Vacuum flange
A vacuum flange is a flange at the end of a tube used to connect vacuum chambers, tubing and vacuum pumps to each other. Vacuum flanges are used for scientific and industrial applications to allow various pieces of equipment to interact via physical connections and for vacuum maintenance, monitoring, and manipulation from outside a vacuum's chamber. Several flange standards exist with differences in ultimate attainable pressure, size, and ease of attachment.
Vacuum flange types
KF/QF
The ISO standard quick release flange is known by the names Quick Flange (QF), Klein Flange (KF) or NW, sometimes also as DN.[1] The KF designation has been adopted by ISO, DIN, and Pneurop. KF flanges are made with a chamfered back surface that are attached with a circular clamp and an elastomeric o-ring that is mounted in a metal centering ring. Standard sizes are indicated by the nominal inner diameter in millimeters for flanges 10 through 50 mm in diameter.[2] Sizes 10, 20 and 32 are less common sizes. Some sizes share their flange dimensions with their respective larger neighbor and use the same clamp size. This means a DN10KF can mate to a DN16KF by using an adaptive centering ring. Same goes for DN20KF to DN25KF and DN32KF to DN40KF.
- DN10KF
- DN16KF
- DN20KF
- DN25KF
- DN32KF
- DN40KF
- DN50KF
ISO
The ISO large flange standard is known as LF, LFB, MF or sometimes just ISO flange. As in KF-flanges, the flanges are joined by a centering ring and an elastomeric o-ring. An extra spring-loaded circular clamp is often used around the large-diameter o-rings to prevent them from rolling off from the centering ring during mounting.
The ISO large flanges come in two varieties. The ISO-K (or ISO LF) flanges are joined with double-claw clamps, which clamp to a circular groove on the tubing side of the flange. The ISO-F (or ISO LFB) flanges have holes for attaching the two flanges with bolts. Two tubes with ISO-K and ISO-F flanges can be joined together by clamping the ISO-K side with single-claw clamps, which are then bolted to the holes on the ISO-F side.
ISO large flanges are available in sizes from 63 to 500 mm nominal tube diameter:[2]
- DN63LF (63.5 mm)
- DN100LF (102 mm)
- DN160LF (160 mm)
- DN200LF (200 mm)
- DN250LF (254 mm)
- DN320LF (316 mm)
- DN400LF (400 mm)
- DN500LF (500 mm)
CF (Conflat)
Several vacuum flange standards exist, and the same flange types are called by different names by different manufacturers and standards organizations. CF (ConFlat) flanges use a copper gasket and knife-edge flange to achieve an ultrahigh vacuum seal.[3] The term "ConFlat" is a registered trademark of Varian, Inc., so "CF" is commonly used by other flange manufacturers. Each face of the two mating CF flanges has a knife edge, which cuts into the softer metal gasket, providing an extremely leak-tight, metal-to-metal seal. Deformation of the metal gasket fills small defects in the flange, allowing Conflat flanges operate down to 10−13 Torr (10−11 Pa) pressure. The knife edge is recessed in a groove in each flange. In addition to protecting the knife edge, the groove helps hold the gasket in place, which aligns the two flanges and also reduces gasket expansion during bake-out.[4] For stainless-steel conflat flanges, baking temperatures of 450 °C can be achieved; the temperature is limited by the choice of gasket material. CF flanges are sexless and interchangeable. In North America, flange sizes are given by flange outer diameter in inches, while in Europe and Asia, sizes are given by tube inner diameter in millimeters. Despite the different naming conventions, the actual flanges are the same.
| European, Asian size | North American size [inches] |
|---|---|
| DN10 | 1 |
| DN16 | 1⅓ ("mini") |
| DN25 | 2⅛ |
| DN40 (or DN35) | 2¾ |
| DN50 | 3⅜ |
| DN63 | 4½ |
| DN75 | 4⅝ |
| DN100 | 6 |
| DN125 | 6¾ |
| DN160 (or DN150) | 8 |
| DN200 | 10 |
| DN250 | 12 |
| 13¼ | |
| 14 | |
| 16½ |
ConFlat gaskets were originally invented by William Wheeler and other engineers at Varian in an attempt to build a flange that would not leak after baking.[5]
Wheeler
A Wheeler flange is a large wire-seal flange often used on large vacuum chambers.[6]
ASA
ANSI has a flange standard called ASA.[7] These flanges are elastomeric o-ring seal and can be used for both vacuum and pressure applications. Flange sizes are indicated by tube nominal inner diameter or by flange outer diameter (in inches): 1 (4.25 O.D.), 1.5 (5.00 O.D.), 2 (6.00 O.D.), 3 (7.50 O.D.), 4 (9.00 O.D.), 6 (11.00 O.D.), 8 (13.5 O.D.), 10 (16.00 O.D.).
Vacuum gaskets
To achieve a vacuum seal, a gasket is required. An elastomeric o-ring gasket can be made of Buna rubber, viton fluoropolymer, silicone rubber or teflon. O-rings can be placed in a groove or may be used in combination with a centering ring or as a "captured" o-ring that is held in place by separate metal rings. Metal gaskets are used in ultra-high vacuum systems where the outgassing of the elastomer could be a significant gas load. A copper ring gasket is used with conflat flanges. Metal wire gaskets made of copper, gold or indium can be used.
Vacuum feedthrough
A vacuum feedthrough is a flange that contains a vacuum-tight electrical, physical or mechanical connection to the vacuum chamber. An electrical feedthrough allows voltages to be applied to components under vacuum, for example a filament or heater. An example of a physical feedthrough is a vacuum-tight connection for cooling water. A mechanical feedthrough is used for rotation and translation of components under vacuum. A wobble stick is a mechanical feedthrough device that can be used to pick up, move and otherwise manipulate objects in the vacuum chamber.
See also
References
- ^ "KF (QF) Flanges Technical Notes". Kurt J. Lesker Company. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- ^ a b "ISO KF Flanges and Fittings" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- ^ "CF Flanges Technical Notes". Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- ^ Daniel Bills (1996-10-06). "AVS Interview: 1996 Albert Nerken Award Recipient: William R. Wheeler". Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ "AVS Interview: 1996 Albert Nerken Award Recipient: William R. Wheeler". Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Metal Vacuum Joint, William R. Wheeler, Varian Associates, US 3458221
- ^ "ASA Flanges Technical Notes". Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- Bills, Daniel (16 October 1996). "AVS - Interview Transcript". Science and Technology of Materials, Interfaces, and Processing. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
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