453) (disputed)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	King From	King Until	Claim	Title
		Henry VI of England (Henri VI d'Angleterre)	21 October 1422	19 October 1453	• By right of his father Henry V of England by the Treaty of Troyes become heir and regent to the French throne	King of France (Roi de France)

House of Valois (1328–1589)

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Charles VII the Victorious, the Well-Served (Charles VII le Victorieux, le Bien-Servi)	21 October 1422	22 July 1461	• Son of Charles VI	King of France (Roi de France)
Louis XI the Prudent, the Cunning, the Universal Spider (Louis XI le Prudent, le Rusé, l'Universelle Aragne)	22 July 1461	30 August 1483	• Son of Charles VII	King of France (Roi de France)
Charles VIII the Affable (Charles VIII l'Affable)	30 August 1483	7 April 1498	• Son of Louis XI	King of France (Roi de France)

Orléans branch (1498–1515)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Louis XII Father of the People (Louis XII le Père du Peuple)	7 April 1498	1 January 1515	• Great-grandson of Charles V • Second cousin, and by first marriage son-in-law of Louis XI • By second marriage husband of Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles VIII	King of France (Roi de France)

Orléans–Angoulême Branch (1515–1589)

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Francis I the Father and Restorer of Letters (François Ier le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres)	1 January 1515	31 March 1547	• Great-great-grandson of Charles V • First cousin once removed, and by first marriage son-in-law of Louis XII	King of France (Roi de France)
Henry II (Henri II)	31 March 1547	10 July 1559	• Son of Francis I/Maternal grandson of Louis XII	King of France (Roi de France)
Francis II (François II)	10 July 1559	5 December 1560	• Son of Henry II	King of France (Roi de France) King of Scots (1558–1560)
Charles IX	5 December 1560	30 May 1574	• Son of Henry II	King of France (Roi de France)
Henry III (Henri III)	30 May 1574	2 August 1589	• Son of Henry II	King of France (Roi de France) King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1573–1575)

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)

Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
Henry IV, Good King Henry, the Green Gallant (Henri IV, le Bon Roi Henri, le Vert-Galant)	2 August 1589	14 May 1610	• Tenth generation descendant of Louis IX in the male line • By first marriage son in law of Henry II, Brother in law of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
Louis XIII the Just (Louis XIII le Juste)	14 May 1610	14 May 1643	• Son of Henry IV	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
Louis XIV the Great, the Sun King (Louis XIV le Grand, le Roi Soleil)	14 May 1643	1 September 1715	• Son of Louis XIII	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
Louis XV the Beloved (Louis XV le Bien-Aimé)	1 September 1715	10 May 1774	• Great-grandson of Louis XIV	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
Louis XVI the Restorer of French Liberty (Louis XVI le Restaurateur de la Liberté Française)	10 May 1774	21 September 1792	• Grandson of Louis XV	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre) (1774–1791) King of the French (Roi des Français) (1791–1792)
Louis XVII (Claimant)	21 January 1793	8 June 1795	style="text-align:left;" \| • Son of Louis XVI	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)

First French Republic (1792–1804)

Presidents of the National Convention

Moderate Phase: September 1792 – June 1793

Initially, La Marais, or The Plain, a moderate, amorphous group, controlled the Convention. At the first session, held on 20 September 1792, the elder statesman Philippe Rühl presided over the session. The following day, amidst profound silence, the proposition was put to the assembly, "That royalty be abolished in France"; it carried, with cheers. On the 22nd came the news of the Republic's victory at the Battle of Valmy. On the same day, the Convention decreed that "in future, the acts of the assembly shall be dated First Year of the French Republic". Three days later, the Convention added the corollary of "the French republic is one and indivisible", to guard against federalism.

The following men were elected for two-week terms as Presidents, or executives, of the Convention.

Dates	Name	Fate
20 September 1792	Philippe Rühl	Suicide, 29/30 May 1795
20 September 1792 – 4 October 1792	Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve	Botched suicide, guillotined 18 June 1794
4 October 1792 – 18 October 1792	Jean-François Delacroix	Guillotined with Georges Danton, 5 April 1794
18 October 1792 – 1 November 1792	Marguerite-Élie Guadet	Guillotined 17 June 1794
1 November 1792 – 15 November 1792	Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles	Guillotined with Georges Danton, 5 April 1794
15 November 1792 – 29 November 1792	Henri Grégoire	Died 28 May 1831
29 November 1792 – 13 December 1792	Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac	Died 13 January 1841
13 December 1792 – 27 December 1792	Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres	20 June 1831
27 December 1792 – 10 January 1793	Jean-Baptiste Treilhard	Died 1 December 1810
10 January 1793 – 24 January 1793	Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud	31 October 1793, guillotined.
24 January 1793 – 7 February 1793	Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne	5 December 1793, guillotined
7 February 1793 – 21 February 1793	Jean-Jacques Bréard, dit Bréard-Duplessis	2 January 1840
21 February 1793 – 7 March 1793	Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé	29 June 1814
7 March 1793 – 21 March 1793	Armand Gensonné	31 October 1793, guillotined
21 March 1793 – 4 April 1793	Jean Antoine Joseph Debry	6 January 1834, Paris
4 April 1793 – 18 April 1793	Jean-François-Bertrand Delmas	Disappeared 19 August 1798^{[Notes 1]}
18 April 1793 – 2 May 1793	Marc David Alba Lasource	31 October 1793, guillotined with the Girondists
2 May 1793 – 16 May 1793	Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède	31 October 1793, guillotined
16 May 1793 – 30 May 1793	Maximin Isnard	12 March 1825
30 May 1793 – 13 June 1793	François-René-Auguste Mallarmé	25 July 1835

At the end of May 1793, an uprising of the Parisian sans culottes, the day-laborers and working class, undermined much of the authority of the moderate Girondins. At this point, although Danton and Hérault de Séchelles both served one more term each as Presidents of the Convention, the Girondins had lost control of the Convention: in June and July compromise after compromise changed the course of the revolution from a bourgeois event to a radical, working class event. Price controls were introduced and a minimum wage guaranteed to workers and soldiers. Over the course of the summer, the government became truly revolutionary.

Radical phase: June 1793 – July 1794

After the insurrection, any attempted resistance to revolutionary ideals was crushed. The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 marked a significant milestone in the history of the French Revolution. The days of 31 May – 2 June (Template:Lang-fr) resulted in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Jacobins of the clubs, and Montagnards in the National Convention. The following men were elected as presidents of the Convention during its transition from its moderate to radical phase.

Dates	Name	Fate
13 June 1793 – 27 June 1793	Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois	8 June 1796, deported to French Guiana, died of yellow fever
27 June 1793 – 11 July 1793	Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière	20 June 1829, died in exile
11 July 1793 – 25 July 1793	Andre Jeanbon Saint Andre	10 December 1813
25 July 1793 – 8 August 1793	Georges Jacques Danton	A moderate guillotined by the radicals, 5 April 1794
8 August 1793 – 22 August 1793	Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles	Guillotined with Georges Danton, 5 April 1794

After 1793, President of the National Convention became a puppet office under the Committee of Public Safety. The following men were elected as presidents of the Convention during its radical phase.

Image	Dates	Name	Fate
	22 August 1793 – 5 September 1793	Maximilien Robespierre	28 July 1794, guillotined during the Reaction
File:Billaud.jpg	5 September 1793 – 19 September 1793	Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne	3 June 1819
	19 September 1793 – 3 October 1793	Pierre Joseph Cambon	15 February 1820
	3 October 1793 – 22 October 1793	Louis-Joseph Charlier	23 February 1797
	22 October 1793 – 6 November 1793	Moïse Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle	1812 or 1815
	6 November 1793 – 21 November 1793	Pierre-Antoine Lalloy	16 March 1846
	21 November 1793 – 6 December 1793	Charles-Gilbert Romme	17 June 1795, suicide prior to guillotine
	6 December 1793 – 21 December 1793	Jean-Henri Voulland	23 February 1801
	21 December 1793 – 5 January 1794	Georges Auguste Couthon	28 July 1794, guillotined during the Reaction One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President
	5 January 1794 – 20 January 1794	Jacques-Louis David	29 December 1825
	20 January 1794 – 4 February 1794	Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier	14 December 1828
	4 February 1794 – 19 February 1794	Joseph-Nicolas Barbeau du Barran	16 May 1816, exiled in Switzerland during Bourbon Restoration
	19 February 1794 – 6 March 1794	Louis Antoine de Saint-Just	28 July 1794, guillotine during Reaction
	7 March 1794 – 21 March 1794	Philippe Rühl	29/30 May 1795, suicide
	21 March 1794 – 5 April 1794	Jean-Lambert Tallien	16 November 1820
	5 April 1794 – 20 April 1794	Jean-Baptiste-André Amar	21 December 1816
	20 April 1794 – 5 May 1794	Robert Lindet	17 February 1825
	5 May 1794 – 20 May 1794	Lazare Carnot	2 August 1823
	20 May 1794 – 4 June 1794	Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois	11 August 1832
	4 June 1794 – 19 June 1794	Maximilien Robespierre	28 July 1794, guillotined during the Reaction
	19 June 1794 – 5 July 1794	Élie Lacoste	26 November 1806
	5 July 1794 – 19 July 1794	Jean-Antoine Louis, also called Louis du Bas-Rhin

Reaction: July 1794–1795

In 1794, Maximilien Robespierre continued to consolidate his power over the Montagnards with the use of the Committee of Public Safety. By late spring, the moderate members of the Convention had had enough. They began to conspire secretly against Robespierre and his allies. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt within the Convention against the leadership of the Jacobin Club over the Committee of Public Safety. The National Convention voted to remove Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government, and the were executed the following day. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

The following men were presidents of the Convention until its end.

Dates	Name	DOD/Fate
19 July 1794 – 3 August 1794	Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois	8 June 1796
3 August 1794 – 18 August 1794	Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai	26 December 1838
18 August 1794 – 2 September 1794	Antoine Merlin de Thionville	14 September 1833
2 September 1794 – 22 September 1794	André Antoine Bernard, dit Bernard de Saintes	19 October 1818
22 September 1794 – 7 October 1794	André Dumont	19 October 1838
7 October 1794 – 22 October 1794	Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès	8 March 1824 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President Authored Napoleon's Civil Code
22 October 1794 – 6 November 1794	Pierre-Louis Prieur, dit Prieur de la Marne	31 May 1827
6 November 1794 – 24 November 1794	Louis Legendre	13 December 1797, died of natural causes (dementia)
24 November 1794 – 6 December 1794	Jean-Baptiste Clauzel
6 December 1794 – 21 December 1794	Jean-François Reubell	23 November 1807
21 December 1794 – 6 January 1795	Pierre-Louis Bentabole	1797
6 January 1795 – 20 January 1795	Étienne-François Le Tourneur	4 October 1817
20 January 1795 – 4 February 1795	Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère	died in 1798 in French Guiana
4 February 1795 – 19 February 1795	Paul Barras	29 January 1829
19 February 1795 – 6 March 1795	François Louis Bourdon	22 June 1798, after being deported to French Guiana
6 March 1795 – 24 March 1795	Antoine Claire Thibaudeau	8 March 1854
24 March 1795 – 5 April 1795	Jean Pelet, also Pelet de la Lozère	26 January 1842
5 April 1795 – 20 April 1795	François-Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas	1828 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President
20 April 1795 – 5 May 1795	Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès	20 June 1836 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President
5 May 1795 – 26 May 1795	Théodore Vernier
26 May 1795 – 4 June 1795	Jean-Baptiste Charles Matthieu
4 June 1795 – 19 June 1795	Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais	died in 1828 in Paris
19 June 1795 – 4 July 1795	Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray	25 August 1797
4 July 1795 – 19 July 1795	Louis-Gustave Doulcet de Pontécoulant	17 November 1764 – 3 April 1853
19 July 1795 – 3 August 1795	Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux	24 March 1824
3 August 1795 – 19 August 1795	Pierre Claude François Daunou	20 June 1840
19 August 1795 – 2 September 1795	Marie-Joseph Chénier	10 January 1811
2 September 1795 – 23 September 1795	Théophile Berlier	12 September 1844
23 September 1795 – 8 October 1795	Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin	1799
8 October 1795 – 26 October 1795	Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu	27 October 1804

Presidents of the Committee of Public Safety

Political parties

  Montagnard
  Thermidorian
  Marais

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:The Mountain/meta/color; color:white" \|1	Georges Danton (1759–1794)	6 April 1793	27 July 1793	Montagnard
When all executive power was conferred upon a Committee of Public Safety, Danton had been one of the nine original members of that body. He was dispatched on frequent missions from the Convention to the republican armies in Belgium, and wherever he went he infused new energy into the army. He pressed forward the new national system of education, and he was one of the legislative committee charged with the construction of a new system of government.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:The Mountain/meta/color; color:white" \|2	Georges Danton (1759–1794)		Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794)	27 July 1793	27 July 1794	Montagnard
When Robespierre took the power, the "Reign of Terror" was established. Monarchists, Girondists, Modérés but also commonly citizens were guillotined. The Roman Catholicism was replaced by the Cult of the Supreme Being. After one year of absolute power, Robespierre was deposed by the Thermidorian Reaction and executed.			Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794)
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:The Mountain/meta/color; color:white" \|3	Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756–1819)	31 July 1794	1 September 1794	Montagnard
After the Robespierre's execution, Billaud-Varenne, that was one of traitors, became the acting chief of the Committee of Public Safety. He was then attacked himself in the Convention for his ruthlessness, and a commission was appointed to examine his conduct and that of some other members of the former Committee of Public Safety and decreed his immediate deportation to French Guiana.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Thermidorians/meta/color; color:white" \|4	Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756–1819)		Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai (1754–1838)	5 March 1795	5 April 1795	Thermidorian
After the Thermidorian Reaction, he became president of the Convention and a member of the Committee of Public Safety. Merlin de Douai convinced the Committee of Public Safety to agree with the closing of the Jacobin Club, on the ground that it was an administrative rather than a legislative measure. Merlin de Douai recommended the readmission of the survivors of the Girondists to the Convention, and drew up a law limiting the right of insurrection.			Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai (1754–1838)
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:The Plain/meta/color; color:white" \|5	Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753–1824)	5 April 1795	2 August 1795	Marais
Cambacérès was considered too conservative to be one of the five Directors who took power in the coup of 1795, and finding himself in opposition to the nascent Executive Directory he retired from politics.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Thermidorians/meta/color; color:white" \|6	Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753–1824)		Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai (1754–1838)	2 August 1795	1 September 1795	Thermidorian
——			Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai (1754–1838)
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:The Plain/meta/color; color:white" \|7	Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753–1824)	1 September 1795	27 October 1795	Marais
——

Successor organization

The Directory (Template:Lang-fr) was the government of France following the collapse of the National Convention in late 1795. Administered by a collective leadership of five directors, it preceded the Consulate established in a coup d'etat by Napoleon. It lasted from 2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799, a period commonly known as the "Directory era". The directory operated with a bicameral structure. A Council of the Ancients, selected by lot, named the directors. For its own security, the Left (whose members dominated the Council) resolved that all five must be old members of the Convention and regicides who had voted to execute King Louis XVI. The Ancients chose Jean-François Rewbell; Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras; Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux; Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot; and Étienne-François Le Tourneur.

President of the Directory

Political parties

Thermidorian

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Thermidorians/meta/color; color:white" \|1		Paul Barras (1755–1829)	5 October 1795	10 November 1799	Thermidorian
Along with Jean-Lambert Tallien and Joseph Fouché, Barras was one of the minds behind the coup of 1795. His nomination of Napoleon Bonaparte led to the adoption of violent measures, ensuring the dispersion of royalists and other malcontents in the streets near the Tuileries Palace, remembered as the 13 Vendémiaire. Barras much weakened the monarchists and the old Girondists with the coup of 18 Fructidor in 1797. However, he was deposed by the coup of 18 Brumaire of Bonaparte in 1799.

The Consulate

The provisional Consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799)

Napoleon Bonaparte	Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès	Roger Ducos
With the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, the Directory was abolished, and a provisional committee of three, called "consuls" took power.
The Consuls (12 December 1799 – 9 May 1802)

Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul	J.J. Cambacérès Second Consul	Charles-François Lebrun Third Consul
With the Constitution of the Year VIII two months later, Bonaparte became "First Consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only.

Consulate for Life

Political parties

Bonapartist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Bonapartist/meta/color; color:white" \|1		Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821)	9 May 1802	18 May 1804	Bonapartist
Bonaparte's power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year X", that preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship by getting rid of the other two consuls in all but name. He became Emperor of the French in 1804.

House of Bonaparte, First Empire (1804–1814)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Emperor From	Emperor Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Napoleon I, the Great (Napoléon Ier, le Grand)	18 May 1804	11 April 1814	-	Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français)

Capetian Dynasty (1814–1815)

House of Bourbon, Bourbon Restoration (1814–1815)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Louis XVIII	11 April 1814	20 March 1815	• Grandson of Louis XV • Younger Brother of Louis XVI	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)

House of Bonaparte, First Empire (Hundred Days, 1815)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Emperor From	Emperor Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Napoleon I (Napoléon Ier)	20 March 1815	22 June 1815	-	Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français)
		Napoleon II (Napoléon II) ^{[n 1]}	22 June 1815	7 July 1815	• Son of Napoleon I	Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français)

Capetian Dynasty (1815–1848)

House of Bourbon (1815–1830)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Louis XVIII	7 July 1815	16 September 1824	• Grandson of Louis XV • Younger Brother of Louis XVI	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)
		Charles X	16 September 1824	2 August 1830	• Grandson of Louis XV • Younger Brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII	King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre)

The Revolution of 1830

For a few days during the July Revolution, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette held executive power and was offered the Presidency of a Republic. He refused.

Louis XIX was technically king for 20 minutes on August 2, 1830, and his nephew Henri V for ten days after that.

House of Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	King From	King Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Louis-Philippe I the Citizen King (Louis Philippe, le Roi Bourgeois)	9 August 1830	24 February 1848	• Sixth generation descendant of Louis XIII in the male line • Fifth cousin of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X	King of the French (Roi des Français)

Second French Republic (1848–1852)

President of the Provisional Government of the Republic

Political parties

Moderate Republican

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Moderate Republicans (France)/meta/color; color:white;"\|–	Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (1767–1855)	24 February 1848	20 December 1848	Moderate Republican
None				Moderate Republican
His prestige and popularity prevented the heterogeneous republican coalition from having to immediately agree upon a common leader. Due to his great age (upon entering office, he was just a few days short of his 81st birthday), Dupont de l'Eure effectively delegated part of his duties to Minister of Foreign Affairs Alphonse de Lamartine. On 4 May, he resigned in order to make way for the Executive Commission, which he declined to join.

Executive Commission

Political parties

Moderate Republican

Nº	Executive Commission (10 May 1848 – 24 June 1848)					Political Party
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Moderate Republicans (France)/meta/color; color:white;"\|–	François Arago	Alphonse de Lamartine	Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès	Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin	Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)	Moderate Republican
						Moderate Republican
In May 1848 the National Assembly decided to establish the Executive Commission as a form of collective presidency, similar to that of Year III in the first French Revolution. The members were chosen from prominent members of the former Provisional Government. These members acted jointly as head of state. The experiment was a failure and lasted slightly more than a month before chaos rocked Paris and much of the country.

Chief of the Executive Power

Political parties

Moderate Republican

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Moderate Republicans (France)/meta/color; color:white;"\|–	Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (1802–1857)	28 June 1848	20 December 1848	Moderate Republican
None				Moderate Republican
On 24 June, the Executive Commission was defeated by a vote of no confidence and Cavaignac was granted full powers, making him France's de facto head of state and dictator. After laying down his dictatorial powers, he continued to preside over the Executive Committee till the election of a regular president of the republic.

President of the Republic

Political parties

Bonapartist

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Bonapartist/meta/color; color:white;" \|1	Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808–1873)	20 December 1848	2 December 1852	Bonapartist
1848				Bonapartist
Nephew of Napoléon I. Elected first President of the French Republic, in the 1848 election against Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. He provoked the French coup of 1851, and proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in 1852.

House of Bonaparte, Second Empire (1852–1870)

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Emperor From	Emperor Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Title
		Napoleon III (Napoléon III)	2 December 1852	4 September 1870	• Nephew of Napoleon I	Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français)

Third French Republic (1870–1940)

President of the Government of National Defense

Louis Jules Trochu (4 September 1870 – 13 February 1871)

Chief of the Executive Power

Adolphe Thiers (17 February 1871 – 30 August 1871) (became President on 31 August 1871)

Presidents of the Republic

Political parties

  Independent
  Moderate Monarchist
  Opportunist Republican
  Democratic Republican Alliance
  Radical-Socialist Party

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;" rowspan=2\|2	Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)	31 August 1871	24 May 1873	Independent
Initially a moderate monarchist, named President following the adoption of the Rivet law. He became a Republican during his term, and resigned in the face of hostility from the Assemblée nationale, largely in favour of a return to monarchy.
style="background:Template:Miscellaneous Right/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|3	Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)		Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (1808–1893)	24 May 1873	30 January 1879	Moderate Monarchist
A Marshal of France, he was the only monarchist (and only Duke) to serve as President of the Third Republic. He resigned shortly after the Republican victory in the 1877 legislative elections, following his decision to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. During his term, the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 that served as the Constitution of the Third Republic were passed, and he therefore became the first President under the constitutional settlement that would last until 1940.			Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (1808–1893)
style="background:Template:Opportunist Republicans/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|4	Jules Grévy (1807–1891)	30 January 1879	2 December 1887	Opportunist Republican
The first President to complete a full term, he was easily re-elected in December 1885. He was nonetheless forced to resign, following an honours scandal in which his son-in-law was implicated.
style="background:Template:Opportunist Republicans/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|5	Jules Grévy (1807–1891)		Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)	3 December 1887	25 June 1894†	Opportunist Republican
His term was marked by boulangist unrest and the Panama scandals, and by diplomacy with Russia. †Assassinated (stabbed) by Sante Geronimo Caserio a few months before the end of his mandate, he is interred at the Panthéon, Paris.			Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)
style="background:Template:Opportunist Republicans/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|6	Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)	27 June 1894	16 January 1895	Opportunist Republican
Perier's was the shortest Presidential term: he resigned after six months and 20 days.
style="background:Template:Opportunist Republicans/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|7	Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)		Félix Faure (1841–1899)	17 January 1895	16 February 1899†	Opportunist Republican; Progressive Republican
Pursued colonial expansion and ties with Russia. President during the Dreyfus Affair. †Four years into his term he died of apoplexy at the Élysée Palace, allegedly in flagrante.			Félix Faure (1841–1899)
style="background:Template:Democratic Alliance (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|8	Émile Loubet (1838–1929)	18 February 1899	18 February 1906	Democratic Republican Alliance
During his seven-year term, the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State was adopted, and only four Presidents of the Council succeeded to the Hôtel Matignon. He did not seek re-election at the end of his term.
style="background:Template:Democratic Alliance (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|9	Émile Loubet (1838–1929)		Armand Fallières (1841–1931)	18 February 1906	18 February 1913	Democratic Republican Party
President during the Agadir Crisis, when French troops first occupied Morocco. He was a party to the Triple Entente, which he strengthened by diplomacy. Like his predecessor, he did not seek re-election.			Armand Fallières (1841–1931)
style="background:Template:Democratic Alliance (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|10	Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)	18 February 1913	18 February 1920	Democratic Republican Party
President during World War I. He subsequently served as President of the Council 1922–1924 and 1926–1929.
style="background:Template:Democratic Alliance (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|11	Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)		Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)	18 February 1920	21 September 1920	Democratic Republican and Social Party
An intellectual elected to the Académie française, he overcame the popular Georges Clemenceau, to general surprise, in the January 1920 election. He resigned after eight months due to mental health problems.			Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;" rowspan=2\|12	Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)	23 September 1920	11 June 1924	Independent
An "Independent Socialist" increasingly drawn to the right wing, he resigned after four years following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches in the 1924 legislative elections.
style="background:Template:Radical Party (France)/meta/color; color:white" rowspan=2\|13	Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)		Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)	13 June 1924	13 June 1931	Radical-Socialist Party
The first Protestant President, he took a firm political stance against Germany and its resurgent nationalism. His seven-year term was marked by ministerial discontinuity.			Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)
style="background:Template:Radical Party (France)/meta/color; color:white" rowspan=2\|14	Paul Doumer (1857–1932)	13 June 1931	7 May 1932†	Radical-Socialist Party
Elected in the second round of the 1931 election, having displaced the pacifist Aristide Briand. †Assassinated (shot) by the mentally unstable Paul Gorguloff.
style="background:Template:Democratic Alliance (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|15	Paul Doumer (1857–1932)		Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)	10 May 1932	11 July 1940 (de facto)	Democratic Alliance
Re-elected in 1939, his second term was interrupted de facto by the rise to power of Marshal Philippe Pétain.			Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)

Acting presidents

Under the Third Republic, the President of the Council served as Acting President whenever the office of President was vacant.

Jules Armand Dufaure (30 January 1879)
Maurice Rouvier (2–3 December 1887)
Charles Dupuy (25–27 June 1894, 16–17 January 1895 and 16–18 February 1899)
Alexandre Millerand (21–23 September 1920)
Frédéric François-Marsal (11–13 June 1924)
André Tardieu (7–10 May 1932)

The office of President of the French Republic did not exist from 1940 until 1947.

French State (1940–1944)

Chief of State

Vichy collaborationist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
style="background:Template:Vichy/meta/color; color:white" rowspan=2\|—		Philippe Pétain (1856–1951)	11 July 1940	19 August 1944	Independent
Pétain was the Chief of the French State from 1940 to 1944. A elder authoritarian military, Pétain issued fascist, clerical and anti-semitic laws under the Nazi Germany's supervisions. After the liberation of France in 1944, Pétain was imprisoned for life.

Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1947)

Chairmen of the Provisional Government

Brigadier General Charles de Gaulle (3 June 1944 – 26 January 1946)
Félix Gouin (26 January 1946 – 24 June 1946)
Georges Bidault (24 June 1946 – 28 November 1946)
Vincent Auriol (interim) (28 November 1946 – 16 December 1946)
Léon Blum (16 December 1946 – 16 January 1947)

Fourth French Republic (1947–1959)

Presidents

Political Party: Socialist (SFIO) Centre-right (CNIP)

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
style="background:Template:French Section of the Workers International/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|16	Vincent Auriol (1884–1966)	16 January 1947	16 January 1954	French Section of the Workers' International
1947				French Section of the Workers' International
First President of the Fourth Republic; his term was marked by the First Indochina War.
style="background:Template:National Centre of Independents and Peasants/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|17			René Coty (1882–1962)	16 January 1954	8 January 1959	National Centre of Independents and Peasants
1953						National Centre of Independents and Peasants
Presidency marked by the Algerian War; appealed to Charles de Gaulle to resolve the May 1958 crisis. Following the promulgation of the Fifth Republic, he resigned after five years as President, giving way to de Gaulle.

Fifth French Republic (1959–present)

Presidents

Political Party:

Socialist (PS) Centrist (CD) Republican (FNRI; PR) Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR) Gaullist/Centre-right (UMP)

Nº	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
style="background:Template:Union for the New Republic/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|18	Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)	8 January 1959	28 April 1969	Union for the New Republic (renamed Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic in 1967)
1958, 1965
Leader of the Free French Forces 1940-1944. President of the Provisional Government 1944–1946. Appointed President of the Council by René Coty in May 1958, to resolve the crisis of the Algerian War. He adopted a new Constitution, thus founding the Fifth Republic. Easily elected President in the 1958 election by electoral college, he took office the following month; he was re-elected by universal suffrage in the 1965 election. In 1966, he withdrew France from NATO integrated military command, and expelled the American bases on French soil. Having refused to step down during the crisis of May 1968, resigned following the failure of the 1969 referendum on regionalisation.
style="background:Template:Democratic Centre (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|—			Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)	28 April 1969	20 June 1969	Democratic Centre
Interim President, as President of the Senate. Defeated by Georges Pompidou in the second round of the 1969 election.			Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)
style="background:Template:Union of Democrats for the Republic/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|19		Georges Pompidou (1911–1974)	20 June 1969	2 April 1974†	Union of Democrats for the Republic
1969					Union of Democrats for the Republic
Prime Minister under Charles de Gaulle 1962–1968. Elected President in the 1969 election against the centrist Alain Poher. Favoured European integration. Supported economic modernisation and industrialisation. Faced the 1973 oil crisis. †Died in office of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, two years before the end of his mandate.
style="background:Template:Democratic Centre (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=2\|—		Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)	2 April 1974	27 May 1974	Democratic Centre
Interim President again, as President of the Senate. Did not stand against Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in the 1974 election.		Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)
style="background:Template:Independent Republicans/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|20		Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926–)	27 May 1974	21 May 1981	Independent Republicans (until 1977) Republican Party (from 1977) (within Union for French Democracy from 1978)
1974
Founder of the FNRI and later the UDF in his efforts to unify the centre-right, he served in several Gaullist governments. Narrowly elected in the 1974 election, he instigated numerous reforms, including the lowering of the age of civil majority from 21 to 18, and the legalisation of abortion. He soon faced a global economic crisis and rising unemployment. Although the polls initially gave him a lead, he was defeated in the 1981 election by François Mitterrand, partly due to the disunion within the right wing.
style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|21		François Mitterrand (1916–1996)	21 May 1981	17 May 1995	Socialist Party
1981, 1988					Socialist Party
Candidate of a united left-wing ticket in the 1965 election, he founded the Socialist Party in 1971. Having narrowly lost the 1974 election, he was finally elected in the 1981 election. He instigated several reforms (abolition of the death penalty, a fifth week of paid leave for employees). After the right-wing victory in the 1986 legislative elections, he named Jacques Chirac Prime Minister, thus beginning the first cohabitation. Re-elected in the 1988 election against Chirac, he was again forced to cohabit with Édouard Balladur following the 1993 legislative elections. He retired in 1995 after the conclusion of his second term. He was the first President elected twice by universal suffrage, he was the first left-wing President of the Fifth Republic, and his Presidential tenure was the longest of the Fifth Republic.
style="background:Template:Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|22		Jacques Chirac (1932–)	17 May 1995	16 May 2007	Rally for the Republic (until 2002) Union for a Popular Movement (from 2002)
1995, 2002
Prime Minister 1974–1976; on resignation, founded the RPR. Eliminated in the first round of the 1981 election, he again served as Prime Minister 1986–1988. Beaten in the 1988 election, he was elected in the 1995 election. He engaged in social reforms to counter "social fracture". In 1997, he dissolved the Assemblée nationale; a left-wing victory in the 1997 legislative elections, forced him to name Lionel Jospin Prime Minister for a five-year cohabitation. Presidential terms reduced from seven to five years. In 2002, he was re-elected against the leader of the extreme right-wing Jean-Marie Le Pen. Opposed the Iraq War. He did not run in 2007, he retired from political life and returned to the Conseil constitutionnel.
style="background:Template:Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|23			Nicolas Sarkozy (1955–)	16 May 2007	15 May 2012	Union for a Popular Movement
2007						Union for a Popular Movement
Served in numerous ministerial posts 1993–1995 and 2002–2007. Leader of the UMP since 2004. In the 2007 election, he topped the first round poll, and was elected in the second round against Ségolène Royal. Soon after taking office, he introduced the French fiscal package of 2007 and other laws to counter illegal immigration and recidivism. President of the Council of the EU in 2008, he defended the Treaty of Lisbon and mediated in the South Ossetia War; at national level, he had to deal with the financial crisis and its consequences. Following the 2008 constitutional reform, he became the first President since Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to address the Versailles Congress on 22 June 2009. President of the G8 and the G20 in 2011. Defeated in the 2012 election.
style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color; color:white;" rowspan=3\|24	François Hollande (1954–)	15 May 2012	Incumbent	Socialist Party
2012				Socialist Party
Served as Deputy for Corrèze 1 1988–1993, 1997; and as First Secretary of the Socialist Party 1997–2008. He was Mayor of Tulle 2001–2008, and President of the Corrèze General Council 2008–2012. The second left-wing President of the Fifth Republic. Elected in the 2012 election, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy.

France Category:Heads of state of France French republic Presidents France Category:Lists of political office-holders in France

^ "media.fyre.co". Image of SR 1 concurrency with SR 306.
^ Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sohio_columbus_i71-1.JPG. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Mileages retrieved from Technical Services Straight Line Diagrams unless otherwise noted.

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[1] "media.fyre.co". Image of SR 1 concurrency with SR 306.

[2] Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sohio_columbus_i71-1.JPG. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[sld-3] Mileages retrieved from Technical Services Straight Line Diagrams unless otherwise noted.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[Notes 1]

[n 1]