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List of designated terrorist groups

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Terrorism and political violence
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Most organisations who are accused of being a "terrorist organization" will deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, and there is no international consensus on the bureaucratic definition of terrorism. Therefore, this list is of organisations who are, or have been in the past, proscribed as "terrorist organizations" by other organizations, including the United Nations and national governments, where the proscription has a significant impact on the group's activities. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

This listing does not include States or governmental organisations which are considered under State terrorism.

Religious Terrorists

It has often been argued that the oldest form of terrorism is religious terrorism. The targets of religious terrorism have been the heretic and sinners -- those who deviate from or fail to abide by orthodoxy. Adulterers have been stoned to death, while heretics have been burned at the stake.

Reference is often made to the Assassins (more properly, the Hashshashin), an unusual group of Islamic origin that flourished in the thirteenth century.

Religious terrorism is a form of religious violence. As with other forms of terrorism, there is no real consensus as to its definition. Groups are frequently classified as practitioners of religious terrorism for any one of the following reasons:

  • The group itself is defined by religion rather than by other factors (such as ideology or ethnicity).
  • Religion plays some part in defining or determining the objectives or methods of the group.
  • The ultimate objective of the group is religiously defined.

Controversy concerning classification is often found because:

  • Religion and ethnicity frequently coincide. Ethnic conflict may thus appear as religious, or religious conflict may appear as ethnic.
  • Religious groups, like other groups, frequently pursue political goals. In such cases it is often not clear which is uppermost, the political goal or the religious motivation.

Groups which have used principal religious motives for their terrorist acts and were deemed as such by supranational organizations and governments are listed here.

Hindu


Muslim

Islamist Fronts

Christian

  • Army of God
  • Freedomites (1902-present) Active in Canada, notable for their longevity
  • Nagaland Rebels (1947-present) Active in predominantly Christian state in Hindu majority India. Involved in several bombings in 2004. Goal: Independence from India after annexing parts of neighboring Indian states and Burma if it has Christian majority.
  • National Liberation Front of Tripura (1989-present) A group that seeks the independence of Tripura from India to create a Christian Tripura.
  • Lord's Resistance Army Christian/Pagan/Muslim terrorist group that operates in northern Uganda, it seeks to overthrow the Ugandan government and create a country based on the ten commandments.
  • God's Army A terrorist group in Myanmar.
  • Ku Klux Klan a white supremist organization, designated terrorist by Charleston, South Carolina, USA [16]

Jewish

Sikh

All of these groups demand a Khalistan (Land of the Pure) in the Indian state of Punjab and adjoining areas for Sikhs. Most have a variable amount of support from Sikhs abroad and have been in existence since the 1980s. Many have been weakened and have cut down on activities, yet they continue. The militancy in Punjab has claimed approximately 100,000 lives, according to estimates put forward by Amnesty International: this figure involves killings by both Sikh militants and the Indian forces. With the exception of the first two, the other groups have only been proscribed in India.

Other religious terrorists

Nationalistic Terrorist Organizations

Irish Nationalists (Northern Ireland)

India

Northern Irish Loyalists (Northern Ireland)

Palestine

Main article: Palestinian political violence

Pre-Independence Irish Nationalists

Sri Lanka

  • Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, aka Tamil Tigers)- Sri Lanka. One of the largest groups with an estimated 24,000 Tamil cadres who fight for separation from Sri Lanka. The group has carried out 240+ suicide bombings since the early 80s in the process which they describe as their freedom struggle. Members of the group were convicted for the suicide bomber assassinations of Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1988-1993) and former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi [21]. UNHCR has reported that this organisation recruits under-aged children by force.

Other nationalist terrorists

Anarchist

Communist, Socialist, Maoist and Marxist

Ethnic terrorists (including neo-Nazis and white-supremacists)

Anti-Communists

Contra- Nicaragua

Ecologist

These groups are active on environmental issues, using sabotage (monkeywrenching) as their means of struggle. They have a commitment for property damage only, and not harming life (human or animal).

Others

See also

References

  1. ^ European Union. "Common Position 2005/847/CFSP" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  2. ^ United States Department of State. "Terrorist Exclusion List". Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  3. ^ United States Department of State. "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  4. ^ United Kingdom Home Office. "Proscribed terrorist groups". Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  5. ^ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. "Entities list". Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  6. ^ Australian Government. "Listing of Terrorist Organisations". Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  7. ^ Arab Times (Kuwait). "Terror' list out; Russia tags two Kuwaiti groups". Retrieved 2006-08-02.
  8. ^ For example, the U.S. State Department removed the PIRA from its list of terrorist organizations in 2002. [1]
  9. ^ 22 USC 5201(b) - "Therefore, the Congress determines that the PLO and its affiliates are a terrorist organization and a threat to the interests of the United States, its allies, and to international law and should not benefit from operating in the United States."
  10. ^ Public Law 100-204 regarding the PLO. [2]
  11. ^ Text re: PLO [3]
  12. ^ [4]
  13. ^ Document in .txt form [5]
  14. ^ http://www.cfr.org/publication/10159/#6
  15. ^ The 9-11 Commission [6] - "In the 1970s and 1980s, terrorism had been tied to regional conflicts, mainly in the Middle East. The majority of terrorist groups either were sponsored by governments or, like the Palestine Liberation Organization, were militants trying to create governments."
  16. ^ Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 7 (July 2005) (A US Navy publication) [7] - "Some historical context is appropriate here. The motivation behind Hamas’ practice of suicide terrorism can be traced back to September 1972, when members of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) massacred 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics."
  17. ^ "A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century", 15 August 2005, page 5 (A US Army handbook)[8] - "Radical leftist organizations such as the Japanese Red Army, the Red Army Faction in Germany, the Red Brigades in Italy, as well as ethno-nationalist terrorist movements such as the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Irish Republican Army and the Basque separatist ETA group, conformed to this stereotype of the 'traditional' terrorist group. "
  18. ^ Section 1005(b) of title X of PL 100-204 [9] provided that: "(b) Termination. - The provisions of this title shall cease to have effect if the President certifies in writing to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House that the Palestine Liberation Organization, its agents, or constituent groups thereof no longer practice or support terrorist actions anywhere in the world."
  19. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/recogn.html
  20. ^ http://www.usip.org/library/pa/israel_plo/pa_israel_plo.html
  21. ^ http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22579.htm
  22. ^ http://almashriq.hiof.no/israel/300/320/327/israel-plo_recognition.html
  23. ^ http://www.tampablab.com/cat/israelplo/
  24. ^ http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/mideast_peace/10-06/index.html
  25. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-18073
  26. ^ http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No4/art7.html
  27. ^ http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1991to_now_pa_origin.php
  28. ^ http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Israel-PLO%20Recognition%20-%20Exchange%20of%20Letters%20betwe
  29. ^ http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/oslo-accords-pal-isr-prime.html
  30. ^ http://www.jerusalemites.org/reports/21.htm
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