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Rajput

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For the 1982 film, see Rajput (film).

Rajput
An 1876 engraving of Rajputs of Rajasthan, from the Illustrated London News
ClassificationForward caste
ReligionsHinduism, Islam and Sikhism
Populated statesThe Indian subcontinent, particularly North India, Saurashtra (Gujarat)

Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king"[1]) is a member of one of the patrilineal clans of the Indian subcontinent. They rose to prominence from the late 6th century CE, and, until the 20th century, the Rajput rulers dominated many regions of central and northern India including the eastern regions of present-day Pakistan.

The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much of the subcontinent, particularly in north, west and central India. These areas include Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu, Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Sindh.

History

During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the Junagarh Fort in Bikaner, Rajasthan, which was built by the Rathore Rajputs.

Origins

The origin of the Rajputs is the subject of debate. Writers such as M. S. Naravane and V. P. Malik believe that the term was not used to designate a particular tribe or social group earlier than the 6th century AD, as there is no mention of the term in the historical record as pertaining to a social group prior to that time.[2] One theory espouses that with the collapse of the Gupta empire from the late 6th century, the invading Hephthalites (White Huns) were probably integrated within Indian society. Leaders and nobles from among the invaders were assimilated into the Kshatriya ritual rank in the Hindu varna system, while others who followed and supported them – such as the Ahirs, Gurjars and Jats – were ranked as cultivators. At the same time, some indigenous tribes were ranked as Rajput, examples of which are the Bhatis, Bundelas, Chandelas and Rathors. Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that Rajputs "... actually vary greatly in status, from princely lineages, such as the Guhilot and Kachwaha, to simple cultivators."[1] Aydogdy Kurbanov says that the assimilation was specifically between the Hephthalites, Gurjars, and people from northwestern India, forming the Rajput community.[3] Pradeep Barua also believes that Rajputs have foreign origins, he says their practice of asserting Kshatriya status was followed by other Indian groups thereby establishing themselves as Rajputs.[4] According to most authorities, successful claims to Rajput status frequently were made by groups that achieved secular power; probably that is how the invaders from Central Asia as well as patrician lines of indigenous tribal peoples were absorbed.[1]

Rajput kingdoms

A royal Rajput procession, mural at the Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur.[5]
An inside view of the museum in Umerkot Fort based in Sindh, Pakistan.
See also: List of Rajput dynasties and states

From the beginning of the 7th century, Rajput dynasties dominated North India, including areas now in Pakistan, and the many petty Rajput kingdoms became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu India.[1] In the 1020s, the Rajput rulers of Gwalior and Kalinjar raised a successful defence against the attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni, Although Mahmud could not subdue the Rajput forts but the two cities did pay him tribute.[6] Thereafter, in the late 12th century Muhammad of Ghor attempted to invade Gujarat but was defeated by the Solanki dynasty of Rajputs.[7] The Rajput kingdoms were disparate: loyalty to a clan was more important than allegiance to the wider Rajput social grouping, meaning that one clan would fight another. This and the internecine jostling for position that took place when a clan leader (raja) died meant that Rajput politics were fluid and prevented the formation of a coherent Rajput empire.[8] Even after the Muslim conquest of the regions in Punjab and the Ganges River valley, the Rajputs maintained their independence in Rajasthan and the forests of central India. Later, Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Khilji dynasty took the two Rajput forts of Chittor and Ranthambhor in eastern Rajasthan in the 14th century but could not hold them for long.[1] Subsequently, the Rajput Mewar Kingdom under Rana Sanga came to be a contender for supremacy in India but was defeated by the Mughal invader Babur at Battle of Khanwa in 1527.[9]

From as early as the 16th century, Rajput soldiers from the eastern regions of Bihar and Awadh, who were referred to as Purbiyas, were recruited as mercenaries for Rajputs in the west, particularly in the Malwa region.[10]

After the mid-16th century, many Rajput rulers formed close relationships with the Mughal emperors and served them in different capacities.[11][12] Some Rajput nobles married their daughters to Mughal emperors for political motives.[13][14][15][16] For example, Akbar accomplished 40 marriages for him, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances.[17] The ruling Sisodia Rajput family of Mewar made it a point of honour not to engage in such relationships and thus claimed to stand apart from those Rajput clans who did so.[18] The Rana of Mewar Pratap Singh had successfully resisted the efforts of Akbar to subdue the Mewar kingdom.[19]

Akbar's diplomatic policy for Rajputs had strengthened the foundations of Mughal empire but this policy was damaged due to the intolerant rules incorporated by his great-grandson Aurangzeb,[20] A prominent example of these rules includes the re-imposition of Jaziya, which had been abolished by Akbar.[20] The Rajputs had therefore revolted against the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb's conflicts with the Rajputs which commenced in the early 1680s proved him adverse, and henceforth became a contributing factor towards the downfall of Mughal empire.[20][1]

In the 18th century, the Rajputs came under influence of the Maratha Empire.[1][21][22]

By the late 18th century, the Rajput rulers begin negotiations with the East India Company and by 1818 all the Rajput states had formed an alliance with the company.[23]

British colonial period

Mayo College was established by the British government in 1875 at Ajmer, Rajputana to educate Rajput princes and other nobles.
Chittorgarh Fort, built by a dynasty of Sisodia Rajputs is one of the largest forts in India.
The Derawar Fort built by a Hindu dynasty of Bhatti Rajputs,[24] in modern-day Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

According to historian Virbhadra Singhji, Rajputs ruled in the "overwhelming" majority of the princely states of Rajasthan and Saurashtra in the British Raj era. These regions also contained the largest concentration of princely states in India, including over 200 in Saurashtra alone.[25]

James Tod, a British colonial official, was impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs but is today considered to have been unusually enamoured of them. Although the group venerate him to this day, he is viewed by many historians since the late nineteenth-century as being a not particularly reliable commentator.[26][27] Jason Freitag, his only significant biographer, has said that Tod is "manifestly biased".[28]

The Rajput practices of female infanticide and sati (widow immolation) were other matters of concern to the British. It was believed that the Rajputs were the primary adherents to these practices, which the British Raj considered savage and which provided the initial impetus for British ethnographic studies of the subcontinent that eventually manifested itself as a much wider exercise in social engineering.[29]

In reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, Captain A. H. Bingley wrote:

Rajputs have served in our ranks from Plassey to the present day (1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the Nawab of Oudh. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed the power of the Marathas.[30]

Independent India

On India's independence in 1947, the princely states, including those of the Rajput, were given three choices: join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of the 22 princely states of Rajputana acceded to newly independent India, amalgamated into the new state of Rajasthan in 1949–1950.[31] Initially the maharajas were granted funding from the Privy purse in exchange for their acquiescence, but a series of land reforms over the following decades weakened their power, and their privy purse was cut off during Indira Gandhi's administration under the 1971 Constitution 26th Amendment Act. The estates, treasures, and practices of the old Rajput rulers now form a key part of Rajasthan's tourist trade and cultural memory.[32]

In 1951, the Rajput Rana dynasty of Nepal came to an end, having been the power behind the throne of the Shah dynasty figureheads since 1846.[33]

The Rajput Dogra dynasty of Kashmir and Jammu also came to an end in 1947.[34] though title was retained until monarchy was abolished in 1971 by the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India.[35]

The Rajputs are today considered to be a Forward Caste in India's system of positive discrimination. This means that they receive no special treatment by government bodies because forward castes are considered to be inherently privileged groups. [36]

Subdivisions

Main article: Rajput clans

There are several major subdivisions of Rajputs, known as vansh or vamsha, the step below the super-division jāti[37] These vansh delineate claimed descent from various sources, and the Rajput are generally considered to be divided into three primary vansh:[38] Suryavanshi denotes descent from the solar deity Surya, Chandravanshi from the lunar deity Chandra, and Agnivanshi from the fire deity Agni.[39] The four prominent clans in the post-Gupta period - Chauhans, Paramaras, Pratiharas and Solankis – all claimed their mythological origin to have been from a sacrificial fire at Mount Abu.[4]

Lesser-noted vansh include Udayvanshi, Rajvanshi,[40] and Rishivanshi.[41] The histories of the various vanshs were later recorded in documents known as vamshāavalīis; André Wink counts these among the "status-legitimizing texts".[42]

Beneath the vansh division are smaller and smaller subdivisions: kul, shakh ("branch"), khamp or khanp ("twig"), and nak ("twig tip").[43] Marriages within a kul are generally disallowed (with some flexibility for kul-mates of different gotra lineages). The kul serves as the primary identity for many of the Rajput clans, and each kul is protected by a family goddess, the kuldevi. Lindsey Harlan notes that in some cases, skakhs have become powerful enough to be functionally kuls in their own right.[44]

Culture and ethos

A contingent of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian Army, during the Republic day parade.

The Rajputs were a Martial Race in the period of the British Raj.[45] This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting,[46] whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles.[47]

Rajput lifestyle

The double-edged scimitar known as the khanda was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with khanda nariyal, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword was the Karga Shapna ("adoration of the sword") ritual, performed during the annual Navaratri festival, after which a Rajput is considered "free to indulge his passion for rapine and revenge".[48]

Rajputs generally have adopted the custom of purdah (seclusion of women).[1]

By the late 19th century, there was a shift of focus among Rajputs from politics to a concern with kinship.[49] Many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition.[50]

Rajput diet

The Anthropological Survey of India identified that in Gujarat, Rajputs are 'by and large' non-vegetarians, regular drinkers of alcohol, and also smoke and chew betel leaves.[51] These traits are also followed by Rajputs of Maharashtra with mutton, chicken and fish being consumed; and also pork (which historically dates back to the predilection for Rajput warriors and princes to hone their fighting skills by hunting and eating wild-pig).[52]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Rajput". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  2. ^ Naravane, M. S.; Malik, V. P. (1999). The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan. APH Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7648-118-2.
  3. ^ Kurbanov, Aydogdy. "The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis" (PDF). p. 243. Retrieved 30 April 2013. As a result of the merging of the Hephthalites and the Gujars with population from northwestern India, the Rajputs (from Sanskrit "rajputra" – "son of the rajah") formed.
  4. ^ a b Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780803213449.
  5. ^ Rajput procession, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  6. ^ Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). The early rulers of Khajuraho. Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  7. ^ Bostom, Andrew G (2008). The Legacy of Jihad. Prometheus Books. p. 449. ISBN 9781591026020.
  8. ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-80321-344-9.
  9. ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-80321-344-9.
  10. ^ Farooqui, Amar (2007). "The Subjugation of the Sindia State". In Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (eds.). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-13411-988-2.
  11. ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-521-25119-2.
  12. ^ Bhadani, B. L. (1992). "The Profile of Akbar in Contemporary Literature". Social Scientist. 20 (9/10): 48–53. JSTOR 3517716. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge University Press,. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-52152-305-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  14. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press,. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-19514-890-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press,. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-52156-603-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. ^ Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World. Cambridge University Press,. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-52185-022-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  17. ^ Vivekanandan, Jayashree (2012). Interrogating International Relations: India's Strategic Practice and the Return of History War and International Politics in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13670-385-0.
  18. ^ Ramusack, Barbara N. (2003). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-13944-908-3.
  19. ^ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh
  20. ^ a b c Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 272–273. ISBN 8126901233.
  21. ^ [1]
  22. ^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1994). A History of Jaipur 1503-1938. Orient Longman. ISBN 8-1250-0333-9.
  23. ^ Naravane, M.S (1999). The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan. APH Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 9788176481182.
  24. ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/638006/derawar-fort-living-to-tell-the-tale
  25. ^ Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. vi. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.
  26. ^ Srivastava, Vijai Shankar (1981). "The story of archaeological, historical and antiquarian researches in Rajasthan before independence". In Prakash, Satya; Śrivastava, Vijai Shankar (eds.). Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume. Abhinav Publications. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-391-02358-1. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  27. ^ Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuāñ". Archives of Asian Art. 34. Asia Society: 56–73. Retrieved 9 July 2011.(subscription required)
  28. ^ Freitag, Jason (2009). Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan. BRILL. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-90-04-17594-5.
  29. ^ Bates, Crispin (1995). "Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry". In Robb, Peter (ed.). The Concept of Race in South Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-19-563767-0. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  30. ^ Bingley, A. H. (1986) [1899]. Handbook on Rajputs. Asian Educational Services. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-206-0204-5.
  31. ^ Claude Markovits (1 January 2002). A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  32. ^ Gerald James Larson (1 January 2001). Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment. Indiana University Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-253-21480-5. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  33. ^ Bishnu Raj Upreti (10 July 2002). Management of Social and Natural Resource Conflict in Nepal. Pinnacle Technology. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-1-61820-370-0. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  34. ^ "Dogra dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  35. ^ "The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 30 October 2014
  36. ^ Basu, Pratyusha (2009). Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development. Cambria Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781604976250.
  37. ^ Shail Mayaram (13 August 2013). Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins. Columbia University Press. pp. 269–. ISBN 978-0-231-52951-8. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  38. ^ Rolf Lunheim (1993). Desert people: caste and community—a Rajasthani village. University of Trondheim & Norsk Hydro AS. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  39. ^ Maya Unnithan-Kumar (1997). Identity, Gender, and Poverty: New Perspectives on Caste and Tribe in Rajasthan. Berghahn Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-57181-918-5. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  40. ^ Makhan Jha (1 January 1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  41. ^ K. S. Singh (1 January 1998). Rajasthan. Popular Prakashan. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-81-7154-766-1. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  42. ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  43. ^ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins. Columbia University Press. p. 269.
  44. ^ Lindsey Harlan (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  45. ^ Mazumder, Rajit K. The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. pp. 99, 105.
  46. ^ Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914". European Review of History. 13 (1). Routledge: 1–20. doi:10.1080/13507480600586726.
  47. ^ Streets, Heather (2004). Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  48. ^ Narasimhan, Sakuntala (1992). Sati: widow burning in India (Reprinted ed.). Doubleday. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-385-42317-5.
  49. ^ Kasturi, Malavika (2002). Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-19-565787-X.
  50. ^ Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-520-07339-8.
  51. ^ Singh K.S. (2002) People of India: Gujarat Part 3 Vol XXII Anthropological Survey of India. P.1174 . ISBN 81-7991-106-3(3852)
  52. ^ Singh K.S. (2004) People of India: Maharashtra Part 3 Vol XXX Anthropological Survey of India. P.1636 . ISBN 81-7991-102-0(3848)

Further reading

  • M K A Siddiqui (ed.), Marginal Muslim Communities in India, Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004)
  • Dasharatha Sharma Rajasthan through the Ages a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan, prepared under the orders of the Government of Rajasthan. First published 1966 by Rajasthan Archives.
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